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The paper studies vowel strings in the Korean language. Each string is evaluated as allowed or disallowed on two different levels: phonemic and morphophonemic. When two vowels occurring together morphophonemically form a phonemically disallowed string, they are replaced by a different phonemic string. Rules to convert morphophonemic vowel strings to phonemic strings are listed in the paper. It is also shown that in all the cases where phonemically disallowed string is not replaced, either a morphophonemic or an etymological explanation of this abnormality can be found. Linguistic data, on which the paper is based, are mainly drawn from 18th—19th century texts.
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The article describes an attempt to verify standard classifications of the Selkup dialects. The analysis of text materials of the northern, central and southern dialects allows to introduce a transitional dialect of the Selkup language.
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The article gives a detailed analysis of the Chuvash vocalism reflected in Pallas’s Dictionary that dates back to the XVIII century. It is established that the dictionary’s orthography reflects quite unambiguously the features of both the Viryal and Anatri dialects of the Chuvash language. A number of dictionary entries preserve archaic features of the Chuvash vocalism that are not attested in the later records.
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The article is devoted to the reconstruction of the history of the Selkup family Sychins. The family is famous among linguists and ethnographers mostly due to speaking the Shoshkup dialect. The archive material from 1870—1981 (birth certificates and household books) was used for the article. As a result of the research 19 branches of the Sychins were found living in Ivankino from the end of the XIXth to the beginning of the XXth century. The attempt to form genealogy for different branches of the family, versions of the origin of the family and appearance of its first representatives in the district near the Middle Ob were made in the article.
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The author of the article notes the importance of the problem, that Vadim Ponaryadov deals with in the article “Reflection of the Proto-Permic final vowels of the second syllable in Erzya”. The author also pays attention to general and particular disadvantages of this work.
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The paper looks into the development of philology as a science from Antiquity to Modernity analyzing the factors influencing every stage in its development. It focuses on the typological features characterizing every stage. Special attention is paid to the causes leading to the fragmentation of philology into different fields and branches and the typological features that unite them under what is understood as classical philology. Philology has thus become an umbrella term sheltering seemingly unrelated disciplines nowadays. The assumption that there are two basic institutions, namely, libraries and schools in its broad meaning, through which knowledge has been stored and handed down on next coming generations, is discussed extensively. It is also proposed that in the period of postmodernism philological endeavors have taken a U-turn toward the classical holistic approach of Antiquity that underlie new concepts in literature and linguistics such as intertextuality, corpus analysis and artificial intelligence thus forming a spiral in its historical development. Finally a conclusion is reached that philology has not changed drastically in its general ideology having always been interdisciplinary by nature. The reason is the fact that language being in the core of any philological investigation is a pure human phenomenon and is itself holistic in nature.
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In this paper, we analyze two-word phrases which consist of at least one noun. The phrases for the analysis were selected from the Dictionary of Lithuanian Nominal Phrases. The morphological analysis has revealed that almost a half of the phrases are built from two nouns. Adjective + noun is the second most frequent pattern (32,2%), and the verb + noun pattern (9,99%) is the third one concerning frequency. The classification according to the head of a phrase has shown the domination of noun phrases (96,4% of all two-word phrases). After the analysis of two-word phrases by their syntactic role, the results are as follows: 95% of all phrases are attributive phrases linked by the subordination relation, object phrases with subordination relation are the second most frequent phrases (3,42%), whereas phrases expressing other syntactic relations make up less than one percent each. The results have shown that the head of a phrase is usually used as the left constituent of a phrase, except for attributive phrases linked by subordination and interdependent object phrases. Variability of the phrases was investigated by the analysis of the inflectional and derivational features of the left and / or right constituent of a phrase. The results suggest that the most phrases (46%) are with two variable constituents; however, phrases