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As part of this paper we want to question the possible link between prosody and linguistic realization of irony. In other words, we want to determine if the speaker who utters an ironic statement transmits prosodic signals to allow his interlocutor to recognize the irony. Indeed, in the literature on the subject, many authors believe that, in some contexts, prosody is the only indication of the interlocutor’s recognition of irony (Eggs, 2009 for ex.). Some researchers even speak of intonation peculiar to irony (Fonagy, 1991). The existence of this specific intonation, however, has never been demonstrated, as no real consensus exists on the subject in the literature. Thus, Bryant and Tree (2005) showed that only rhythmic aspects play a major role in the production of an ironic statement. According to these, a slower speed would be the only prosodic feature associated with irony. To verify or refute these assumptions and assess the nature of the relationship that may exist between prosody and linguistic realization of irony, we intend to base our argument on an experiment conducted on a group of speakers we asked to read a statement categorized as ironic, then we asked them to read the same statement categorized as neutral.
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The present paper focuses on some of the uses of the Future Simple Tense and the analysis of their Polish equivalents. The material for the analysis is taken from the corpus of French literary texts and their Polish translations. The author concentrates on the modal uses of the tense expressing probability (Ce sera le facteur), command (Tu mettras la table !), and those whose function is to soften a statement (Je te dirai que cela ne me plaît pas). Polish, in the above mentioned contexts, makes use of the Future Tense as well, but, as the analysis of the corpus material shows, there are some contexts where some other structures are used, such e.g. as: forms of the imperative mood or the conditional, modal particles (pewnie, może), constructions with the verb musieć, polite phrases with proszę, etc.
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The aim of this work is to verify which acoustic clues allow listeners to differentiate stutteringlike disfluencies (SLD) and other disfluencies (OD). Furthermore, we would like to distinguish OD and SLD on the articulatory level by observing the laryngeal activity. The results show that listeners’ classification of a disfluency as stuttering-like or other is based on abnormal prosodic structures and localization of the disfluency.
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The subject of this study is to broach the problems associated with polysemy and its treatment on the example of the verb regarder. The traditional lexicographical approach to the polysemy of the verb regarder consists mainly of listing synonyms. A huge disparity emerges among the proposed synonyms. We show here the importance of semantic classes to solve the problems of polysemy and thus treat various uses of the verb regarder. A sufficiently precise description can predict the link between semantics and syntax. The use of “controlled semantics” by the facts of language reflects many correlations among configurational, combinatorial and syntactic features of the verbs and their semantic characteristics.
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The purpose of this research is to clarify concepts of basic color terms, semantic class of color vocabulary and their classification according to the principle of derivation. The study is mainly centered on the ways color terms are perceived and described, especially on problems related to their lexicographic definition. The initial phase involves the study of methods to determine color terms in monolingual dictionaries. At the final phase, the Authors discuss the idea of a special description which is crucial for color lexicon as a language subsystem, for which five models of lexicographic definition are considered.
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The purpose of this article is the contextual analysis of the se faire entendre construction. The choice of the corpus of fantasy texts is not coincidental. Conducted studies have clearly shown that the functioning of the structure depends on the type of text in which it appears. The same se faire entendre construction gives complete causative structure in the corpus of press, while in the corpus of fantasy texts dominating options are consecutive and inchoative, which block the agent. Unexpressed reason becomes the source of a disturbing result. This syntactic and semantic procedure creates stylistic effect, which intensifies fear and builds what is called fantasy atmosphere. The present research forms part of the work to create lexical and syntactic matrix of fantasy literature.
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The aim of the present paper is the analysis of how others are perceived in the computer-mediated exchange. Special emphasis is laid on what linguistic mechanisms underlie various strategies of self-presentation and of others’ presentation in a virtual interaction. Some conclusions are drawn with respect to what properties help define the identity of individuals being engaged in the process of performing illocutionary activities. Finally, the significance of these identity-defining presentations in a felicitous completion of communicative acts is discussed.
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Among the many linguistic means that enable us to express axiological judgement there are extended senses of different lexemes. The present paper deals with the axiological charges of such senses of French lexemes clair (clear) and sombre (dark) and their derivatives. While many examples show that the clair — sombre opposition coincides with the axiological opposition positive — negative, it is possible to find the reverse valuation, especially in the domain of auditory perception. Adopting the Cognitive Linguistics perspective, the author outlines the main postulates of axiological semantics (e.g. Krzeszowski, 1997, 1999) and its criticism (e.g. Hampe, 2005). After a brief presentation of the general tendency that concerns the axiological charge of clair — sombre in the domain of intellect, morality, and emotions, the author focuses on the axiological dimension of the extended senses of the two lexemes in auditory domain. The central question that is asked in the course of the analysis is the motivation behind this kind of axiological valuation.
