"Zeleni Juraj" u Svetoj zemlji

Author(s): Vitomir Belaj / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 1/1989

The theme of this paper is an extension of Katičić's study "Hoditi-roditi" (Walk-Give Birth) and its aim is to show a number of similarities between a reconstructed old Slavic deity of vegetation and a recent popular belief in the Near East in el-Khader, "the Green". El-Khader is a deity of vegetation; he is called "the Green", he is always on the move, he rides on a white horse, walks over the sea, his sanctuaries are either in oak forests by water or on hills, he brings rain and protects the wounded from arrows. El-Khader-s significant features can be recognized not only in the cults of the Phoenician deities of vegetation, Adonis and Baal, but also in the ancient Egyptian (Oziris), Babylo-nian (Tammuz) and Sumerian (Dummuzi, Inanna) cults. Regardless of a possible, and likely, influence of the religion of horse-breeding invaders from the north, who are very similar to Indoeuropeans (the figure of the thunderer on a horse), the explanation for the above-mentioned parallels should be searched for in the most ancient periods of plant cultivation, on the very threshold of agriculture.

… pivo cělo imam… Pěstování a konzumace vína v raném středověku

Author(s): Jiří Sláma / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 1-2/2017

The earliest evidence of vine-growing comes from Transcaucasia and from the Near East. The vine-growing was gradually spreading to Europe since the 2nd millennium. Its spread was partially caused by the expansion of the Roman Empire to the West and Central Europe. However, to Bohemia and Moravia the vine-growing did not get until the 9th century. In Bohemia the origins of vine-growing were probably related to the contacts with Franconian environment. Přemyslids contributed to its spreading.

10 Years of EU Membership: Diverging Performances in New Member States Agriculture

Author(s): Attila Jambor,Miklós SOMAI,Sándor Kovács / Language(s): English / Issue: 05/2016

More than 10 years have passed since the 2004 accession round to the European Union. The tenth anniversary provides a good opportunity for stocktaking and assessing the agricultural developments of the New Member States (NMS) in light of the latest data available. The aim of this paper is to assess agricultural performances of NMS and to identify the winners and losers of accession in this regard. By ranking individual country performances using Parallel Factor Analysis (PARAFAC), our results suggest that Poland and the Baltic countries can be treated as the winners of EU accession in agriculture, while Romania and Bulgaria proved to have used their potentials to the least. Results also suggest that focusing on high value added agri-food products proved to be a good strategy to reach development in the agriculture sector, while those countries concentrating on the production of agri-food raw materials turned out to be lagged behind.

16. ve 18. Yüzyıllarda Osmanlı Yönetiminde Nahçıvan Sancağı

Author(s): Sadık Müfit Bilge / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: Spec.issue/2017

Nahcivan, a border region that witnessed bloody battles during the centuries of the Ottoman-Safavid rivalry, became a part of the Ottoman administrative structure twice in the period covered 1588-1603 and 1724- 1735. In the Ottoman provincial administration, it was a sanjak (district) of the Revan eyalet (province). After the annexation of Nahcivan to the Ottoman realm, the province was called the “Revan and Nahcivan province” between 1588 and 1603. The sanjak of Nahcivan consisted of seven subdistricts (nahiye) and the city of Nahcivan that had twelve quarters (mahalle). The subdistricts were Gökçe, Mevâzi-i Hatun, Dereşahbûz, Arslanlu, Karabağ, Dereçam, and Bazarçayı. The economic life in the Nahcivan sanjak was based on agriculture and animal husbandry. The revenues from the sanjak – direct incomes of some of the villages and the salt mines and the taxes that were collected from council tax (ihtisab), dyeing place (boyahâne), candle mill (şemhâne), market dues (bâc-ı bazar), custom dues (tamgâ-i siyah), and poll-tax (cizye) - were all transferred to the imperial treasury as the revenues (hass) of the sultan. Besides, some of the villages were granted to the janissaries that were stationed in the garrisons of the Revan and Nahcivan fortresses in the form of timar and zeamet in an exchange of their regular salaries (ulufe).

19. YÜZYILDA OSMANLI DEVLETİ’NDE CEHRİ ÜRETİMİ

Author(s): Özlem Karsandik Yazici / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 1/2019

In nature, a self-growing plant, buckthorn is one of the most important sources of natural dyestuff. In the Ottoman period, it was used to obtain yellow color particularly in thread and fabric dyeing. Due to the color and economic value obtained in the Ottoman Empire, buckthorrn, namely “golden tree” made significant contribution to economy of the region where it was grown. It was also included in the Ottoman foreign trade, although to a lesser extent than the root paint. However, the paint industry which developed in the 19th century adversely affected the buckthorn production in the Ottoman Empire. Even though it is a self-growing plant, we see that buckthorn orchards were formed in the regions where it was grown. Furthermore, in order to increase the production in these regions, the help of the skilled persons was needed and initiatives were taken in this direction. In our study, the place of the buckthorn used as a coloring agent in the Ottoman economy and why and how it was affected by the cyclical changes were evaluated. In the study carried out on the axis of archival records, it was also determined what kind of disputes the buckthorn producers experienced.

