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Statistical Assessment of Annual Maximum Daily Precipitation over Bulgaria in the Period 1892-2018

Statistical Assessment of Annual Maximum Daily Precipitation over Bulgaria in the Period 1892-2018

Author(s): Krastina Malcheva,Tania Marinova,Lilia Bocheva / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Annual maximum daily precipitation from 292 meteorological stations of the national meteorological network has been used to investigate the statistical properties of extreme precipitation in the period 1892-2018. The stationarity of time series has been examined for abrupt changes and slow variations by the non-parametric Pettitt and Mann-Kendall tests. The return levels of annual maximum daily precipitation for selected probabilities of exceedance have been assessed on the base of the best-fitted combination of probability distributions and parameters estimation methods for each of the time series.

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Effect of Saharan Dust Intrusions on Precipitation Chemistry in Bulgaria

Effect of Saharan Dust Intrusions on Precipitation Chemistry in Bulgaria

Author(s): Emilia Georgieva,Elena Hristova,Blagorodka Veleva / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The objective of this work is to investigate the influence of Saharan dust events on the chemical composition of rain samples collected at three sites in Bulgaria during 2017-2018. Saharan dust intrusions were identified through a combination of satellite retrieved aerosol data and results from dust forecasting models and from backward trajectory model. The chemical composition of the samples (acidity pH, conductivity EC, main ions and elements) is analysed in view of the direction of the approaching air masses – “direct” influence (south-west), and “indirect” influence from other directions and regions, already impacted by Saharan dust. All samples were characterised by elevated values of pH (max 7.4), EC (max 202 µS.cm-1) and Si, Ca, Fe, Mg concentrations. For cases with direct influence Si and Ca values were up to 1.5 and 25 mg.l-1. In most of the indirect cases increased concentrations of sulphate, nitrate and ammonium were observed (up to 39.5, 23.1 and 8.3 mg.l-1)

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PBL Vertical Structure During Extreme Wind Events at Seaside Region of Southern Bulgaria

PBL Vertical Structure During Extreme Wind Events at Seaside Region of Southern Bulgaria

Author(s): Damyan Barantiev,Ekaterina Batchvarova,Hristina Kirova,Orlin Gueorguiev / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

round-based remote sensing (GBRS) data collection with Scintec Sodar MFAS was performed in southern Bulgarian Black Sea side from August 2008 until October 2016. These high spatial (10 m) and temporal (10 minutes with averaging time of 20 minutes) resolution measurements of wind and turbulent parameters have been used to explore the vertical structure of the coastal boundary layer during extreme wind events. For this purpose, the ninety-percentile of the two-parameter Weibull distribution of the wind speed at every sodar measurement level from 30 up to 600 m is used as a criterion to define the “rare” values within their statistical distributions and to identify a theoretical extreme wind speed profile (reference profile). On this basis, the extreme profiles during the reviewed period have been determined and their multiple time series have been then used to derive averaged profiles of twelve sodar output parameters under extreme winds conditions.

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Black Sea Holocene Environmental Setting in Respect of Ostrea Edulis Appearance and Loss

Black Sea Holocene Environmental Setting in Respect of Ostrea Edulis Appearance and Loss

Author(s): Ivan Genov,Krasimira Slavova,Tzvetana Nonova,Elena Koleva-Rekalova / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Geological and palaeoclimatic Holocene setting in the Black Sea has been traced. This research suggests that the appearance of Ostrea edulis in the Black Sea during the Middle Holocene, not immediately after the invasion of Mediterranean waters, is due to the dynamics of interconnected climate and abiotic parameters of the basin. Although the reasons for the decrease in abundance of the Black Sea population of flat oysters are still uncertain, we attempts, through a comparative analysis of key abiotic factors in the past and today, to suggest that it is quite possible marine ecosystems to respond to modern changes of key climate-related drivers and pollution by changing their habitat and/or extinction. Geological approaches were used to study the abiotic factors of the environment (salinity and temperature) back in time.

