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K teórii supozície Williama Ockhama

Author(s): Rastislav Nemec / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2011

Ockham’s theory of supposition presents very interesting and innovative thesis in medieval logic with foundations and successors in contemporary logic/epistemology. In last decades it was object of many scientific researches and item of many academic papers. Interpretations of Ockham’s supposition has changed since three decades because of some new scientific findings and permanent discussions. This paper focus on relations between Ockham’s definition of supposition and its supposita. He distinguishes different kinds of suppositions in order to explain our language/thinking. Ockham tries to present an interesting hypothesis about relations between the world and speech, between the terms in pro- position and res.

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‘On “Therefore”’ by Jin Yuelin

Author(s): Jin Yuelin / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

Jin Yuelin (1895–1984) is the most famous philosopher in modern China to specialize in logic. Throughout his life he published many articles in the area of philosophy of logic among which ‘On “Therefore”’, published in 1960 in Chinese, is the most famous. We are privileged to present the first English translation of it.

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Myślenie pojęciowe w Heglowskiej Nauce logiki

Author(s): Pirmin Stekeler-Weithofer / Language(s): English Issue: 59/2014

Hegel’s logic is an analysis of being in the sense of all possible objects of thought and experience, of essence in the sense of all meaningful theoretical explanations of appearances or phenomena, and of the concept in the sense of our conceptual system of default differentiations and generic inferences. he contrast between general sentences expressing situation- and time-independent dispositions as default inferences and empirical truths with a situational and temporal dependent copula (was/is/will be) replaces Kant’s distinction between a priori and a posteriori judgments in the Critique of Pure Reason. Truth, reality and objectivity are not situated in a transcendent sphere behind the phenomena, but play an internal role in our trans-subjective explication and explanation of experience in the generic sense of what can be inter-subjectively recognized or reproduced.

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Obrona Sokratesa przed krytyką Ajdukiewicza

Author(s): Adam Olech / Language(s): Polish Issue: 55/2010

The author of this article puts forward two aims: the main one and the collateral one. The main aim is to remind not enough known inference which is to justify the famous thesis of Socrates named “ethical intellectualism”. This thesis claims the sufficient condition to be moral good is to know what is good. That inference is mentioned in K. Ajdukiewicz’s Zarys logiki (The Outline of Logic) but it is inserted in this handbook as the example of inference which is saddled the error of equivocation. If that inference was erroneous indeed than it would fulfill the necessary condition to be the conclusive subjective convinced inference. The author formalizes the inference and he makes it in two languages: in the language of sentential calculus and in the language of predicate calculus. Afterwards he proves the obtained inference schemata are valid. The objection of Ajdukiewicz is caused by – as he claims – two meanings of expression “good” in the analyzing inference: “utilitarian good, that is useful to somebody” and “moral good”. If it really was like this, then the objection of error of equivocation (that is the objection of the formal error) would be well founded. However the extensions of conceptions: “moral good” and “useful to somebody” are – in the case of Socrates’ views–logical equivalent because when Socrates was speaking about usefulness he always meant usefulness only to the soul. The collateral aim of this article is to call in question the rightness of the name “ethical intellectualism”. In the author’s opinion, it would be more suitable to name the famous Socrates’ thesis as “ethical rationalism” because not intellect, but reason – in its phronetical function and not in its the noethical one – causes that we are able to choose what is good, and we are faithful to our choice. Such attitude is named “virtue”, in Latin – virtus, in Greek – areté.

