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Prawno-filozoficzny problem możliwości wykonywania kary śmierci w kontekście prawa do życia w świetle współczesnych dokumentów międzynarodowych

Prawno-filozoficzny problem możliwości wykonywania kary śmierci w kontekście prawa do życia w świetle współczesnych dokumentów międzynarodowych

Author(s): Dawid Dziurkowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 12/2015

The right to life is one of the most fundamental rights of every man. However, the immanent feature of capital punishment is its irreversibility. Therefore, the breached right to life cannot be restored.The issue of admissibility of sentencing to and execution of death penalty in the context of the right to life exists not only due to axiological and general preventive reasons but also due to the growing importance of treaties signed by numerous states, whose dignitaries do not always agree with the interpretation of international tribunals.Looking at international documents executed after World War II and their interpretation by courts and tribunals of the particular states of the world, it has to be stated that there is no doubt about the absolute innate inalienable and universal character of the right to life, however, the scope of its applicability remains a matter of dispute, also in the context of death penalty.Prawo do życia jest najbardziej fundamentalnym uprawnieniem, jakie przysługuje każdemu człowiekowi. Z kolei immanentną cechą kary śmierci jest jej nieodwracalność. W związku z powyższym nie można przywrócić naruszonego najważniejszego prawa, jakie posiada człowiek. Problem możliwości wykonywania kary śmierci w kontekście prawa do życia jest obecny nie tylko na płaszczyźnie aksjologicznej i prewencyjnej (odstraszającej), lecz także w aspekcie coraz silniej akcentowanego prawa międzynarodowego. Ponadto nie sposób mówić o karze głównej, pomijając zagadnienia filozoficzne oraz prawnofilozoficzne. Wydaje się, iż są one fundamentem sporów o możliwość legalnego pozbawienia życia przez państwo, natomiast dogmatyka prawa jest kwestią równie istotną, lecz zawsze wtórną. Nie ma wątpliwości co do bezwzględnego, przyrodzonego, niezbywalnego i uniwersalnego charakteru prawa do życia, lecz kwestią sporną do dnia dzisiejszego pozostaje zakres jego obowiązywania, także w kontekście głównego przedmiotu sporu niniejszego artykułu, jakim jest kara śmierci.

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W obronie praw dziecka. Status społeczno-prawny dziecka w II Rzeczypospolitej

W obronie praw dziecka. Status społeczno-prawny dziecka w II Rzeczypospolitej

Author(s): Lidia SALATA-ZASACKA / Language(s): Polish Issue: 30/2021

In the Second Polish Republic, a number of different acts of law were introduced to standardize and regulate the social and legal status of children. Yet, it was difficult to put into practice the written demands due to the years of partitions, the war, and poverty, which caused to create too relaxed family ties, the increase in the number of orphans, homelessness and the appearance of morally neglected children. In the inter-war period, the homogeneous and well-planned childcare became a prestigious issue. The educators themselves stood up for the children's rights to maintain their lives in dignity and joy. Apart from the educators, the issue became the subject of the various heated discussions of doctors, lawyers and educational activists. The concepts of reforming the educational care system were raised (the insufficiencies and wrongdoings in the work of the individual institutions were revealed), the organisation of special education, the staff training, as well as the attempts were made to develop the scientific basis in the sphere of childcare pedagogy.

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Разказът за нашия дом: Екологията, философията и силата на местата
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Разказът за нашия дом: Екологията, философията и силата на местата

Author(s): Stoyan Stavru / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2023

The article compares Pope Francis's encyclical “LAUDATO SI” (2015) and the report by the Club of Rome, “”ome On!: Capitalism, Short-termism, Population and the Destruction of the Planet” (2018), in how they harness the narrative potential of the concept of home. Both with overtly religious and entirely secular arguments, the narrative of our common home is presented as a possible alternative to the prevailing narrative of growth today. The metaphor of home possesses not only conceptual but also generative power to offer concrete solutions to two of humanity's most pressing issues today: the problem of waste and the problem of climate change. The narrative of home activates the power of local places while simultaneously seeking global balance on a worldwide scale. The study focuses on how the narrative of home transforms the relationship with places and the balance between the local and the global.

