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REBIS - THE HERMETIC ANDROGYNOUS

Author(s): Carmen Ioana Popa / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 21/2020

Through this study, we intend to make a presentation of the steps required to obtain the hermetic androgynous - the rebis. The alchemical creation presents the transmutation and the alchemist accelerates the growth of the metals in the uterus, matrix. He wants to evade from the laws of Time in order to obtain the Philosopher's Stone. Opus magnum, the transmutation of matter include several stages, matter must suffer, die and be reborn. The phases of the alchemical process include: nigredo - stage in which the prima materia is the massa confusa and the matter is decomposed (separatio); the second stage is washing – ablutio and the blackened matter is bleached, after the matter passes through rubedo, the phase of yellowing (citrinitas), later followed by albedo. Prima materia, aqua permanens and ignis noster lead to the creation of the hermetic androgynous. From the hierogamy between the Sun and the Moon arises filius philosophorum, the rebis. Mercurius includes in himself the Sun and the Moon, being depicted sitting on the chaos, and is called rebis, hermaphroditus, monstrum. The philosopher's stone appears as a result of the conjunction between Sulfur and Mercury, Salt being the astro-mental shell.

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PRIKAZ KNJIGE VLADIMIRA MILISAVLJEVIĆA „HEGELOVO ODREĐENJE IDEALIZMA“

Author(s): Enis Pehić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 10/2023

Review of: Milisavljević V. (2022) Hegelovo određenje idealizma. Beograd: Fedon.

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THE THEOLOGICAL SYMBOLISM OF COLOURS IN BYZANTINE ICONOGRAPHY

Author(s): Ioan Chirilă,Stelian Paşca-Tuşa,Bogdan Şopterean / Language(s): English Issue: 25/2021

Colours have significant importance in Byzantine iconography. They are filled with profound theological symbolism, transcending the everyday dimension of life that envisions only the aesthetic. Thus, to pervade the mystery of the icon, certain elementary notions that enquire the mystical symbolism of colours need to be acquired firstly. These details offer us a much clearer perspective on the theological teaching and message conveyed by the Byzantine icon/picture. Therefore, the present study is aimed to present the theological symbolism of colour, which is intrinsically related to the celestial and divine realities and the mystical take on life. In this respect, we will focus on colours like gold, brass, red, blue, and, of course, white, and black to emphasize the theological connotations that these colours embrace in Byzantine art. This research will refer to certain details from the Holy Scriptures, the mystical vision of Saint Dionysius, the Areopagite related to colours, and the international and Romanian literature on this matter.

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The Cosmos as the Hierarchy of Self-Similarity of the One: Plato’s Doctrine of the Beautiful in the Light of the Theory of Fractals

Author(s): Nadezhda Zudilina / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2023

The introduction of the intensiveness (depth) axis, orthogonal to the extensiveness (length–width–height) axis makes it possible to consider the beautiful Cosmos as the hierarchy of resemblances of the One, on the basis of the diaeresis of line proposed by Plato in the dialogue The Republic. Each line segment obtained as a result of diaeresis is designated by one (1), zero (0) or a numerical combination consisting of ones and zeros. One (1) is assigned the value “intensiveness”, and zero (0) is assigned the value “extensiveness”. Through the application of the intensiveness and extensiveness axes, the interpretation of the segments on each of the levels of the diaeresis of line along the intensiveness axis is given. The One (1=⟂) on zero level of diaeresis is beyond the dialectical opposites, but nevertheless beautiful Νοῦς (Nous, the Cosmic Mind) is Its likeness. On the first level of the diaeresis, both the intensive (1, or point), as the representation of the mental (Nous), and the extensive (0, or line), as the representation of the material, are derived from the One (1=⟂). Nous is purely intensive. The intensive is the same (τὸ ταὐτόν). The mixture of the same and the other (τὸ ἕτερον) is the similar (τὸ ὅμοιον). The similar is “…infinitely fairer than the dissimilar” [Plat. Tim. 33b]. The structuring of the other (as the dissimilar) by Νοῦς (as the same) leads to the creation of true likeness (εἰκών), the beautiful Cosmos, which can be represented by the scheme of the diaeresis of line. The result of the diaeresis of line is a fractal – a self-similar object, each part of which repeats the whole on a reduced scale. Thus, the scheme of the diaeresis of line represents the fractal hierarchy of the Cosmos. Since fractal is self-similar, the hierarchy of the Cosmos is the hierarchy of self-similarity of the One. The diaeresis of line represents the similarity to the One, i.e., self-similarity of the One on each of the levels of the diaeresis of line along the intensiveness axis. Any similarity is self-similarity of the One, and for any existing object, the similarity to the One-Good is true similarity to itself/oneself. Since the One is the source of the Beauty of the Cosmos and of every object in the Cosmos, the condition for preserving or returning beauty to the resemblances is to remain similar to or become similar to the One.

