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The historical regions Chioar and Lăpuș are geographic areas where the Orthodox Church (but not only the Orthodox Church) has manifested the conservative “force” of the Romanian Christian spirituality. The feast of a church is a religious ceremony in which the patron saint is worshipped or in which an event reiterating a Christian religious episode is evoked. This celebration is a festive moment for the entire community, preserved especially in rural areas.The method and the tools of analysis belong to the statistical research and the Bravais-Pearson correlation analysis.
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In formal English, the group genitive occurs mainly in established phrases but there are few literary examples treated as such. In everyday speech, however, the group genitive is much more frequently encountered. It is employed especially when the genitive is preceded by a prepositional phrase, an apposition, or sometimes even a whole clause. Although the group genitive may be freely employed in colloquial speech, sometimes the constructions tend to be either too long or difficult to follow. In several situations it becomes evident that the phonological host and the structural and semnatic host are not always identical, the placement of the enclitic ’s being carried out regardless of meaning.
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Vorliegende Arbeit stellt das Resultat einer in Baia Sprie durchgeführten Erhebung über manche deutsche Entlehnungen aus der Bergmansssprache in der lokalen, ungarischen Umgangssprache dar.
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In conditions when literary language hadn’t been formalized its role was performed by another language instead, as it happened at Zakarpatia in the XVIII-th - first half of XIX-th century, and it was «the dead» newlatin. The precious work «Historia Carpato-Ruthenorum» was written in these languages by Mykhailo Luchkai.Investigations of linguistic peculiarities of this work are an interesting and less investigated. Observations made on this work particularly under specifics of new Latin monophtongs reproduction give grounds to state that the author leads himself by scientific principles in search of a precise reproduction of a foreign word phonetics.The level of Latin language skills, the knowledge of using the phonetic means, its display by M.Luchkai isn’t lower than by any other central European language.
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In der vorliegenden Studie wird ein Modell für die ökonomische Analyse entwickelt, das die Instrumente und das Forschungsmodell von Coșeriu zur Sprachvariation nutzt. Bei statistischer Betrachtung können die Leistungen einer “Gemeinschaft” von Wirtschaftssubjekten (private/öffentliche Unternehmen) unter den fünf festgelegten Variationsperspektiven analysiert werden: diachronisch (zielt auf die wirtschaftlichen Leistungen von Einheiten zu verschiedenen Zeiten ab); diatopisch (setzt die Variation der Leistungen mit der Zugehörigkeit derselben "Gemeinschaft" von Wirtschaftseinheiten zu einer bestimmten geografischen Region in Beziehung); diastratisch (verbindet die Variation der “Gemeinschaft” mit ihrer ergonymen Besonderheit); diaphasisch (untersucht die Leistung der “Gemeinschaft” im Hinblick auf ihren Entwicklungsstand, wobei die folgenden Phasen ‒ Start-up, kleiner, mittlerer und großer Steuerzahler ‒ und Phasen des Niedergangs durchlaufen werden: Insolvenz, Bankrott, Auflösung, Liquidation und Deregistrierung); diamesisch (die Form ‒ rechtliche Organisation ‒, in der die Wirtschaftseinheiten als Ganzes die Ziele erreichen, für die sie gegründet wurden).
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The study in discussion focuses on the presentation of different popular medical terms referring to contagious diseases. The category presented includes lexical particularities as well as magical practices that some people use to cure diseases. The linguistic area includes a variety of words of from the terminology of the above mentioned field, so the ampleness of the material permits us to analyse the terms and syntagms. Therefore, the study is going to focus on this terminology, mostly from an etymological and lexico-semantic viewpoint.
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The area of research of the umbrella-term language policy has three main concepts with which researchers and stakeholders operate. This paper discusses the differences between these main notions: language policy, language planning and language management. The most important drawback of the field is the partial interchangeability of these three terms. However, on a closer study, one realises that they are very distinct and refer to various aspects of language teaching and of the legal and economic aspects of language. Researchers of this field must be fully aware of the propriety of the terminology they use, hence the need for a proper and detailed distinction of the terms.
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Daniel Thomas Moran, a former Poet Laureate of Suffolk County, New York, is the author of twelve volumes of poetry. His apparently straightforward style disguises unexpected raids into the depths of the human mind, caught in the mundane scenery. The past-present opposition gives birth to observations about life, which usually go unnoticed in the long hurtle of time. The ever-present nature in Moran’s poetry triggers either memories, which, blending with reality, result in sudden, at times, philosophical insights, or meditations on life. The poems selected for discussion were written between 2003 and 2020; most of them published works.
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The paper discusses the symbolism and synaesthetic metaphors in Thomas Mann’s Buddenbrooks and The Magic Mountain as certain symbols and metaphors are highly illustrative for Mann’s work because of their complexity and depth. They are essential for Mann’s narrative construction and are recurrent in several texts (such as disease metaphor or symbols of death, the sea, the South versus North, but also the snow), becoming the author’s trademark.