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Effect of Organic Matter Loading on Nutrient and Oxygen Fluxes at the Sediment-Water Interface in Different Sedimentary Habitats in Sozopol Bay (Sw Black Sea): a Laboratory Experiment

Effect of Organic Matter Loading on Nutrient and Oxygen Fluxes at the Sediment-Water Interface in Different Sedimentary Habitats in Sozopol Bay (Sw Black Sea): a Laboratory Experiment

Author(s): Stefania Klayn,Dimitar Berov,Ventzislav Karamfilov / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Coastal benthic sediments play an important role in regulating water column nutrient concentrations and primary production via nutrient regeneration and exchanges at the sediment-water interface. This study aimed to characterize the diffusive benthic fluxes of NH4+, NO3-, PO4-3, and O2 in some of the most common shallow sedimentary habitats (fine and coarse sands, seagrass beds, and unvegetated patches within the seagrass beds) along the Bulgarian coast, and their changes under organic loading, through a laboratory experiment. Nutrient fluxes were dominated by a release of NH4+ to the water column in all sediment types, and a parallel uptake of NO3- by the sediments; both fluxes increased under organic loading, possibly indicating stimulation of nitrate reduction within the sediments. The PO4-3 fluxes were smaller, and the sediments mostly acted as a source for phosphorus under organic loading. O2 was taken up from the overlying water in all treatments and sediment types, and this flux increased under organic loading, probably in relation to the decomposition of the organic matter and spontaneous chemical oxidation of sulphide ions, released during sulphate reduction within the sediments. The study contributes towards the understanding of nutrient cycling and the role of the benthic compartment in Black Sea coastal soft-bottom habitats.

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Assessment of the Natural Landscapes as a Prerequisite for Environmental Risk Assessment and Preparation of Management Plans

Assessment of the Natural Landscapes as a Prerequisite for Environmental Risk Assessment and Preparation of Management Plans

Author(s): Petja Ivanova-Radovanova / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

he article discusses a method for assessment of the quality of the natural landscapes in one of the Nature parks in Bulgaria – Rila Monastery Nature Park – as a good practice for the evaluation of the quality of natural resources. The methodology for Rapid Landscape Assessment presented, had been initially developed for the purpose of the development of the management plan of Rila Monastery Nature Park. Significant amount of information from the field have been generated and analyzed by multi-disciplinary team in a relatively short period of time. It was proved that the approach of rapid assessment is a good practice for cost-effective, rapid and efficient assessment of natural resources. Thus, the methodology can be used in environmental risk assessment of different sites of natural and cultural interest because such sites are normally not only underestimated and also under pressure from different kinds of developments and time constrains.

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Seismicity on the Territory of Bulgaria and Surroundings Recorded by NOTSSI for the Period 2017-2019

Seismicity on the Territory of Bulgaria and Surroundings Recorded by NOTSSI for the Period 2017-2019

Author(s): Dragomir Dragomirov,Emil Oynakov,Valentin Buchakchiev,Jordan Milkov / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

A map of epicenters of 411 earthquakes with magnitude Mw >= 2.5 that occurred from 2017 to 2019 in Bulgaria and surroundings (sector outlined by latitude = 41o- 44.5o N and longitude = 22o- 29o E) registered by NOTSSI is presented. Analysis is done on the distribution of the events through time and space, magnitude and depth. The events frequency progression is analyzed for the whole studied period and then compared with each year separately. Generalized analysis is proposed as to what can contribute to variations in the data for the studied period. Catalog of earthquakes with magnitude Mw >= 3.5 is applied.

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Ecological Assessment of Struma River in Pernik Region, Bulgaria in December 2019

Ecological Assessment of Struma River in Pernik Region, Bulgaria in December 2019

Author(s): Antonina Kovacheva,Diana Rabadjieva,Radost Ilieva,Rumiana Gergulova,Veselin Nanev,Ivelin Vladov / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The hydrological characteristics of water basins in Pernik region, Bulgaria have been badly worsened since the summer of 2019. This study was performed in the low-flow period of December 2019 and covered eight sampling stations along the Struma River between Studena dam and Pchelina dam, region of the town of Pernik. The analytical data obtained and the calculated threshold pollution indices of the single nutrients PO43-, NO2-, NO3- and NH4+ and their integrated threshold pollution indices showed water pollution in respect of PO43- and NH4+. The concentrations of PO43- at all stations, of NH4+ ions in the waters after Pernik city, and of NO3- and NO2- before Pchelina dam exceeded the respective maximum allowed concentrations (MAC) according to the Bulgarian legislation. The waters were pure in respect of the trace metals Al, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb; only Mn exceeded its MAC. The chemical species of the trace metals were calculated by thermodynamic modeling and discussed on the base of the “Hard and Soft Acids and Bases” (HSAB) principle.

