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Turkey’s refugees, Syrians and refugees from Turkey: a country of insecurity

Author(s): Ibrahim Sirkeci / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

The European Union (EU) has faced one of its biggest crises with the rise of population inflows through its Eastern and Southern neighbours as well as movements within the Union. In 2016, the main debate that dominated Europe was on restricting migration within and into the EU along with concerns and objections to the refugee quota systems and the sharing of the burden among member states. Turkey emerged as a ‘gate keeper’ in this crisis and has since been at the centre of debates because of the large Syrian refugee population in the country and billions of Euros it was promised to prevent refugees travelling to Europe. The Syrian crisis produced over 4.8 million refugees with over 2.8 million were based in Turkey by the end of 2016. Turkey with its generous support for Syrian refugees has been confirmed as a ‘country of security’. This shadows the darker side of affairs as the very same country has also produced millions of asylum seekers since the 1980 military coup. Current circumstances and fresh evidence indicate that there will be more EU bound refugees coming through and from Turkey.

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THE EUROPEAN UNION ROLE IN RESOLVING THE ARMED CONFLICT IN THE WESTERN SUDANESE PROVINCE OF DARFUR

Author(s): Karamalla-Gaiballa Nagmeldin / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2014

The article outlines the role of the EU in resolving the armed conflict in the western Sudanese province of Darfur, and explains the important role played by the EU in its engaged in peacekeeping and that guided his condition, as well as how it actions and decisions were received by the Darfurians and the government in Khartoum. Unfortunately, the nature and progress of the conflict, and above all, the great ignorance of the region and the population, makes all attempts to resolve the conflict are ineffective. Through these years, the EU has introduced a number of resolutions, declarations and sanctions. All this was not only to save the life of hundreds of thousands of civilians, but also opposition to the regime and impact on its interests. Unfortunately, there was no general coordination of EU the actions, not only in Darfur, but also in the whole of Sudan. That resulting chaos in actions related to the quality of cooperation between the EU bodies. There was no close co-operation aimed at planning of aid from the United Nations, also because it was a kind of rivalry between EU and UN organizations who want to be seen as a major mediator in peacekeeping.

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POLAND IN NATO – SOME GEOPOLITICAL AND PRAXIOLOGICAL REMARKS

Author(s): Benon Zbigniew Szałek / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2014

This paper presents some remarks on the situation of Poland in NATO. The problem of ‘predictability’ is analysed on the basis of a simple scheme (system, its environment, their interactions). The geopolitical analysis of this dynamic model leads to the conclusion that the future cannot be described as highly predictable, although some long-term scenarios seem to be relatively plausible and may be used in the construction of more realistic global and national/regional strategies. The results of this analysis suggest global cooperation and regional integration.

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TURKISH-UZBEKISTANI RELATIONS: HOW DO ISLAM KARIMOV'S REGIME AND HIS OPPONENTS AFFECT THE BILATERAL TIES BETWEEN ANKARA AND TASHKENT?

Author(s): Türk Fahri / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2014

This article examines the role of Karimov regime and his opponents in influencing Turkish-Uzbekistani relations in the 1990s and its consequences for later developments. Following the description of the characteristics of Turkish-Uzbekistani relations, it will be discussed how far had the opposition leaders such as Abdürrahim Polat and Muhammad Salih an impact on the worsening of the bilateral ties between Turkey and Uzbekistan. This article then stresses Turkey’s attitude towards Uzbek opposition leaders which finally addresses the reasons for worsening of Turkish-Uzbekistani relations such as the bombings of Tashkent, Uzbek students in Turkey, Gülen Movement as well as the ideology of Pan-Turkism.

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POLISH DEVELOPMENT AID TO TAJIKISTAN - THE DIFFICULT QUESTION CONCERNING THE MEANING OF HELP

Author(s): Katarzyna Zalas-Kamińska / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2015

No matter what the reasons are for providing development aid, the “how and where” of the countries doing it influences their image in international relations and testifies to the intelligent power of a country. Helping a country such as Tajikistan is difficult, and not only because of its geographic location or high level of poverty. It is hard to make some changes there (especially in the field of democracy) when a donor country has to face the despotic presidency of Rachmon and the high level of support for Putin's policies. Since 2004 Poland has been providing aid to this country (mainly with the participation of Polish NGOs), regardless of the fact as to whether it was on the list of priority countries or not. What are the main areas of Polish aid there? And what does Poland want and expect to achieve by helping the Tajiks? In this research and analysis the author looks for answers to these two questions.