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CONSTITUȚIA ISRAELULUI ȘI DREPTUL LA LIBERTATEA DE RELIGIE

CONSTITUȚIA ISRAELULUI ȘI DREPTUL LA LIBERTATEA DE RELIGIE

Author(s): Cătălina Mititelu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2023

The right to freedom of religion was also expressly provided for in the Declaration of Independence of the State of Israel of May 14, 1948, which had and still has a constitutional value. This fundamental human right - provided both by jus divinum and jus naturale, as well as by jus scriptum - was also reaffirmed in the text of some fundamental laws that have a constitutional character, such as, for example, the Law on „human dignity and freedom”, from 1992; The Law on Freedom of Profession, from 1994, etc. A first collection of these fundamental laws, with constitutional value, was published under the name „Constitution of Israel” in 1958. All these fundamental laws, accompanied by amendments and additions to their text, were included in this Constitution. The fundamental human rights and freedoms are provided for in the first place in this Constitution, among which the freedom of religion occupies a dominant place.

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TOLERANȚA VERSUS INTOLERANȚA

TOLERANȚA VERSUS INTOLERANȚA

Author(s): Constantin Anechitoae / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2023

International institutions are overtaken by hot topics regarding the escalation of tensions and violence between states, the propagation of ideas of racism and anti-Semitism, with serious results regarding the violation of human rights, but also with extremely dangerous consequences regarding the state of security and peace in the world. In order to promote tolerance in the field of the protection of morality and religion, obligations are imposed emanating from legal norms regarding „freedom of thought, conscience and religion” and which must sometimes be supported by firm actions of intolerance against unjustified insults to certain cults or blasphemy on defamation of religion.

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AFIRMAREA LIBERTĂȚII ȘI DREPTURILOR OMULUI PRIN IMNUL PROTESTANT

AFIRMAREA LIBERTĂȚII ȘI DREPTURILOR OMULUI PRIN IMNUL PROTESTANT

Author(s): Cristian Caraman / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2023

In the historiographic space, the Reformation refers to the movement to affirm freedom and human rights that appeared in Europe in the second decade of the 16th century and was led by the Augustinian Martin Luther (1483-1545). The ideology of the Reformation was most meaningfully reflected through the musical expression of the Protestant hymn. Over time, hymnological, liturgical, and musicological research, reflecting the influence of historicism, continued to influence church music and some other musical orientations. In the Protestant liturgy, metrical hymns are an important part of congregational worship. Protestant music has a deep functional and theological character, a history of its own, a specific writing, a particular aesthetic, being dominated by the theological ideas of the texts, and having a precise liturgical function. In the era of digitization and global crises, the huge heritage of Protestant hymnology that liturgical and musicological research has brought with it the development of new forces responsible for the currents of affirming freedom of expression in the global cultural crisis within the social, religious, political, and economic human conditions.

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IMPORTANȚA ȘI MODALITĂȚILE  EDUCAȚIEI ÎN CONTEXT CONTEMPORAN

IMPORTANȚA ȘI MODALITĂȚILE EDUCAȚIEI ÎN CONTEXT CONTEMPORAN

Author(s): Eugen Jugaru / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2023

The process of education and training has always played an important role in the development of society and culture. The right to education and learning are fundamental human rights, stipulated in fundamental documents such as The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union and The Constitution of Romania. In the contemporary context, this process of education has diversified, and the COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the call for alter-native methods used in education, especially digitalization field. In addition to school, an important role for the education of children and young people is played by the family and the church. That is why it is especially important that all these factors such as parents, teachers and priests / pastors discharge their duties with responsibility.

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POSTHUMOUS REPRODUCTION AND POSTHUMOUS DIGNITY

Author(s): Igor Milinković / Language(s): English Issue: 3 (1)/2023

Advances in assisted reproduction technologies have enabled the application of various forms of posthumous reproduction. The ability to use cryopreserved spermatozoa and assisted reproductive techniques, such as in vitro fertilization, makes it possible for a woman to conceive the child of a man who is deceased. Cryopreservation of embryos makes it possible for a child to be born after the death of the father, mother, or both of his/her parents. One of the possible scenarios of posthumous reproduction is to retrieve the sperm of a deceased person or a person in a permanent vegetative state to use it for reproductive purposes. In the first part of the paper, different forms of posthumous reproduction will be examined, as well as the ethical dilemmas they raise. The focus will be on the place of the value of human dignity within the debates on posthumous reproduction (especially on possible different interpretations of the concept of posthumous dignity). National laws regulating posthumous reproduction will also be explored. In the second part, the legal framework of posthumous reproduction in Bosnia and Herzegovina (its entities) will be analyzed, as well as the relevant courts’ decisions and the recommendations of other bodies responsible for monitoring the realization of human rights related to this form of reproduction. In the conclusion, arguments will be presented supporting the legalization of certain forms of posthumous reproduction. The conditions under which posthumous reproduction can be considered acceptable will also be explored.