19. YÜZYILDA OSMANLI TARIMINDAKİ DÖNÜŞÜMÜN YEREL BASINDAN İZLENMESİ: TUNA VİLAYET GAZETESİ ÖRNEĞİ

Author(s): Cüneyt İpteş / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 22/2020

Prior to the industrial revolution, the agriculture sector dominated structure of the country's economies also existed in the Ottoman State. According to this, agriculture sector is the main determinant of the country's economy in the classical period. The çift-hane and tımar systems in the Ottoman agriculture sector, with its local and in-kind qualities, has been a means of ensuring continuity in production, obtaining tax revenues and meeting military expenses. This institutional structure belonging to the classical period of the Ottoman Empire started to change after the innovations that European states gained in economic, social and military fields. The Danube Province is one of the first places where the trend of innovation was witnessed in the Ottoman State. In our research, these developments will be examined with the Tuna Vilayet Newspaper, which is the printed press of the Danube Province. The news to be conveyed specifically for the agricultural sector reflects the transformation moves and includes the characteristics of the period. In this context, the understanding of ownership has changed in agricultural lands, commercialization and mechanization have been experienced in agriculture. Memleket sandıkları were established to regulate the agricultural credit mechanism. The collection method of aşar tax has been rearranged according to the current conditions. In the field of animal husbandry, animal diseases come to the fore.

5. MEĐUNARODNI ZNANSTVENI SIMPOZIJ GOSPODARSTVO ISTOČNE HRVATSKE – VIZIJA I RAZVOJ

Author(s): Katica Križanović / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 2/2016

A birtokviszonyok hatása Magyarország gabonamérlegére a 19. század első felében

Author(s): József Glósz / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

A Comparative Study Regarding the European Agricultural Allocation of Funds for Rural Development During 2007-2013 and 2014-2020

Author(s): Silvius Stanciu / Language(s): English / Issue: 13/2017

Sustainable rural development represents one of the European Union policy priorities, which focuses on the development of the agricultural sector by means of an increased attention given to rural communities, to the rural environment and to natural resources. The Common Agricultural Policy Reform led to the development of a number of EU mechanisms for funding the national and regional rural development programs. The present paper performs a study on the concentration degree of national and regional funds, obtained through the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development, by relying on the Gini Struck Index. The results of the analysis highlighted a moderate fund distribution concentration degree by means of the EAFRD in the EU, as compared to a high rural development program concentration degree at the level of the Member States. The application of the Pearson Test showed that there wasn’t any significant correlation, from a statistical point of view, between the number of LAGs in the EU and the amount of EAFRD funds absorbed by the Member States.

A comprehensive study on the sustainability of Bulgarian farms

Author(s): Shengquan Che / Language(s): English / Issue: 6/2018

A Dairy Cooperative in the Making: History, Ethnicity and Local Culture in an Economic Enterprise

Author(s): Árpád Töhötöm Szabó / Language(s): English / Issue: 03/2015

The paper presents the case study of a newly launched – or re-launched – dairy cooperative in Szeklerland, and investigates how different layers of local traditions, new views of rurality and new roles of peasantry, as well as ethnic struggles interplayed in its formation and functioning. While the cooperative can primarily be perceived as a local economic institution, its analysis offers the possibility to shed a new light on the connections between different levels in agri-businesses and on the different, seemingly non-economic factors acting from the background. The cooperative was launched in 2012 within a favorable framework of other local, ethnic initiatives, but it is seen as the successor of a successful cooperative that was nationalized in 1948. Two strong historical experiences shaped its launching: the successes of cooperatives before WWII and the failures and negative impacts of cooperatives during socialism. The investigation can unfold the ways how these discursive strategies, the emergence of new rural elite, the restructuring of agriculture, the idea of autonomy and a sort of ethnic economy gave impetus or impeded the functioning of the cooperative and its shift from subsistence to market.

A day in an Istrian olive grove

Author(s): Andriy Lyubka / Language(s): English / Issue: 01 (35)/2019

Olive oil is a symbol of Mediterranean culture and antiquity, so special that the ancient Romans poured this drink of gods into painted amphorae. It is no coincidence that, for centuries, olive oil has been used as chrism for anointing during worship. It always seemed to me that those who produce olive oil with their own hands belong to some higher, secret culture.