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Eco-Innovation as a Basis for Clean Production Model in the Food Industry: an Insight from Bulgaria

Eco-Innovation as a Basis for Clean Production Model in the Food Industry: an Insight from Bulgaria

Author(s): Silviya Topleva,Tsvetko Prokopov,Donka Taneva / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

n this paper we propose a model for implementation of eco-innovations of clean production in the SMEs of the food industry in Bulgaria. The clean production is a preventative approach to managing environmental aspects. The paper presents the essence of clean production, the methods for its achievement and outlining the possible options and barriers for SMEs from the food industry in Bulgaria to implement the relevant eco-innovations. The ecological footprint of the food industry makes the need for an integrated implementation of clean production practices from raw material extraction to packaging and waste disposal of final consumer.

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Assessment of the Changes in the Groundwater Recharge to Precipitation Ratio in the Recent Years Influenced by the Air Temperature and Rain Intensity Increase In The West Aegean Region Of Bulgaria

Assessment of the Changes in the Groundwater Recharge to Precipitation Ratio in the Recent Years Influenced by the Air Temperature and Rain Intensity Increase In The West Aegean Region Of Bulgaria

Author(s): Olga Nitcheva,Polya Dobreva,Nelly Hristova,Vesselin Koutev,Donka Shopova,Albena Vatralova,Emil Bournazki / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The topic of this report concerns the expected changes of the important part of the water resources of Bulgaria caused by the moving of the main precipitation to the warm seasons. The study examines the influence of the air temperature and rain intensity as main factors for the change in the potential groundwater recharge / precipitation ratio in the summer months of three recent years on the territory of Southwest Bulgaria (Basins of Struma and Mesta rivers). The assessment has been performed by application of a precipitation-runoff hydrological model, which is a sub-model of NASA's climate model.

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Rapana Venosa Rapa Whelk Responsible for Rapid Destruction of Black Sea Coastal Mytilus Galloprovincialis Littoral Reef Communities – Results from a Preliminary Study in Sw Black Sea (Sozopol Bay, Bulgaria)

Rapana Venosa Rapa Whelk Responsible for Rapid Destruction of Black Sea Coastal Mytilus Galloprovincialis Littoral Reef Communities – Results from a Preliminary Study in Sw Black Sea (Sozopol Bay, Bulgaria)

Author(s): Dimitar Berov,Stefania Klayn,Ventzislav Karamfilov / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The dynamics of predator-prey interaction between the invasive Rapa whelk R. venosa and the black mussel M. galloprovincialis in the coastal zone of the Black Sea shapes the structure of the benthic hard rock ecosystems in the littoral area of the basin. Applying a combination of observational methods (transects, photo surveys) and exclusion ’cage’ experiments we tracked the rapid increase in Rapa whelks population density (from 1.1 ind.m2 up to 13 ind.m-2) and the destruction of infralittoral mussel communities by the Rapa whelks in the study area (from up to 2469.95±1184.82 g.m-2 wet biomass and 1054.66±228.19 ind.m-2 to practically none). A rapid recovery was noted just 6 months later in caged experimental plots where R. venosa could not reach the newly settled mussels, in contrast to open plots where no new mussel colonies developed. The importance of harvesting of Rapa whelks by divers as means of local control of their populations, and of the preservation of natural circalittoral M. galloprovincialis populations as sources of larvae for the resettlement of coastal habitats is also discussed.

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Remote Sensing of Oil Pollution in the Black Sea – the Mopang Case

Remote Sensing of Oil Pollution in the Black Sea – the Mopang Case

Author(s): Irina Gancheva,Elisaveta Peneva / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This study focuses on the case of the underwater oil leak form the ship Mopang, sunk in 1921 near the city Sozopol on the Bulgarian coast. In the summer of 2018, some of its engine fuel was released and reached the coast, gaining significant public and media attention. The available Sentinel-1 radar images for the affected region for the years 2017 and 2018 are processed and the results show that oil leaks were visible as early as February 2017. Significant amount of oily discharge was detected during the summer months of both years. During the rest of the year there were occasional discharges, without accumulation during particular periods.The sunken ship Mopang is used as a verified case to demonstrate the capability of remote sensing techniques for reliable detection of oil pollution on the sea surface in small scales close to the shoreline, combining radar and optical data. Sentinel-1 and 2 images, together with drone acquisitions are analysed, discussing the benefits of each method and taking into consideration the particularities of the region of interest. Based on the availability of radar acquisitions with detected oil slicks twice a day at 4 am and 4 pm for some days, we have investigated the evolution of the detected oil slick on the sea surface, depending on the marine meteorological conditions.