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ETHICAL, CLINICAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF INFORMED CONSENT IN MONTENEGRO, REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA, SERBIA AND CROATIA

Author(s): Snežana Pantović,Dijana Zrnić / Language(s): English Issue: 3 (1)/2023

The patient’s consent is a necessary condition for undertaking any medical intervention and is an expression of a patient’s right to self-determination in relation to his own body, which has its foundation in the constitutional guarantee of the inviolability of human personality. In relation to the limits of consent for medical intervation, not only general, but special consent is necessary, that is, it must refer to precisely defined preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic measures that the medical professional intends to take, as well as certain risks associated with these measures. In this connection, it is also the medical professional’s duty to provide the patient or the legal representative with all the notices, which are a presumption of consent, and those notices should include all the facts that are essential for the decision on consent, and which, among other things, contain the type and probability of possible risks or consequences. In such cases, the role of the legislator is important, as it must prescribe clear rules of conduct for health institution, courts and medical professionals who are directly or indirectly involved in the process of obtaining informed consent. In this paper, the authors have taken a comparative research of ethical, medical/clinical and legal practice in Montenegro, Republic of Srpska, Serbia and Croatia, in order to point out the importance of informed consent when determining the responsibility of a healthcare institution/healthcare provider for medical malpractice/negligence. In concluding remarks, the authors establish that the free will of the patient prevails over the reasons of a medical nature and that the patient’s decision is an inevitable limit for the health institution/healthcare provider. A medical procedure is illegal, if the patient’s will is not respected or obtained. The responsibility of the healthcare provider is subjective in nature, and assumes breach of duty, damage to the patient’s health caused by his unprofessional, careless or improper work contrary to the rules of the medical profession and science (contra legem artis). It is the general opinion of national judicature in the studied regions that the healthcare institution/provider is, without exception, responsible for the harmful consequences to the patient’s health, if they did not obtain the patient’s consent to undertake medical intervention.

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THE RIGHT TO LIFE AS A BASIC HUMAN RIGHT- А DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVE FOR NASCITURUS

Author(s): Malina Novkirishka-Stoyanova / Language(s): English Issue: 3 (3)/2023

Article 3 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Article 2E of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms provide that everyone has the right to life and no one shall be deprived of their life intentionally save in the execution of a court sentence or in the circumstances exhaustively listed in these international acts. This concept is also developed in the European Court of Human Rights case law in Strasbourg. It is assumed that the right to life is related to the acquisition of legal status, which in modern law is the moment of birth. The interpretation of this right is presented in relation also to the concepts of classical Roman jurisprudence, which offers some rational solutions to overcome the problems associated with recognizing the child’s existence in utero and protecting its interests until the moment of the birth of nasciturus. Some decisions of the European Court of Human Rights are presented about the Roman legal concept in the maxim „Nasciturus pro iam nato habetur quotiens de commodis eius agitur“.

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LEGAL-STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONING OF CIVIL SOCIETY INSTITUTIONS IN THE FIELD OF CIVIL PROTECTION IN WARTIME CONDITIONS - EXAMPLE OF UKRAINE

LEGAL-STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONING OF CIVIL SOCIETY INSTITUTIONS IN THE FIELD OF CIVIL PROTECTION IN WARTIME CONDITIONS - EXAMPLE OF UKRAINE

Author(s): Maksym Iatsyna,Wiesław Zawadzki / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

The article analyzed the issue of the functioning of civil society institutions in the provision of civilian protection under wartime conditions. The authors focused their considerations primarily on the legal-structural dimension of the activities of security actors responsible for this task dimension, as well as the interaction of civil society institutions and the state in the direction of civilian protection . In such a problem-oriented approach, the organization of evacuation of civilians, documentation of war crimes, provision of legal aid and information, influence on the formation of state policy, social control, volunteer movement and humanitarian aid become particularly important. Interesting conclusions on the considered issue of civil protection both in terms of the existing legislation that regulates the sphere of activity of civil society institutions in the direction of ensuring the civilian security of the population, as well as the mechanisms of interaction between civil society institutions and state bodies come from the war-covered Ukraine.