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Authoritarian Tendencies in the Polish Political System

Author(s): Jerzy Jaskiernia / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

The author analyses some authoritarian tendencies which occur in the Polish political system after 2015 elections since one party (Law and Justice – PiS) has started to control the office of the President and both houses of parliament and has introduced changes in functioning of the Constitutional Tribunal and the judiciary. To some extent PiS represents social attitudes typical for the socialist (social-democratic) parties, with some populist message, but with the combination of a conservative approach to several issues and a nationalistic stand on perception of patriotic mood. To respond to the widely felt hardships and anxieties, PiS ran a campaign that called for vastly expanded public spending. It promised to increase the minimum wage and the personal income tax exemption; to offer a new child support payments (program Family 500+), housing subsidies (program Housing+), and free prescription drugs for seniors; and to lower the retirement age from the current 67 to 65 for men and 65 to 60 for women. PiS also exploited the European migrant crisis. It is too early to claim that the authoritarian tendencies, observed after 2015 elections, have dominated the Polish political system for a longer time. Still an important counterbalance offer the political opposition and mechanisms of the civil society. The Polish fundamental law still brings about the criteria to analyze a political practice and instruments to protect to some extent the balance of power and pluralistic values. The open question is what tendency would bring about the constitutional referendum proposed by President Andrzej Duda for 11 November 2018, on the 100th anniversary of independence of Poland. It might answer the question whether some autocratic tendencies would create the mood to change the constitution in that direction.

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Transitional Justice Models and Analytic Philosophy

Author(s): Michał Krotoszyński / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

As an interdisciplinary field of scholarship, transitional justice is still in its pre-theoretical stage, focusing mainly on the case and comparative studies, supported by general considerations concerning justice in the times of transition. To entrench the field as a distinct area of studies, a theory of transitional justice needs to be formulated. The article explores the possibility of making a step towards such a theoretical basis with the use of the tools of analytical philosophy, methodology and legal theory. First, drawing on Leszek Nowak’s procedure of idealisation, three basic models of responses to a painful past are formulated. Then, distinct transitional justice values are attributed to each of the models. Finally, with the use of Jerzy Kmita’s concept of humanistic interpretation, the article seeks to conceptualize the way in which these values – among other factors, such as the need to uphold the rule of law or to preserve the stability of a democratic system – influence the choice of a model of transitional justice response. Thus, the aim of the presented models – which I described in more detail elsewhere (Krotoszyński 2017) – is to provide a sound theoretical basis for some of the fundamental claims formulated in the field of transitional justice.

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Transitional Justice in Ongoing Conflicts and Post-War Reconstruction

Author(s): Tomasz Lachowski / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

The main aim of the paper is to analyse the potential transitional justice mechanisms, directed at reintegration of Donbas, a territory temporarily occupied by pro-Russian separatists, being under the combination of a direct and indirect control of Kremlin, with Ukraine. In the aftermath of the Revolution of Dignity and a remove of ex-President Viktor Yanukovych as a consequence of Euromaidan protests held in Kyiv, in the Winter 2013/14, Ukraine became a state involved in the international armed conflict covering its Eastern provinces as a result of an external aggression of the Russian Federation. Furthermore, since early-2014, Moscow is continuously using pro-Russian militants to form and uphold unrecognised, de facto regimes of the so-called ‘Donetsk’ and ‘Luhansk People’s Republic(s)’ affecting the territorial integrity of the Ukrainian state. It is argued that Kyiv shall take into consideration some of the peace and restoration models applied in similar conflict or post-conflict environments, such as the United Nations Transitional Administration for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium (UNTAES) or the experience of numerous disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) programs, filled with the transitional justice component. Moreover, by emphasising the context of a military (semifrozen) conflict in Eastern Ukraine, the paper is going to shed more light on the possible application of transitional justice tool-kit in the ongoing conflicts scenarios and its potential contribution to the shift from a conflict to the postwar environment.