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Димитър Михалчев и проблемът за
предмета на логиката

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Димитър Михалчев и проблемът за предмета на логиката

Author(s): Ventseslav Koulov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 7/2017

The paper has two main points: the criticism of the prominent Bulgarian philosopher D. Mihalchev against formal logic and the problem of the subject of logic. The main argument of D. Mihalchev’s criticism against formal logic is that by definition it is a science of thinking but actually it deals with speech, with talking. D. Mihalchev considered that the alternative of formal logic was the theory of thinking of the German philosopher Johannes Rehmke. This viewpoint has been rejected in the paper as being unsubstantiated.The central idea in the paper is that the problem of the subject of logic can be solved by the ordinary understanding of logic. Various definitions of the word “logic” which do not contain the word “thinking” have been analyzed to this end. The conclusion is that logic is usually understood as a science of the argument. Hence the argument is the core of the subject of logic. Different viewpoints become distinct here depending on whether the subject of logic is exhausted by deductive arguments or it also includes inductive arguments and fallacies. It has also been underscored that some authors add two more disciplines to the subject of logic which are not directly related to argumentation: namely logical semantics and the methodology of science.The discussion of the problem of the subject of logic is associated with a distinct understanding of definitions. It has been accepted that similarly to the definitions of the so called natural kinds the definition of the common name “logic” is empirical. Logic has been discussed as a spiritual phenomenon, whose emergence can be explained in general by the role played by the argumentative function of language in the intellectual evolution of mankind.In conclusion it has been pointed out that the correct use of the word “logic” corresponds to the ordinary understanding of logic while all other uses are strictly speaking incorrect.

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Varieties of Probability in Clinical Diagnosis

Author(s): Pierdaniele Giaretta,Daniele Chiffi / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

In clinical diagnosis, both causal attribution and the interaction between different types of probability may take place. We deal with a hypothetical, but quite realistic, clinical case and go through various idealized ways in which the case can be framed. In the diverse scenarios linked to our proposed case, the possibility of causal attributions will be taken into account and each one of them will correspond to a distinct role of probabilistic evaluation. For some of these scenarios, it will be necessary to comply with certain requirements such as the construction of a specific partition that serves as a point of reference for the diagnostic analysis. The interaction between probabilities occurring within these scenarios will be critically investigated, as it may shed light on some causality claims in clinical diagnosis.

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ЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ПОСЫЛКИ НАУЧНОГО МЕТОДА ГАЛЕНА

Author(s): Andrey Shcheglov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2018

The article is devoted to the analysis of the evident scientific method of Galen, which establishes the necessity of correct diagnosis of diseases, determination of true symptoms and causes of diseases, which results in the choice of the exact method of treatment. The article focuses on how Galen seeks to achieve reliable knowledge based on an undeniable logical necessity. Logical reliability is contrasted with “dialectical”, that is, probabilistic judgments, often leading to the opposite of what was originally asserted in them. Probabilistic judgments were characteristic of the Stoic philosophical school, with which Galen hotly argues, asserting his understanding of truth. Truth, in his opinion, is achieved through facts based on true premises. The criterion of truth for Galen is the study of the device of a living organism, and the logical conclusions depend on the accuracy of knowledge of human anatomy. Thus, the nature of the proof judgments of Galen depends on their practical content and not on the formal and logical structure offered by the Stoics when studying the functions of the human body, which ultimately leads to incorrect methods of treatment.

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Eksplanacija kao unifikacija i eksplanatorni pluralizam: redukcija, asimilacija ili dinamička sinteza?

Author(s): Sibila Petlevski / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2017

In the first part of this paper I introduce the notion of a scientific phenomenon, defining it as any product of social dynamics that is perceived as an explanatory element in the knowledge production mechanism, and I briefly explain the thesis based on the introduction of the concept of dynamic synthesis versus the concepts of unification and transdisciplinary integration. In the second part I set up a framework for the defense of my proposal, where I deal with the topic of the unification of knowledge and more recent controversies related to it, especially considering what makes the growing unification of knowledge about nature a problematic concept. I compare, comment on and criticize the explanatory unification thesis and its claims that explanations contribute to our understanding of the world by embedding phenomena into general nomic patterns that we recognize in the world (Kitcher 1989; Schurz 1999; Bartelborth 2002), including observations made on it related to the asymmetric structure of explanations. I comment on the notions of the asymmetrical structure of explanations, and on Bayesian calculation of the epistemological "virtue" of unification (Myrvold 2004). I also tackle the interfield theory issue (Darden and Maull 1977) and compare exploratory relevance (Nathan 2017) and constitutive relevance (Kauffman 1971) commenting on Elsasser's proposal to overcome reduction by the formalization of complexity through the undifferentiated heterogeneity of logical classes (Elsasser 1981). In the third part I defend the "virtues" of modeling the dynamics of synthesizing knowledge across the boundaries of research fields and I advocate fuzzy logic in the dynamic modeling of scientific phenomena.