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IMAGINAL AND IMAGINARY IN THE ANGEOLOGY OF THE MIDDLE AGES

Author(s): Lenuța-Ioana DUNCA,Jeong O PARK / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 26/2021

In this article I set out to highlight the connection between two terms, namely the terms "imaginal" and "imaginary". The analysis of these two terms will be made through the prism of some philosophers from the Middle Ages, especially St. Augustine and Saint Thomas Aquinas. At the same time, I will emphasize the idea that the imaginary is seen as an utopian unreality that offers rather an illusion and I will try to show that the imaginary world is real, and it exists only as a result of the relationship between itself and the seeker have a special faculty in the family of imagination. Also, the general theme of this article will revolve around angels and the world in which they manifest.

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იოანე პეტრიწის დრო - ძველი და ახალი თვალსაზრისები

Author(s): Tamar Parchukidze / Language(s): Georgian Issue: 2/2021

Medieval Georgian Neoplatonist Jon (Ioane, Iohannes) Petritsi was persecuted all his life for his progressive ideas. Hidden for centuries, his name became known to the Georgian public in the XVIII century, and the scientific study of philosophical-theological heritage began in the first years of the XX century. Studies in the field of petritsology are mainly conducted in the philosophical and philological directions. Our aim is to study the problem from a historiographical point of view. According to the established conditions, Jon Petritsi was a contemporary of David the Builder (XI - XII centuries). It was recently suggested that he was living a century later (XII-XIII centuries);However, the modern research hasshown further references and artifacts that might reinforce the previous traditional view. This work is the third in a series of articles published in this journal dedicated to the life and work of Jon Petritsi. This time, we look at the part of the current study that deals with the Petritsi work time problem. To do this, we review the old, modern and recent versions of the case; We refer to the main conclusions and hypotheses of the previous two publications; In order to present the new facts obtained as a result of the current research. The main results of the research are presented in the paper for deeper discussion and further scientific processing: educational symbols of Petritsoni (1083) and Gelati monasteries (1106-1110); Comparative analysis of Georgian historical information and Rhodope rock artefact; First Epistle of Theophylact Bulgarian (“to the Divine Jon”); The recently researched epistle of Theophylact Bulgarian (“Jon the Philosopher”) and the problem of the dialectician “Someone Jon.” The chronology of the listed issues and the information presented in them correspond to the theological-philosophical concepts of Jon Petritsi and the previously accepted time of his activity (XI - XII centuries). We believe that new information and hypotheses related to the biography of Jon Petritsi need further scientific elaboration, a different understanding of specific issues, and a revision of the problem of the working time of the great philosopher and theologian.

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RADOŚĆ, KTÓRA POPRZEDZA RADOŚĆ?

Author(s): Dorota Chabrajska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2022

Review of: A. Potkay, Hope: A Literary History, Cambridge, New York, Melbourne and New Delhi: Cambridge University Press, 2022.

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KRYZYS CYWILIZACJI ZACHODNIEJ A PROBLEM WOLNOŚCI

Author(s): Wojciech Daszkiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2022

Freedom is one of the fundamental attributes of man. The drama of human freedom takes place in the inner core of the human person where, by choosing a practical judgment about the good, man determines himself to act, constituting himself as an effi cient cause and real source of action. The act of decision is the heart of freedom; it is at the same time the moment of one’s self-determination as an author of an act. Freedom of action and choice is inherent in the very structure of human action and its denial leads necessarily to the negation of human nature as the principle of action. In modern Western civilization there is a tendency to absolutize freedom. Freedom is sometimes identifi ed with the possibility of unlimited consumption, which entails anthropological consequences. To overcome the crisis of Western civilization, it is necessary to refl ect on the human being and his actions. In such a context, freedom turns out to be based only on the truth about reality and about man as a person.

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Transformative Philosophy

Author(s): Lydia Amir / Language(s): English Issue: 8/2023

The contemporary relevance of unraveling the transformative power of philosophy lies in helping to secure its place in the academe and in enabling personal change for the benefit of the individual and the society in which we live. Yet formulating the transformative power of various philosophies, of different philosophic notions, and of philosophy itself as a rational discipline which addresses the mind leads to laying the ground for a new field. This is what I attempt to do on my own, yet briefly, in this article, and at length, with the help of others, in the Handbook for Transformative Philosophy. In the current article, I explain why only Eastern philosophies are usually considered transformative, I argue that Western philosophy is deeply transformative and I formulate that which performs in it the required transformation of the self. I further identify religious readings of philosophy as one impediment to experiencing philosophy’s transformative power, and I point to the ideal of personal philosophic redemption as a promising avenue for modern transformative philosophies.