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A Stochastic Numerical Approach for Contaminant Removal in Constructed Wetlands under Uncertain-But-Bounded Input Parameters

A Stochastic Numerical Approach for Contaminant Removal in Constructed Wetlands under Uncertain-But-Bounded Input Parameters

Author(s): Konstantinos Liolios,Georgios Skodras,Krasimir Georgiev,Ivan Georgiev / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The operation problem of Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands (HSFCW) to remove pollutants under uncertainty is investigated numerically in a stochastic way. Uncertain-but-bounded input-parameters are considered as interval parameters with known upper and lower bounds. This uncertainty is treated by using the Monte Carlo method. A typical pilot case of an HSFCW concerning Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) removal is presented and numerically investigated. The relevant numerical results have a good matching to available experimental ones, and so the effectiveness and the reliability of the proposed stochastic approach is proven.

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Derivatives in accounting

Derivatives in accounting

Author(s): Katarzyna Czajkowska,Dawid Obrzeżgiewicz / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

One type of financial instruments are derivatives whose price depends on the value of the underlying instrument. There are two different approaches to accounting of derivatives: general model—in which derivatives are presented as assets or financial liabilities, measured at fair valueand referred to the financial result, and hedge accounting—which requires symmetrical recognition of changes in the value of the hedged item and the hedging instrument. Information on derivatives is presented in the financial statements. The derivative is reflected in the balance sheet of the entity that is a party to a given contract, while the result obtained on the derivative contract is presented in the profit and loss statement.

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Sustainable development and market research

Sustainable development and market research

Author(s): Iwona Olejnik,Magdalena Stefańska / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The issue of sustainable development is the subject of market research conducted by many institutions. Companies manufacturing products and providing services, institutions dealing with environmental or consumer protection, scientists and students, carry out many research projects related, for example, to sustainable, responsible consumption and production patterns, ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being of all age groups, and much, much more. The main goal of the chapter is to present how to use secondary data for analysis and how to prepare, conduct, analyse and interpret the results of primary research in the area of sustainable development (SD). There are many challenges facing researches. For that reason, it is necessary to discuss some of its ethical issues. The structure of the chapter covers 3 topics:1) research in SD based on secondary resources;2) research in SD based on primary resources;3) SD in market research—ethical aspects.

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Social responsibility and quality: issues of competitiveness and sustainable development

Social responsibility and quality: issues of competitiveness and sustainable development

Author(s): Krisztián Kis / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

It can be stated that quality is a multifaceted concept, and it makes the difference between any perceivable or conceivable entities visible. The meaning of quality has greatly changed over the years, its content has expanded and quality has become the most important single factor for success. Therefore, it is no exaggeration to say that “quality means business”. However, quality, as it will be seen, means much more than that. Corporate Social Responsibility and the service of Sustainable Development Goals have become part of organisational quality. Nonetheless, without innovation, there is no quality or competitiveness, thus, there is no business either. This is the 21st century, which, according to Joseph M. Juran, will be the century of quality. It is important to note that companies are not just economic units or merely market participants, but also social factors and entities influencing the environment. For this reason, compliance with social norms and ethical expectations is also an important aspect of their operation. To meet the expected and latent needs of customers and users, and also the requirements of society as well as the natural environment in a way that all stakeholders are equally satisfied is a fundamental issue for companies,today and even more so in the future. The main purpose of this chapter is to discuss how quality should be understood, and what the relationships between the issues involved are. In the chapter, it is argued that quality, Corporate Social Responsibility, innovation, competitiveness and sustainable development are interrelated concepts. Therefore, it is the further purpose of this chapter to discuss how social responsibility and innovation affect quality, and how quality contributes to competitiveness and sustainable development. In this chapter, quality issues are dealt with from different aspects. In the first part, the concept of quality is presented, which deals with the evolving notion of quality and the future of quality inlight of social responsibility. In the second part, complexity issues and emergences are introduced,while quality is discussed as an emergent property, and the role played by social responsibility and environmental concerns in competitiveness and sustainable development are explained, and furthermore, innovation from quality and responsibility perspectives are examined.