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CICERO’S MISTAKE AND DENIED CONJUNCTIONS: DID STOIC LOGIC INCLUDE SIX INDEMONSTRABLES?

Author(s): Miguel López-Astorga / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

Cicero attributes an inference schema that is not logically valid to Stoic logic. This fact has been deemed as a Cicero’s mistake. However, in this paper, I assume the thesis that Cicero was not actually wrong and that, by means of his schema, he could be showing us interesting aspects of Stoicism that are not clear in the ancient sources. In this way, I use the mental models theory as a methodological tool and argue that the case of Cicero’s mistake allows us to suppose that there were six indemonstrables in Stoic logic, and not five.

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ПАРАДОКС ЛЖЕЦА И ПЕРВАЯ ТЕОРЕМА ГЕДЕЛЯ О НЕПОЛНОТЕ

Author(s): VITALY TSELISHCEV / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2017

The article critically analyzes the example of the incorrect application of metamathematics, in particular, Gödel's First incompleteness theorem, to the explication of the Liar Paradox by J. Barker. It is shown that an explication of this kind, doubting well known Tarki’s definition of truth, is based on the erroneous use of key Gödel constructions - substitution idea and the diagonal lemma. The criticism of the proclamation by Barker of the explication of the Liar as a mathematical theorem shows certain limitations in demonstrating the heuristic analogy between the Liar's sentence and the Godelian sentence.

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ПРАДОКС ЛЖЕЦА В ТРАДИЦИОННОЙ И СОВРЕМЕННОЙ ЛОГИКЕ

Author(s): Aleksandr Khlebalin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2017

It is well known that mathematical logic helps to reveal a general scheme of selfreference for generating paradoxes, which makes it possible to present the Liar as a special case of self-reference, the analysis of which requires the involvement of the concepts of expressiveness and provability. This contemporary approach, at least partially was developed on the basis of classical solutions of the paradox, which still merit some attention. Based on a comparison of the formulations and approaches to the solution for the Liar's paradox, proposed in traditional and modern logic, in the article I seek to demonstrate differences in the role this paradox played in contemporary and classical theories of truth.

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Логіка в соціально-політичному контексті

Author(s): Tetiana Bondar / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2011

The article deals with the analysis of the influence of socio-political factors on logics status and its role in the society on the basis of short outline of logics foundation.

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Theology Under Siege

Author(s): Wojciech P. Grygiel / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

The transposition of the theological expression into the framework of epistemology suggested by the contemporary philosophy of science is a long-desired project. The presented article offers an overview of the different epistemological and methodological issues that arise when this expression is carried out in the common sense paradigm. It turns that once the necessary change into the mode of knowledge acquisition of contemporary science is made, one can significantly improve theology’s both methodological and conceptual foundations. In particular, this concerns the use of abstract concepts to better penetrate the intricacies of the Divine nature as well as the non-classical logics to improve theology’s inferential basis. The resulting question of the contextuality of theology, namely, its dependence on the conceptual framework and the picture of the world, is also surveyed. Consequently, theology can be perceived as a lexically open project. In conclusion it is argued that while the contemporary theology should retain its common sense exposition for the pastoral and catechetical purposes that allows for the efficient transmission of faith through intuitive knowledge, the state-of-the-art theological research must reach out to to abstract conceptual frameworks to assure the depth of its penetrative insight.