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The Philosophical Consciousness. The Examination of Inner Experiences and Their Practical Affirmation

Author(s): Henrietta Anişoara Şerban / Language(s): English Issue: 8/2023

The only life worth living is the one examined (Plato) and the only one worth examining is the fully lived one (Alphonso Lingis). The philosophical consciousness and its core of lucidity is paramount in the remembrance and return to the genuine inner self, as well as in the constitution of subjectivity. However, philosophical consciousness has its impact in the awareness of the self for socialization and sociality, in the success of relations and activities. Lucidity is vital in awakening, adequating and “training” the spirit for visionary-constructive and lucrative accomplishments, not only for analytic-critical ones. Capitalizing upon the Romanian philosophy, and especially the philosophy of Lucian Blaga (1895-1961), owning the consciousness of his human existence, the human being keeps on awakening (herself). And these awakenings are as well spiritual as lucrative, truly beneficial for the enjoyments of the exercise of thought and lucrative for everyday activities and life.

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Askēsis and the seriousness of playing philosophically

Author(s): Anca-cornelia Tiurean / Language(s): English Issue: 8/2023

Current research into philosophical practice and consultancy tends to be mostly focused on the professionalization of this activity. A large body of reference literature describes methods of working philosophically with people of various ages and belonging to various contexts. The present article brings a contribution to a less addressed field of philosophical practice: askēsis – where individuals encounter and need to respond to their own resistances, difficulties and obstacles to performing philosophical practices as a way of life. Seeking ways to sustain challenging work with ourselves, this article proposes a method of applying askēsis and the gamification of philosophical practices within groups so as to maximize the chances of transforming potentially every human hardship situation into an opportunity for growth and self-transcendence. As an illustration of this view, the specific tasks, activities and results of a play-based philosophical workshop are presented in detail, as well as the response of the participants to them, including: positive feedback, increase in motivation for participating and enjoyment of the practice despite the difficulties associated with askēsis.

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Decline of Modern and Hegel’s Interpretation of Ancient Scepticism

Author(s): Nevena Jevtić / Language(s): English Issue: 37/2022

For Hegel scepticism is one of the greatest forces in philosophical thought. He makes a sharp distinction between the scepticism of Ancient Greece, and the scepticism of modern thinkers from Descartes to (Hegel’s contemporary) Schulze. These two forms of scepticism appear to have a similar foundation, but according to Hegel, their nature is substantially different. Hegel will subsequently attempt to incorporate the fundamentals of ancient scepticism into the dialectics of consciousness, his primary subject in Phenomenology of Spirit, transforming its role in the process. Hegel reinterprets scepticism as a force of constant, self-affecting movement that is immanent to consciousness itself.

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Hegelovo razumevanje psihologije

Author(s): Marica Rajković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 37/2022

The aim of this paper is to present the key characteristics and specifics of Hegel's understanding of psychology. The basic topic and starting point of this entire research is Hegel's concept according to which psychology should not be "a science of the soul", as it has been constituted throughout its history, but "a science of the spirit". This starting point also means a complete reversal of the meaning and goals of psychology, which instead of the emotional side should deal with spiritual phenomena and the spiritual structure of consciousness. In that way, psychological processes and the methodology of their examination get a completely different basis and structure, which could've completely changed the course of the historical development of psychology as an independent discipline. The idea that psychology is a science based on wrong foundations (and that its authentic subject should be different) should be understood not so much as an irreparable mistake, but as a possibility that both philosophy and psychology still have not lost.

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Ko je zapravo varvarogenije?

Author(s): Dragan Prole / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 37/2022

The article examines the artistic appearance of Ljubomir Micić, a professor of philosophy who unusually early leaves the scientific field for which he was educated and rejects the civil service. Micić's notion of barbarogenius was interpreted through the constitutive imbalance between national and international. The generality and supranational character of the New Man most often failed to amortize national particularity, and even less to offer a solution for all national difficulties and challenges. Contrary to common interpretations, the author argues in support of the thesis that Micić's concept of barbarogenius does not have any national cultural peculiarities. Therefore, there is nothing specifically Serbian or national about him that could be offered internationally, exchanged or made international. The reasons are found through a comparative reading of some ideas of romanticism in relation to the early avant-garde movements. Figures that Micić explicitly uses: heroism of spirit, goodness of heart, purity of soul, immediate humanity, are too formal and general, more at the level of ideals and programs than experience and reality. After all, each nation could attribute them to itself. All cultures cherish examples of kindness, self-sacrifice, extraordinary gestures of humanity with special care. Hence, barbarism is everyone's and no one's.