with the left fixed constituent are also frequent (44%). The presented statistical data based on authentic usage complement the descriptions of the morphological and syntactic features of two-word phrases provided in Lithuanian grammars and theoretical studies and are relevant to quantitative evaluation of linguistics aspects and to automatic syntactic analysis. Straipsnyje siekiama aprašyti morfologinių ir sintaksinių ypatybių sąsajas, jame analizuojami iš Lietuvių kalbos daiktavardinių frazių žodyno atrinkti dvižodžiai keliomis formomis pavartoti pastovieji junginiai, kuriuos sudaro bent vienas daiktavardis. Šie junginiai suklasifikuoti morfologiškai ir nustatyta, kad beveik pusė visų dvižodžių junginių sudaryti iš dviejų daiktavardžių. Antras pagal dažnumą modelis – būdvardis + daiktavardis (32,2 proc.), trečias pagal dažnumą – veiksmažodis + daiktavardis (9,99 proc.). Klasifikuojant junginius pagal pagrindinį dėmenį, nustatyta, kad vyrauja daiktavardiniai junginiai – jie sudaro 96,4 proc. visų analizuotų junginių. Suskirsčius junginius pagal tai, kokią sintaksinę funkciją atlieka, paaiškėjo, kad daugiau nei 95 proc. dvižodžių junginių priskirtini prijungiamojo ryšio požymio raiškos junginiams. Antri pagal dažnumą yra prijungiamojo ryšio objektiniai junginiai, o kitus sintaksinius ryšius perteikiantys junginiai sudaro mažiau nei po vieną procentą. Ištyrus pagrindinio junginio dėmens poziciją, paaiškėjo, kad pagrindinis dėmuo dažniausiai eina kairėje, išskyrus prijungiamojo ryšio požymio raiškos ir tarpusavio sąsajos objektinius junginius. Tiriant dvižodžius junginius buvo žiūrima ir į tai, ar abu dėmenys yra kaitomi ar tik vienas. Nustatyta, kad daugiausia junginių, kurių abu dėmenys keičiasi (46 proc.), taip pat gana daug dvižodžių junginių, kurių pirmas dėmuo yra pastovus (44 proc.). Šių lietuvių kalbos dvižodžių junginių vartosenos tendencijos ir statistiniai duomenys papildo gramatikose ir teoriniuose darbuose pateiktą informaciją, yra svarbūs kiekybiniam kalbos var¬tosenos vertinimui ir automatinei sintaksinei analizei
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The source of the research is the database of the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Nominal Phrases, which contains ca 69,000 phrases of varying length from 2 to 16 words. Phrases were extracted by the statistical method of Gravity Counts from the Corpus of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language (100 million running words). The analyzed data contain 3,704 two-word, 3,702 three-word and 870 four-word multi-word units (MWUs), which were detected automatically as being of one particular grammatical form; therefore, in this study, we refer to such MWUs as stable uniform MWUs. The results revealed that among stable uniform MWUs, there are fully fixed expressions (idioms, sayings, compound nominals, etc.). However, the majority of stable MWUs are collocations, which were extracted as one particular grammatical form due to the fact that this particular form had the highest frequency in the corpus. The stability of the form of such collocations is due to the governing constituents, e.g., a) cases of nominals (XX a.pirmaisiais dešimtmečiais) or b) prepositions, pronouns, numerals, adverbs or other inflected verb forms (sulig kiekviena diena, kartą per savaitę). Regarding the meaning of collocations, they can be classified into the semantic groups of place, time, manner, quality, object, and subject. From the point of view of usage, groups of specific discourse-bound collocations were identified, i.e., phrases from prayers, legal documents, horoscopes, etc. It can be concluded that the prevalence of a specific form is typical not only of idiomatic and semantically non-compositional MWUs but also of collocations usually defined as groups of semantically compositional and less stable MWUs. Straipsnio šaltinyje – Lietuvių kalbos daiktavardinių frazių žodyne – pateikta beveik 69 tūkst. frazių nuo 2 iki 16 žodžių. Šios frazės atrinktos iš 100 mln. žodžių Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos tekstyno statistiškai apskaičiavus žodžių traukos tekste įvertį (angl. Gravity Counts).Tyrimo medžiagą sudarė 3 704 dvižodžiai, 3 702 trižodžiai ir 870 keturžodžiai pastovieji junginiai, Lietuvių kalbos daiktavardinių frazių žodyne užfiksuoti viena gramatine forma ir vadinami vienaformiais junginiais. Tarp pastoviųjų viena forma užfiksuotų junginių yra dideliu sustabarėjimu pasižyminčių junginių: frazeologizmų, patarlių, priežodžių, posakių, sudėtinių pavadinimų. Lankstesnių pastoviųjų junginių – kolokacijų – yra daugiau, jų formos pastovumas gali būti išreikštas tam tikro linksnio forma, prielinksniniu junginiu ar kitomis formomis (padalyviais, įvardžiais, skaitvardžiais, prieveiksmiais ir kitomis nekaitomomis kalbos dalimis).Pagal reikšmę ir vartoseną kolokacijos gali būti skirstomos į reiškiančias vietą, laiką, būdą, priežastį, požymį, objektą, subjektą, taip pat kolokacijas, siejamas su tam tikro stiliaus ir žanro tekstais: tai maldų žodžiai, administracinių tekstų ištraukos, horoskopų, kriminalinių kronikų klišės ir pan. Šiame straipsnyje pateikta medžiaga atskleidžia, kad vienos formos dominavimas būdingas ne tik labai sustabarėjusiems junginiams, bet ir daliai junginių, laikomų laisvesniais, pvz., kolokacijoms.