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Успешна социализация и социална интеграция за всяко дете чрез формиране на ключови социални компетентности и (меки) умения

Author(s): Julia Doncheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 7/2018

European education legislation defines two main objectives of education policy: equal access to education and quality education. Equal access to education means ensuring that all children and students have access to commensurate quality education. It does not mean equal care for all children and students, but differentiation of care towards their different needs. Access to quality education, not education at all, is an essential tool in the process of promoting integration and inclusion of both minorities and marginalized groups, as well as groups of children and individuals with peculiarities and non-standard development in our society.

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Правата на децата в глобализираното ни съвремие – между индивидуалността/уникалността и равенството

Author(s): Siyka Chavdarova-Kostova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 9/2018

In this paper, the problem of the children`s rights is discussed both in the context of the individuality and uniqueness of each human being and of the equality among people (as a paradox between singular and plural). The topic about the uniqueness of the child, but as a difference, that is sociocultural determined, is commented; and its provision as a right in the light of the equality that should be ensured through educational system with a focus on the individual effectiveness of learning.

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Правата на детето в делото на Ирена Сендлерова

Author(s): Adam Solak / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 9/2018

The paper considers specific rights of the child in the work of Irena Sendlerowa. The author pays a special attention to the right of the child to life, the right to freedom and love. The paper contains elements of the personal message of the Pedagogue of the Goodness – Irena Sendlerowa.

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Правата на детето през погледа на студенти педагози

Author(s): Yorganka Nikolova,Daniela Racheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 9/2018

The article presents the results of a survey of the knowledge of the students-pedagogues for the rights of the child. The study was conducted at the Faculty of Pedagogy, Sofia University “Kliment Ohridski” with students of specialties “Pedagogy” and “Non-formal education”.

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RECOGNITION OF NEW STATES: KOSOVO CASE

Author(s): Bashkim Rrahmani / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

The recognition of Kosovo is an issue in some part of the international community even though its independence has been recognized by 116 states and that the ICJ has given a legal opinion which confirmed that the independence was not a violation of international law. This paper analysis the pros and cons and the difficulties created by the non-recognition of Kosovo both for the region and broader, dealing not only with the political reasons and difficulties. The paper is written by using combined methodology and methods: systemic analysis, of legal analysis, and method of comparison analysis. Conclusions and recommendations are expected to be a contribution towards a further debate about the importance of the recognition of the state of Kosovo.

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Стандартизиране на обучението по български език, литература и народознание в Унгария – от националните стандарти до учебния час

Author(s): Svetla Kjoseva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2019

The training in Bulgarian language in Hungary has its old traditions. If we turn our attention even to the last great migratory wave of Bulgarian gardeners (the second half of the IXX and the beginning of the XX century), we can account for almost 100-year history, which has its historical and content stages. The paper attempts to track the development of curricula at different government levels, taking into account the conflict situations that arise in the course of such an activity, the approaches for overcoming the difficulties, the efforts to reconcile the opportunities provided by the Hungarian education system and its synchronization with the Bulgarian state standards. The text reflects efforts to create such standards and a system of requirements that meet best the local needs without detracting from the level of education.

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Характеристики на средновековните ислямски затвори на остров Сицилия (IX – XI век)

Author(s): Desislava Vladimirova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2019

The medieval prisons are part of the Islamic governing system as in the Near East as in the Magreb. The sources about their organization and working methods are rare and straggling. Whatever, medieval Islamic prisons deserve an attention because they are connected with the general institutional environment in the Islamic lands. This article surveys the Islamic prisons in Sicily in the period 9th-11th century. It begins with a review of the emergence of the first Islamic prisons. This information serves as both forming initial impressions and a basis of the subsequent analysis. An important contribution of the article is the collected information from different by language, type and time historical sources. Their careful readings, coupled with a compare analysis, allow us to draw conclusions about the characteristics and location of the medieval Sicilian prisons. Comparison with the prisons in the other Islamic lands over the same historical period shows us common features. This makes it possible to conclude that the penal institutions on the island follow and work on a well-established model.