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The present paper is aimed at the analysis of semantic peculiarities of English mass media terms. We focus on such semantic phenomena as terminologization, polysemy, synonymy and antonymy in English mass media terminology. Terminologization is a semantic way of term formation when the words that exist in the language transform into terms, the basis of this transition being semes– elementary components of meaning. Polysemy proved to be an important semantic phenomenon in terminology of mass media as a lot of terms in our sample have more than one meaning. Synonymy is also a significant semantic characteristic in the terminological system under study. The peculiarity of this phenomenon in terminology is that synonymous terms are related to the same concept and object. Terminological antonymy is formed on the basis of logical opposition, which is reflected in the system of concepts of English mass media.
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Accurate, clear, and concise communication in the military is one of the most important elements of interaction at all levels of the organization. Qualitative writing draws on unambiguous and coherent discourse, whose construction must respect a specific style and standards. The article proposes an informed discussion targeting the development of military writing skills, based on clear standards and guidelines. Drawing on a specific example (military memorandum), the authors discuss the most prevalent elements of effective military writing and suggest a specific military writing style aimed at ensuring a successful written interaction in this professional context.
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The paper offers an interdisciplinary ethnolinguistic and semiotic analysis of the Bulgarian calendric prohibitions and the consequences of violating them. Special attention is paid to linguistic data – the chrononyms which characterize these days as ambivalent, both blessed and malevolent, days which must be observed as work-free and free from other types of activity. Folk etymology of some terms for holidays reveals how language constructs the calendric order and offers an insight into the ritual restrictions of some feasts. The list of bans in an ethnographic context is scrutinized according to which holidays are “dangerous”, who is the subject of the bans, and what punishment will follow for breaking the rules. Holidays for which non-observance is most seriously punished are Christian calendric feasts which often have many pre-Christian elements and occasionally reflect the cult of animals. Many restrictions affect women only, especially those who are pregnant and mothers, as they concern female biological and social functions. Folklore parallels to the theme of the article are investigated and a poetic means of depicting the punishment for the sins is shown. A reverse development of the motif of ‘sin and punishment’ is represented in the songs about Saint Nedelia, who does not punish the sinners but suffers herself because people work on ‘her days’, Sundays. Some of the bans and recommendations relevant for calendric rituals are still evident in Bulgarian society, confirming the continuation of certain features of the archaic worldview. The paper is based on field research data collected by the author during the last three decades and on published and archival materials.
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Integral linguistics is not just another form of structuralist linguistics, but one that anticipates or integrates in a creative – albeit polemic – manner certain orientations that are specific to all great linguistic schools of the 20th century, such as the structuralist (including the glossematic), the generative-transformational and the pragmatic schools. Linguistic integralism is an extremely original, modern and unitary anti-positivist direction, which recuperates all that had been eliminated or set aside by structuralism and which can be defined, essentially, as a polyphonic post-structuralism with a strong foundation and frequent insertions of theory and philosophy of language (such as, for example, conciliating Saussure’s vision on language as a system of functional opposition with Humboldt’s vision – of an Aristotelian origin – regarding language as enérgeia. As an activity of creation, language is both an infinite form of human culture and the basis of such culture, especially as a cultural tradition. Text linguistics, as hermeneutics of meaning, constitutes the third component of Coseriu’s integral linguistics, alongside linguistics of language and linguistics of languages. Eugenio Coseriu is not, as some say, just a mere predecessor of text linguistics/ discourse analysis, but is, in fact, one of the founders of this language science that is so ‘in vogue’ nowadays.
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The article deals with the linguistic conceptualization of space in the Russian language. The relevance of the article is due to the importance of studying the specific features of the Russian language.The aim of the article is to trace the degree of expressiveness of locality in comparison with the Bulgarian language. The material used comes from the National Corpus of the Russian language, the Bulgarian National Corpus, translated texts, and dictionaries. Spatiality in the Russian language is considered a semantic-grammatical dominant, revealed at different linguistic levels.The study uses systemic, comparative, and functional methods. The effectiveness and relevance of the named methods is connected with the possibility to present the specific features of the Russian language in the expression of spatiality in a comprehensive approach, to show this category as a semantic-grammatical dominant of the Russian language, which is manifested both in the language system at different levels, and in speech. Its more explicit manifestation in comparison with the Bulgarian language is traced in the comparative analysis at the levels of phraseology, grammar, and text.It is demonstrated that the Russian language in the totality of its expressive means draws attention to the spatial picture of the world with maximum explication and detailing of real object-spatial relations contained in the situation. The differences in the linguistic interpretation of space, revealed in the Russian and Bulgarian material, are due to both extra-linguistic and linguistic factors – the peculiarities of the system properties of the languages, their lexico-grammatical resources, and typological characteristics.The significance of the study for the theory and practice of teaching Russian as a foreign language is noted.