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Prolegomena za Ničeov basnoslovni nauk

Author(s): Nikola Tatalović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 37/2022

The paper represents a preliminary work guided by the question of whether Nietzsche's writing belongs to the Aesopian tradition. The first part of the paper carries out the reading of Nietzsche's philosophy as “inverted Platonism” with regard to the understanding of the image as the promise of the concept in Plato, all for the sake of pointing out the intimacy of Nietzsche's and Plato's writing style. The second part of the paper, through a conversation with interpretations of Nietzsche that start from the general thesis that everything is the story, tries to get to the concreteness of the fable and its connection with the fate of the philosophical writing. The third section of the paper describes the relationship between the fable and Nietzsche's writing in three stages: By concretizing the fabulous character of Plato's and Nietzsche's writings, presenting the structure of the fable, and pointing out the significance of the question of what does it mean that the animal speaks in the fable?

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Ekologia jako nowy idealizm

Author(s): Tadeusz Guz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 30/2020

This paper is concerned to show the essential difference between ecologists as lovers and protectors of nature and environmentalists, or ecoterrorists, as ideologues who destroy nature. Ecologists seek, know, and love God as the Creator of the cosmos, whereas environmentalists succumb to the illusions of various deities and ultimately to the folly of anti-divinity, which cuts off their reflection on man and nature from the most important transcendent reason, which is the Personal Creator of the universe. God as Creator repays righteous, good and pious man for his faithfulness and service to Him and His divine works in the form of visible creation, and punishes unrighteous, evil or unjust man for his erroneous and hypocritical approach to His divine works. Ecologists respect, support and develop man as the visible ruler of the world, to whom the eternal God entrusted the universe and delegated authority over it, while environmentalists and ecoterrorists erase man as someone higher than animals, plants and other creatures. In this context of ideological struggle, it is necessary to return to a realistic, Christian conception of man as a person and of the universe as an extraordinary ontic order, and to a metaphysical-Christian ethics that is a good antidote to the contemporary ecological crisis that is even imprinting the mark of eco-revolutionaries on certain groups.

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God and Truth, Goodness, and Beauty

Author(s): Marcin Sieńkowski / Language(s): English Issue: 31/2/2021

The purpose of this article is to present the meaning of the transcendental properties, which include truth, goodness, and beauty, among others. Their understanding was developed by philosophers of the classical trend (in the past and today). On the basis of metaphysics, it is explained that every real being has these properties. The author of this study shows that they also belong to God.

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W pułapce nihilizmu – zagrożony personalizm

Author(s): Piotr Jaroszyński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 33/1/2023

Western culture has found its most fundamental and integral expression in personalism throughout history. It has made it possible to show man as a person, something not found in any other religion or civilisation. The personalistic vision of man has been influenced, on the one hand, by Greek philosophy, led by Aristotle's metaphysics, and, on the other, by Christian revelation, within the framework of which the concept of God as unique in the Trinity appears. The latter is subjected to philosophical analysis through great theologians such as St Augustine and St Thomas Aquinas. However, in modern and contemporary times, there is a deformation of both the concept of God and the concept of person. This deformation eventually leads to the negation of the category of person as well as the negation of the concept of being. Nihilism, whose main agenda is destruction, comes to the fore in philosophy and culture. From nihilism to culture there is no return, just as from non-being there is no return to being. What remains, as M. A. Krąpiec emphasises, is the initial affirmation of being as existing and of the human person as a self-determining subject. This is the way for a philosophically and theologically grounded personalism that does not fall into the trap of nihilism.

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Kryzys uniwersytetu

Author(s): Paweł Bortkiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 33/1/2023

In order to show the contemporary crisis of the university, the article presents the original concept of the university, which originated in the Middle Ages and has been subjected to historical transformations. Part of this transformation was the gradual reduction of classical philosophy and theology from the space of university thought. Particularly significant was the demand for the elimination of faith and theology from public life expressed emphatically in Marxist thought. Marxism, by proposing to grant man the attributes of the Creator, actually brought man to a level below humanity. In the face of these external threats, imposed ideologically, the role of the synthesis of faith and reason proposed throughout history by Christian and non-Christian thinkers, and brought out in modern times by St John Paul II in his encyclical Fides et ratio and in the teaching of Pope Benedict XVI, becomes all the more clear. The de-emphasis of Pope Benedict XVI at La Sapienza University in Rome shows, at the same time, that contemporary threats to the synthesis of faith and reason can emanate from the human sciences themselves, which are becoming particularly susceptible to ideologisation and thus selfdestruction. This is confirmed by some contemporary currents in university thought, while at the same time pointing to the need to return to a synthesis of faith and reason that results in a realistic conception of man based on a realistic metaphysics.

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Petar Šegedin: Filozofija i život

Author(s): Paolo Rašica / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 03/167/2022

Review of: Petar Šegedin: Filozofija i život, Matica hrvatska, Zagreb 2020.

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