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Marketing campaigns and sustainability issues

Marketing campaigns and sustainability issues

Author(s): Atanaska Reshetkova / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The concept of sustainable development has left its footprints on marketing strategy and, today, it has strong impact on the consumer’s mind and behaviour. Globally, consumers are focusing their preferences towards products and brands implementing different innovations to promote sustainability. Marketing managers face the challenge of incorporating the main dimensions of sustainability—environmental, social, and economic, into their strategies. These cases are intended to encourage critical thinking of readers regarding issues related to sustainability marketing strategies and campaigns.

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Consumption as the subject of market research

Consumption as the subject of market research

Author(s): Iwona Olejnik,Magdalena Stefańska / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

One of the most important areas of market research is on consumer behaviour and attitudes regarding various aspects of sustainable consumption. Consumer behaviour is understood as activities related to the entire consumption cycle of products from various sectors, which allow the consumer to function and achieve personal goals. They, at the same time, also they allow to achieve satisfaction and well-being, taking short- and long-term effects as well as individual and social consequences into account (Antonides & van Raaij, 1999). Within the context of the cited definition, a survey of household rubbish may be very interesting and useful. Such research is not of a declarative nature, but is based on products consumed actually. They can provide extensive information on consumption trends, including, for example, the amount and type of products consumed or food waste. Another example of market research in the context of sustainable consumption is research on products harmful to health, e.g. cigarettes. The main goal of the chapter is to present 2 unusual examples of market research conducted by various entities: journalists and a research agency. Therefore, the structure of the chapter covers two examples: 1. Garbology as an example of market research in SD—how to learn more about consumers and consumption. 2. Cigarette consumption.

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Circular economy in the waste management sector

Circular economy in the waste management sector

Author(s): Gabriel Grabowski / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The growing population and rising standards of living lead to an increase of the consumption of many goods. Reducing municipal waste which is created in that process can result in a wide range of environmental, economic, and social benefits, such as reducing pollution in water and soil, greenhouse gas emissions and loss of valuable materials. The concept to solve this problem of municipal waste due to increased consumption can be found, among others, in circular economy (CE). Circular economy can be defined as “an economic system that is based on business models which replace the ‘end-of-life’ concept with reducing, alternatively reusing, recycling and recovering materials in production/distribution and consumption processes to accomplish sustainable development” (Kirchherr, Reike, & Hekkert, 2017). A current trend in developed countries is closing the loop, moving from the concept of “end-of-pipe” waste management towards more holistic resource management (Wilson, 2007). Implementing the circular economy approach through waste management systems can pose multiple challenges while providing incentives to improve waste management infrastructure. However, this requires investments and may be perceived by many people as cost, not investment in future generations and their standard of living.The aim of this chapter is to initiate discussion on the positive aspects and barriers of circular economy development in the Polish waste management sector. In the case study described in the text, the roles of citizens, public institutions as well as enterprises are shown in selective waste collection processes as an important element of circular economy. In Poland, awareness of waste segregation and the importance of using recycled materials is not well-developed compared to many other EU countries, although this situation is beginning to gradually improve.

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Влияние на пандемията от COVID-19 върху мерките в областта на опазване на околната среда, финансирани от Кохезионния фонд на ЕС в България

Влияние на пандемията от COVID-19 върху мерките в областта на опазване на околната среда, финансирани от Кохезионния фонд на ЕС в България

Author(s): Stoyan Neytchev / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

This report provides a brief overview and analysis of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on environmental measures funded by the EU Cohesion Fund in Bulgaria. The main focus of the study is the implementation phase of the measures, namely the preparation of documentation for public procurement and conducting the award procedures and the impact of the state of emergency imposed in the country on the implementation of the measures. Circumstances related to delays in the implementation processes and their impact on the country’s obligations as a Member State of the European Union are analyzed.

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