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The question of necessity to preserve the names of small geographical sites has emerged in Belarusian linguistics. The main purpose of the article is to identify and analyse the microtoponyms of the Kamenkovsky Village Council as part of the toponymic continuum of the Uzda region. One scientific publication by R. A Filippovich is devoted to the analysis of the microtoponymic units of marked territory, where microtoponyms of the village of Kul of Uzda district are studied.The author of the article collected the material for the study by talking to the residents of the studied area and analysed it in structural and semantic terms.Microtoponyms of onym and appellative origin are distinguished. Toponymic names are formed by adjectivation from the names of villages and by direct transferring of the name of a larger site to a smaller one. Anthroponymic units are usually formed from the full name or nickname of the person on whose territory a specific geographical site is located. Microtoponyms of apellative origin are often motivated by the appearance or internal characteristics of geographical items; features of the natural environment; structures towering over the territory; they also reflect economic processes and keep the memory of historical events, people’s occupations, etc.
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In modern didactics, there is a theory of competent approach to teaching and teaching educational disciplines. The purpose of this article is to consider the formation of linguistic and professional competence among students when teaching terminological vocabulary of a non-native language on the material of technical specialty texts.The communicative method regarded as the main method does not solve the problems of teaching the scientific style of a non-native language. Therefore, several approaches should be combined in teaching the professional Russian language: structural, aimed at assimilating the norms of the language, linguadidactic, representing methodological techniques, communicative, involving an understanding of the context, situation, competent, related to the connection of professional and linguistic knowledge, etc. Such multidimensional work with terminology contributes to the coverage of a large number of issues aimed at a detailed understanding of the scientific text and the role of terms. The formal organization of the scientific text is considered as a surface level that exposes the deep semantic level.To implement the tasks of didactic, linguistic, pragmatic, text and tasks are presented in which general scientific and technical terms are used. Logical diagrams are proposed to be complied in order to test the ability to understand professionally-oriented text, vocabulary, and grammatical forms, retell texts by specialty and talk about professional topics. Work with the text is based on the native language and takes into account the terminology field, which is the text.
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This article studies the features of language game implementation in the modern media products. The object of the study is stand-up comedy texts. Stand-up performance is a solo, humorous performance in front of an audience. The repertoire of stand-up comedians includes author’s monologues, short jokes, and improvisation with the audience. These performances are based on a language game element implemented in a certain structure.The purpose of this article is to identify stand-up genre speech techniques in public performances and analyse them from the language game theory viewpoint. The language game, comical, and verbal creativity concepts are considered in the article.The main methods of research are descriptive, observation, generalization, data classification methods.The linguistic examples of comedy texts are analysed from the language game implementation viewpoint at various language levels: phonetic, word-formation, lexical, syntactic. The public performances analysis makes it possible to determine the structure according to which jokes are developed; the techniques of language game which are widely used by stand-up comedians. This analysis allows some negative features to be determined (profanity, parasitic words, meaningless phrases), which can worsen the language game understanding.The article draws attention to the role of stand-up comedy genre public performances in the learning of comic aesthetic category realized in witty and fluent speech. The perspective of the study is to analyse the performances of female stand-up comedy and identify the influence of gender on the language of comedy texts.
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The textbook Просто класс is intended to teach Russian as a foreign language at levels A1–A2. The language material can be used by students and learners starting to learn the basics of the Russian language, participants of language courses, as well as participants of classes at Third Age Universities.The authors, Justyna Deczewska and Krzysztof Świrko, proposed a completely new structure of the manual, dividing the material into two semesters and 40 separate lessons. Each lesson consists of several language topics dedicated to lexical, grammatical, and communicative tasks. The titles of all lessons are marked with cultural connotations and meanings, some of them are also marked with common Russian expressions, which undoubtedly enriches the language material and rekindles students’ interest. The topics of the lessons, as well as the lexical and grammatical material, correspond to the declared level. The structure of each section is motivated by the linguistic objectives and the material presented. Each lesson is unique in its own way. In this way, the authors of the textbook try to avoid a routine teaching process. The advantage of this textbook is the authors’ additional materials prepared in online version (presentations, recordings, additional exercises, quizzes, lesson outlines).The aim of the textbook is to develop lexical, grammatical, and communicative skills. The textbook contains textual and post-textual materials, grammar and lexical tasks, and communicative-type exercises. There is no doubt that the textbook Просто класс will be a help for both school and academic purposes.
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The present article aims to highlight some difficulties related to knowledge, sometimes precarious, of the meaning of some words, both recently appeared in the language, but also older words, which we hear deformed, confused or improperly used in the process of verbal communication.
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