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Legal Treatment of the Issue of Migration Processes

Legal Treatment of the Issue of Migration Processes

Author(s): Rina Zejneli / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

Migration, as a sociological phenomenon, also requires legal regulation, both national and international, and today, for this reason, there are a number of international conventions that regulate migration issues. During socioeconomic formations, migratory movements have never been spontaneous processes, but they have been prompted by a series of factors, such as: economic security, high unemployment, poverty, violation of human rights, persecution due to political beliefs, discrimination, totalitarian government, armed conflicts, religious conflicts, etc. Migration can be internal and international; the same are distinguished among themselves according to the criteria of territory and state borders. The state territory and the borders of a state that is different from other states, is regulated by international legislation and international law. Regardless of whether we are talking about countries of origin or countries of transit, today all countries face the challenges of migration. Even the Republic of North Macedonia as a transit country has been affected by this global phenomenon, also because of its geographical position which is located on the Balkan-Western route, which is a transit route for entering European countries. Migrants who use this route mainly flee from the wars taking place in the Middle East, who first stop in Turkey or Greece, and then in various ways use the territory of the Republic of North Macedonia as a transit to Serbia or even Albania to passed in the countries of the European Union.

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Anti-Pithart čili Opatrná chvála vzpurnosti

Anti-Pithart čili Opatrná chvála vzpurnosti

Author(s): Jiří Křesťan / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2015

Review of: Stropnický, Matěj: Myslet socialismus bez tanků. Svoboda slova ve střed/tu zájmů československého roku 1968, Scriptorium. Praha 2013, 164 s.

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The legal framework of on call duty for teleworkers

The legal framework of on call duty for teleworkers

Author(s): Mihaela Marica / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

Today’s Labour Law acknowledges the importance of flexibility in the individual work relationships by the widescale use of teleworking programs. However, the teleworking phenomenon proliferates in parallel with an opposite trend, by which teleworkers are less protected, as a consequence of the current practices by which they are required to respond work-related calls at any time, wherever they are, and the general standards regulating the working time are ignored. While the European Union states show obvious concern with removing such risks, the practice of the Court of Justice of the European Union, given in its interpretation of the Directive concerning certain aspects in the organization of working time, is extremely important. The present study starts from the analysis of certain points in the content of the Working Time Directive 2003/88 adopted across the European Union with regard to the working time, and goes on to provide an overview of relevant decisions issued by the CJEU on working time, then draws conclusions on the legal framework (juridical regime) of on-call duty in the case of teleworkers.

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Citizenship and nationality: a saga of a historical connection and the dialectic of inclusion/exclusion

Citizenship and nationality: a saga of a historical connection and the dialectic of inclusion/exclusion

Author(s): Enrique Acosta-Pumarejo / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

Through my research I investigate the complex topic of citizenship and nationality by examining the evolution of concepts and practices related to citizenship and nationality throughout history. The study proposes a broad approach for understanding the dynamics and consequences of these legal phenomena. The research focuses on the complex relationship between citizenship and nationality and their role in shaping individual and collective identity. At an interdisciplinary level, the reader will discover the interaction between these concepts and society by highlighting the dialectical aspects of inclusion and exclusion. The results are based on relevant case studies, legislative, political, and social changes that have affected citizenship and nationality in different historical periods and in various geographical contexts, with an emphasis on the complexity and dynamics of these concepts. By exploring the history, legislative evolution, and legal and social debates in the field of citizenship and nationality, this study sheds light on the challenges and dilemmas facing contemporary legal systems in managing cultural and social diversity, analyzes theoretical perspectives and current practices on inclusion and exclusion and possible solutions and improvements are proposed to promote social cohesion and respect for human rights.

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Peculiarities of consideration of cases in the ECtHR regarding the protection of constitutional human rights related to the fourth generation of somatic rights

Peculiarities of consideration of cases in the ECtHR regarding the protection of constitutional human rights related to the fourth generation of somatic rights

Author(s): Tetiana Tarasevych,Tetiana Yuzko,Oksana Hrabovska,Olena Romanova,Kateryna Lisova / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2023

The issue of the emergence, development, and existence of the most relevant, but least doctrinally researched human rights, which constitute the so-called fourth generation of such rights, with the acquisition of their wide social prevalence, requires appropriate theoretical elaboration and legal regulation. Because the fourth group of human rights is quite controversial, the law as a system of norms should give a quick and adequate reaction to such drastic social changes through their normative consolidation, in particular, the transformation of the constitutional and legal status of a person. The practice of the European Court of Human Rights continues to acquire fundamental importance in the context of the study of modern standards of somatic human rights of the fourth generation, which we will dwell on in more detail in this study. The general scientific, group, and special scientific research approaches, methods, and techniques were the methodological basis of scientific research. The purpose of the article is to carry out a legal analysis of the issue of protection of somatic rights through the prism of the judicial practice of the ECtHR.