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Negacja jako operator dyskursywny

Author(s): Rafał Palczewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2018

This paper is devoted to the discursive (metalinguistic) negation. Its functions (e.g. a rectification, emphasis, surprise), types (e.g. implicative, linguistic, prosodic) and properties (e.g. the ostensible inconsistency, pragmatic decoding, mention rather than use, no construction with the prefix ‘no’, no construction with negative pronouns) are discussed. Next, the possibility is considered that the discursive negation is only a special case of other types of negation, in particular contrastive or illocutionary negation. Then the question is raised whether in the case of the discursive negation we are dealing with a semantic or pragmatic phenomenon, as well as whether it is possible to include the discursive negation in the context of a conversational mechanism called ‘echoic use.’

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On the Philosophical-Logical Views of Ludwik Borkowski

Author(s): Bożena Czernecka-Rej / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

Ludwik Borkowski’s vast knowledge of philosophy allowed him to put his logical studies in a philosophical context. As a logician, he continued the tradition of the Lvov-Warsaw school. He dealt with the basic issues of the widely understood logic as well as with those having strong philosophical implications (e.g. non-classical logics, the theory of truth, natural deduction, the theory of consequence). He also worked on the theory of definition and the intuitive interpretation of logical results. For Borkowski, logic was an autonomous science whose function is supposed to be ancillary towards the other sciences. Although he did not write any typical philosophical-logical works, investigating philosophical sources, inspirations and the implications of logical results was something he did throughout the whole period of his creative activity.

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Objections to Computationalism: A Survey

Author(s): Marcin Miłkowski / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2018

In this paper, the Author reviewed the typical objections against the claim that brains are computers, or, to be more precise, information-processing mechanisms. By showing that practically all the popular objections are based on uncharitable (or simply incorrect) interpretations of the claim, he argues that the claim is likely to be true, relevant to contemporary cognitive (neuro) science, and non-trivial.

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Once More about Moore’s Paradox in Epistemic Logic and Belief Change Theory

Author(s): Marek Lechniak / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2018

In this article, it was first presented Moore’s paradox per se and after the author focused on the logical perspective—at first he analyzed these considerations in the field of so-called standard epistemic logic and after on the formal theory of belief change.

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Distribution Laws in Weak Positional Logics

Author(s): Marcin Tkaczyk / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2018

A formal language is positional if it involves a positional connecitve, i.e. a connective of realization to relate formulas to points of a kind, like points of realization or points of relativization. The connective in focus in this paper is the connective , first introduced by Jerzy Łoś. Formulas involve a singular name and a formula to the effect that is satisfied (true) relative to the position designated by In weak positional calculi no nested occurences of the connective are allowed. The distribution problem in weak positional logics is actually the problem of distributivity of the connective over classical connectives, viz. the problem of relation between the occurences of classical connectives inside and outside the scope of the positional connective .

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Трансценденталните пластове във философската логика на Ръсел

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Трансценденталните пластове във философската логика на Ръсел

Author(s): Valentin Asparuhov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 47/2017

The failure to demarcate the field of philosophical logic is in the basis of many of the difficulties that arise when Russell tries to form his own conception of logical analysis. The article considers Russell’s fragmentary conception of analysis. An attempt is proposed to locate and elucidate a transcendental component that could be visible when we focus on his analytical practice. Series of suggestions about transcendental strata upon Russell’s thoughts are following, but although they are polemical, in my opinion they have the power to form an impulse for outlining the area of philosophical logic. This enables the author to sketch out a transcendental point of view, founded in a presumption that there isn’t an active transcendental subject.

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Refleksivnost i izvanjskost u Hegelovoj logici

Author(s): Pierre Livet / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 03+04/1984

The hegelian Logic is like phenomenology of self-reference (i. e. of the several possible results and presentations of the self-application of a thought process). Hegel inaugurates that new kind of problem, but he prefers returning to the principle of unity inhereted from the concept of subjectivity. Therefore, he discusses the problem of plurality in connection with the problem of exteriority. The hegelian turning over of exteriority into exteriorisation betrays the hegelian ambiguity between the new problematic of conceptual reflexivities and the kantian problematic of the subjectivity.

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