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Spoken discourse studies are a relatively new phenomenon in Lithuanian psycholinguistics, thus various methodological issues still lack a full theoretical and methodological backing. In this paper, methodological issues of syntactic analysis of Lithuanian spoken discourse are discussed. Namely, two principles (one grammar-based and the other discourse-based) of spoken monologue discourse segmentation are presented and described. According to previous studies, both grammar- and discourse-based rules are valid for segmentation of spoken monologues, but either of these criteria should be selected extremely carefully with particular attention to the aim and design of the current study as well as to the characteristics of the target sample. With respect to various methods and designs that have been developed for spoken language studies, the methodological issues discussed in the paper will hopefully result in more fruitful research of Lithuanian spoken language. Sakytinės monologinės kalbos, ypač pasakojimo, tyrimai Lietuvoje vis dar palyginti nauja psicholingvistinių tyrimų sritis, todėl kai kurie metodiniai šių tyrimų aspektai iki šiol neaptarti nei mokslinėje, nei metodinėje lietuvių literatūroje. Šiuo straipsniu gilinamasi į vieno iš tokių aspektų – sintaksinės sakytinio monologo analizės – specifiką. Aptariami skirtingi būdai segmentuoti sakytinį monologą remiantis a) gramatiniais ir b) diskurso kriterijais, pateikiamos abiejų segmentavimo būdų taisyklės. Kadangi lietuvių sakytinio monologo psicholingvistiniai tyrimai sėkmingai plėtojami įtraukiant vis naujas tiriamųjų populiacijas, tikimasi, kad šis straipsnis taps tyrėjams naudingu metodinių patarimų rinkiniu, padėsiančiu užtikrinti atliekamų tyrimų kokybę ir gautų rezultatų palyginamumą ne tik lietuvių, bet ir kitų kalbų kontekste.
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Polish in Germany has hardly been analyzed systematically so far, although a large population with Polish ancestry can be found there. This paper reveals how Polish heritage speakers in Germany characteristically use the conditional. The study’s findings are the result of an initial analysis of the ‘Hamburg Corpus of Bilingualism of Polish in Germany’ (HamCoPoliG). The article concludes by comparing these specific results with current, general research on heritage speakers’ use of conditional forms and shows that not all phenomena can be explained by the influence of German.
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The article examines the traditional forms of addressing an interlocutor in the Belarusian language. It focuses on the use of anthroponyms when addressing someone, the use of phrases with suffixes of subjective evaluation and the use of vocative and clipped noun forms functioning when addressing an interlocutor. The conclusion put forward is that there is a national specificity in the use of this form of addressing an interlocutor in the Belarusian language.
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The paper is a conference report. Young Slavists meet each other every year at the Polyslav conference. The previous meeting took place in Kiev and was organized by the Institute of Philology of the Taras Shevchenko National University in Kiev (Department of the Modern Ukrainian Language). Young linguists from 11 countries presented 68 reports associated with Slavic languages. The reports were related to almost all areas of linguistics.
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The main problems and directions for the development of the etymological lexicographic systems in the digital environment are studied. The formal conceptual model of the lexicographic system for fundamental academic Etymological Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language (EDUL) is developed. The lexicographic structure of the EDUL individual elements are developed and described. The EDUL metalanguage was studied and described. The formal model and technology of the EDUL parsing are worked out. That made it possible to convert automatically the EDUL text into the lexicographic database, which corresponds to the conceptual model of the lexicographic system. The conceptual foundations of instrumental tool to form the etymological dictionaries are developed to create the Virtual Lexicographic Laboratory «Etymological Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language», which was implemented with a modern approach to the real lexicographic array of the EDUL. That allowed to form the database of the EDUL multilingual index (about 250 languages) in the automatic mode. This index is a basis of the seventh (final) volume of the EDUL. The possibility of applying the developed models to other etymological dictionaries are studied. The conceptual foundations for integration of the etymological lexicographic systems are discussed.
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Research is devoted to the study of behavior of linguistic processor at simultaneous application of software supporting functions (taking into account the characteristics of the writing word forms (capital / small letters), punctuation marks in trigrams and location of trigrams within a sentence). The article analyses qualitative quantitative characteristics of the results removing grammatical homonyms of word forms using statistical methods in compliance with requirements. The research is based on the texts of normative legal document.
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The aim of this report is to describe the salient features of postmethod pedagogy as a new educational ideology with regard to modern language teaching. The study presented is theoretical; speculative generalizations have been made on the basis of empirical data from other research projects.
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