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The Challenges of European Union Integration: The Parallel between Human Rights and Corruption Perceptions

The Challenges of European Union Integration: The Parallel between Human Rights and Corruption Perceptions

Author(s): Blerta AHMEDI,Stefani Stojchevska / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

With the concepts of rule of law, democracy and respect for human rights representing the most prominent values upon which the European Union is established, the EU accession process expectedly supplicates candidate countries to ameliorate the efficiency of their legal institutions. As a general rule, such fundamentals are habitually correlated with other equally relevant criteria concerning the EU accession process. Given that the Western Balkans are not ordinarily regarded as an exemplary model in terms of practically demonstrating the rule of law and economic well-being, this research paper analyzes the linear relationship between human rights and rule of law manifestations and corruption perspectives in some EU candidate countries as a potential mechanism for satisfying EU accession fundamentals. For that matter, a simple linear regression analysis was conducted in order to determine whether and how such correlation would benefit policymakers in some current EU candidate countries toward their paths to European integration.

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Disputes related to the protection of the right to a healthy environment: the experience of Ukraine and EU

Disputes related to the protection of the right to a healthy environment: the experience of Ukraine and EU

Author(s): Yulia Leheza / Language(s): English Issue: 9/2023

This article discusses approaches to understanding the right to a safe environment in accordance with the legislation of the EU and Ukraine. It has been established that in modern conditions, the concept of the right to a safe natural and anthropogenic environment has undergone a transformation. The basis for protecting this right must be understood as a balance between private and public interests, as a principle for implementing and achieving the goals of the Strategy for Sustainable Development. The author has carried out a classification of disputes related to the implementation and protection of the human right to a safe natural and anthropogenic environment. The analysis substantiates the interaction between changing the understanding of the right to a safe environment and the right to initiate a claim for its protection. This leads to the conclusion that the leading bearers of public interest in the field of environmental protection are public organizations. The author’s classification of disputes in the field of implementation and protection of the natural environment is then substantiated.

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LIBERTATEA FEMEII ȘI IMPACTUL EI ÎN VIAȚA CLASICULUI UCRAINEANO-RUS NICOLAE GOGOL

Author(s): Anastasia Slobodețcaia / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3/2023

Women’s freedom and its impact on the life of Nicholas Gogol is a lesser known and almost unstudied subject. This article aims to highlight some of the essential elements of the impact women had on the life of the Ukrainian-Russian classic Nicholas Gogol. Throughout the lifespan, humans are influenced by those who surround them. Some people influence through support and encouragement, others disappointing and betraying their vulnerable victims. Regardless of the positive or negative aspect of the impact, each of them contributes to the formation of attitude, character, vision and of life in general. It is well known, looking at Gogol’s writings and his correspondence, that he was certain of the fact that a woman has a special influence in the society. Gogol draws attention and encourages women to respect God’s standards in demeanor, communication and image in general, in such a manner that their influence makes the world a better place. The present article will analyse the social circle of N. Gogol, concentrating on the image of the woman who is present in the writer’s life, the one who had an impact, in a way or another, over his writings and over his life, in general.

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LIBERTATEA DE EXPRIMARE ȘI LIBERTATEA RELIGIOASĂ ÎN EPOCA TIMPURIE A FIERULUI. STUDIU DE CAZ

Author(s): Dan Romulus Serban / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3/2023

The area of the fertile crescent in the middle period of the Iron Age is insufficiently reflected by the classical historical sources. In this situation, the Bible can be considered a serious historical source both by its singularity and by the richness of the data provided, which depict social life in the Middle East area. Starting from the analysis of events narrated in this written document, the respect of freedom of expression and freedom of conscience is pursued at the level of the family of the patriarch Jacob as well as during the New Kingdom of ancient Egypt, studying/analyzing the life of Joseph.

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