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SITUATION AND TRENDS OF TERRORIST ACTS WITHIN THE EUROPEAN UNION

Author(s): Ice Ilijevski,Kire Babanoski,Zlate Dimovski / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

The main subject of interest of this paper is the current situation and the trend of international terrorism in the European Union, explained through security analysis of the committed terrorist attacks and their influence on the European security and stability. Also, it will be shown the measures and the activities of the anti and contrary terroristic fight against the risks and the threats from the terrorism as a result of the recent terroristic attacks. Even though on international level there isn’t a common definition of the terrorism as a criminal act, the European Union and the Council of Europe through their most important documents set the concept for terrorism which has helped in the process of creating national security systems for fight against the terrorism. This paper will go through the circumstances of terrorist attacks (failed, foiled and completed) in the European Union Member States, as well as the conditions of the criminal acts through analysis of the statistical data about the court proceedings and the verdicts.

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CLIMATE CHANGE: THE POLITICS AND CHALLENGES IN PERSPECTIVE OF THE INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS

Author(s): Abbas Sheer,Li Shouping,Fatima Sidra / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

This article consists of five major parts. It includes the analysis of politics and international cooperation on climate change and the legal environmental scenario and implementation, trends and litigation concerns faced by climate change. The Paris Agreement of Climate Change (2015) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nation are the two main players at the global level to target greenhouse gas emissions as a voluntary framework. These guiding principles relating to the environment for sustainable development are evolving over time and did not shape as customary law. The ultimate solution lies in understanding the problem intensity through growing scientific facts about the impacts of climate change.

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THE UNITED STATES FOREIGN POLICY TOWARDS CHINA: INVALIDITY OF CONVERGENCE AND INTEGRATION IN FACING AN XXI CENTURY CHINA

Author(s): Bama Andika Putra / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

The US faces many dilemmas in facing an XXI century China. The recent crisis that has occurred in the South China Sea and issues related to the trade war between the two global powers have significantly divided the positions of both states in world affairs. The US policy of engagement and coercion, forcing China into the US liberal order has shown slow progress. Therefore, it is critical to re-evaluate the US foreign policy strategy in facing an XXI century China, which shows discontent towards the values that are promoted by the US. This paper critically analyzes the US foreign policy approach to China, provides key elements of its success, and concludes the major issues faced throughout the process of interacting with the modern global superpower known as China.

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THE JOURNALISM BETWEEN POLITICAL INSTRUMENTALIZATION AND TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION

Author(s): Iskra Koroveshovska / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

Democracy begins and ends with the media – according to this worldly recognized sentence, every ordinary Balkan could estimate the democratic perspective of its own country. That is why the effect of the new media (social networks), deserves continuous scientific and research attention, also done in this paper basically through comparative and statistic methods, with specific analysis of the Macedonian case. The media revolution produced largely positive changes in everyday life. But negative effects could not be abstracted: Internet - populism, loss of confidence in the media, fake news and hate speech. Perhaps the first solution that comes to mind is law regulation. But knowing that clear basal of the network services is freedom of speech and expression, any attempt of regulation (objectively or not) is legitimately considered censorship. This paper attempts to answer the question: is it possible journalism to fight fake news through a direct media battle?

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THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION: THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND TRANSNATIONAL LAW

Author(s): Carla Piffer,Paulo Márcio Cruz / Language(s): English Issue: Suppl./2020

The reflections made in this writing, bring to discussion the importance of transnational law, in the face of the occurrence of the current pandemic. From this, considerations are made about the transnational law produced by the WHO against Covid-19. Also, an analysis is made of the central categories and their relationship with the prefix ‘trans-’ and transnational law. Subsequently, the WHO is discussed, its emergence and performance in the elaboration of a transnational legal framework to be considered when internalizing its guidelines by each Member State. In the context of final considerations, it is emphasized, in addition to the importance that should be attributed to transnational law that the work of the WHO, as a transnational actor, practices materialized acts such as transnational law, both in terms of guidance and in connection with public health matters. The methodology used was based on the inductive method, using the bibliographic research.

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