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The present paper is intended to analyze the most frequent phraseological units containing the French productive lexem main and the Spanish lexem mano. The first part of the paper revolves around the most important basic structures of the phraseological units with selected nouns, as well as all types of grammatical categories of which those structures are composed. Then, the Author proposes several exercises devoted to support the natural acquisition of the presented expressions. The aim of the paper is also to show the utility of phraseodidactics, or didactics of phraseology, as a new field of applied linguistics and its domain phraseology. The author stresses the importance of the development of phraseological competences in the process of foreign languages didactics and the need to develop methods of teaching and learning phraseological units such as idioms, proverbs, in the second and additional language(s).
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This work aims at investigating certain syntactic features identified in diplomatic speeches. The corpus was selected so as to span over almost 100 years (from 1918 to 2013) and to cover various situations and contexts. The work addresses topics such as the length and structure of sentences used in diplomatic speeches, identifying syntactic devices such as the rule of three,contrasting pairs, and effects such as syntax-originated presuppositions.
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The question of using the Internet in a foreign language classroom continues to be a hot topic in scholarship over the last few decades. Several studies stress that Internet technology may serve as a resource that can enrich and expand language instruction and that it has already become a powerful pedagogical tool for learning and teaching a foreign language in an academic setting. Internet is one of the most recent and advanced tools in education which has been provided to the education environment by the advance of technology. Although there are some downsides to having access to the Internet for students and learners, it can be a good source and tool in delivering education.
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Methodology of scientific research is a new discipline that recently integrated the higher education curriculum thus responding to the need of preparing the students from an early stage to the requirements of scientific research. Assuming that the discourse in this field should be primarily low-context (Hall, 1976) – since its main goal is a pedagogical one – this article presents a brief analysis from the perspective of high- and low-context communication of Méthodologie de la thèse et du mémoire, a book introducing French and francophone students to scientific research. The aim is to identify the possible interferences between the type of communication in the originating culture and the one specific to the scientific environment, as well as their consequences to the expected impact on the target audience.
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In the paper, I argue for the importance of holistic approach to Corpus Platonicum and such reading of it which leads to the coherent model of Plato’s ontology and epistemology connected with his conception of language. The starting point of my draft of, as I assume, much-needed investigation, is the analysis of Cratylus and theory of truth dependent on proper names. The next step is taking under consideration Plato’s quotation from Hesiod, which leads to the distinction between two ways of substantiating statements given by Hesiod in his two didactic poems. The right name does not have to be given by gods, nor does it belong to the ancient order, even so old as the Golden Age. Instead, it has to belong to the natural order, which makes everything that exists to be as a whole. Hence, it could be created, it could be given by lawgivers or others who understand these valid connections, for example, by an honest sophist or a true artisan of techne– basilike — the philosopher. Accordingly, the proper name is the fruit of hard working; it takes a lot of investigation to find one. This conclusion leads to the analysis of Plato’s methodology of proper investigation that connects dialectics with the geometrical approach: the method of exposing the proper measure. Plato’s epistemology consists in several (possibly seven, as it is shown in Republic) levels of perceiving the world, and bi-polarity of One and Many is crucial for his ontology; hence, there are a few sources of notions. But, as I argue, phantasia gives only false and worthless notions, eikasia is the source of practical ones, and noesis solely creates the true, proper, and essential notion. The notion created by noesis is connected with every other notion, with other forms, and things in the proper measures.
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The German language of sports, similarly to the special language of sports anywhere in the world nowadays, has become an interesting mix of various registers. This is partly due to the fact that now, more than ever, sport has become a massive media show and more and more people are speaking about it, whether publicly or privately. At the same time sport has grown into a huge business which involves the interests of professionals of various fields. The language all these people use to talk about their interests or affections connected to sport is as different as the group they belong to: fans, sportspersons, or reporters. The present article takes a synchronic look at the various characteristics of the German language of sports, with a special illustrative focus on the language of football and tennis, two sports in which Germany has had a rich history of world-class talent and performance.
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The purpose of this paper is to show how efficient the Feature Geometry model is in the representation of the phonological process of assimilation in English. In order to prove its efficacy, the different types of assimilation are presented with examples and a general representation with this model is given for each type.
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Mass communication is the academic study of how individuals and entities relay information through mass media to large segments of the population at the same time. It is usually understood to relate to newspaper and magazine publishing, radio, television and film, as these are used both for disseminating news and for advertising. The article tackles Jurgen Habermass’s concept of „communicative action”. The concept of mass communication can be considered a wider concept than communication by mass media (press, television, radio), including also movies, advertising, the industry of show-biz, etc. Boundaries between public and private, the individual and society, the system and the lifeworld are deteriorating. Habermas's theoretical system is devoted to revealing the possibility of reason, emancipation, and rational-critical communication latent in modern institutions and in the human capacity to deliberate and pursue rational interests.
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