A Framework for Assessing Sustainability of Farming Enterprises

Author(s): Hrabrin Bachev / Language(s): English / Issue: 39/2016

This paper gives an answer to two important questions: „what is sustainability of farming enterprises?“ and „how to assess sustainability of farming enterprises?“. First, major shortcomings of dominating approaches for assessment of sustainability of farming enterprises like individual and family farms, agro- companies, agro- cooperatives etc. are summarized, and the needs for improvement underlined. Second, evolution of the “concept” and the major approaches for assessing sustainability of farming enterprises is discussed. More adequate definition of the farming enterprise’s sustainability is suggested as ability of a particular form to maintain its governance, economic, social and ecological functions in a long term. Finally, a specific for the conditions of Bulgarian agriculture framework for assessing sustainability of farming enterprises is proposed. The later includes a system of appropriate principles, criteria, indicators, and reference values for evaluating governance, economic, ecological and social aspects of farming enterprise’s sustainability as well as an approach for their integration and interpretation. The ultimate objective of this study is to work out an effective framework for assessing sustainability of farming enterprises of different type in the specific economic, institutional and natural environment, assist farm and agro- business management and strategies, and agricultural policies and forms of public intervention in agrarian sector.

A Framework for Modern Rural Policy in Poland – Dialogue with the Research Community

Author(s): Tamara KRAWCHENKO / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2018

Rural development in Poland has excelled at a rapid pace since EU accession. Muchhas been achieved. Going forward, rural policies will need to maintain this momentum,address some of the most intractable policy problems, such as persistent pockets of poverty,and ensure that growth and prosperity is experienced in all regions. Poland’s researchcommunity has and should continue to play a pivotal role in addressing these issues. Thisarticle follows on the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development’s (OECD)2018 Rural Policy Review of Poland. It provides a brief summary of the main findings of thisstudy and the conceptual framework which guided it and proposes four main lessons (andchallenges) for research community.

A gazdálkodók boldogulásának mintái az 1970-es években és az 1990-es évek válsága. Esélyek és kockázatok

Author(s): Pál Juhász / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 81/2020

Due to the rapid technological changes in agriculture in the 1970s, and parallel to the systematization of the so-called ‘second economy’, cooperative members who strove for more intensive individual or family production introduced significant development schemes embracing new tools and plant species. They not only acquired new technological know-how, but realigned their professional networks as well, since the state companies operating in the Socialist planned economy were no longer able to provide the new equipment and services necessary for their plans. Understanding the significance of learning and networking had been part of the agricultural production of the peasantry who had to navigate increasingly multifarious networks throughout the twentieth century. In the new circumstances, the forms of cooperation transgressed new social limitations. Entrepreneurs specializing in one type of activity had barely any connection with stakeholders in other lines of business, but their connections began to go beyond the boundaries of their own village. The rapid growth of production in both large-scale farming and small enterprises was facilitated not only by the significant demand generated by the slower pace of agricultural development in the member states of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA), but also by the fact that the Hungarian government was forced to support export in order to generate revenues in hard currency. This fostered an environment where even those areas could grow which were otherwise not competitive on the market. The change of regime and the dissolution of the CMEA opened the Hungarian economy. Suppliers who failed to keep up with the demands of the food industry and export agencies at a fast enough pace could no longer sell their produce. The failures and mistrust atrophied or shrank the networks that kept the ‘second economy’ alive. Despite the series of governments’ efforts to idealize and subsidize them, the production of small-scale agricultural enterprises plummeted. Part of the problem was that the new laws were not adjusted to the agricultural conditions and hampered sustainable estate development.

A késő reneszánsz magyar nyelvű kertészeti szakirodalma

Ókori és kontra kortárs hivatkozások

Author(s): Zsigmond Csoma / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 1/2009

The medieval calendars contained very rare knowledge of horticulture. In the renaissance era the achievements of the antiquity have been discovered again. The work of János Lippay could be esteemed as a horticultural vocational book, which had some practical benefits. The book published in Nagyszombat became a used source in Transylvania too, among different natural-economical-political circumstances. Lippay – the natural scientist of the 17th century’s recatholization – knows his era’s professional literature, but he refers on antique writers too. For him, similarly to his contemporary colleagues, Theophrastos’, Dioskorides’ and Pliny’s works represented the ancient botanical conventions. He is arguing together with Xenophon that the gardeners and doctors have the same attributes: they have to do the actual works in due time. He accepted the suggestions of Palladius, Apuleius, Cato, Columella in the works of choosing the garden soil, at planting seeds, at inoculation, at the defence against plant’s pest. Lippay, who worked in the spirit of the counter-reformation, didn’t refer to the protestant plant books. The adequate protestant book to Lippay’s work has been published in 1669 by János Nadányi, who translated the French author Mizaldus’ work to Hungarian. Anna Bornemisza, the wife of the Transylvanian ruler Mihály Apafi – by realizing the importance of horticulture – gave the assignment for the Transylvanian cleric, while she didn’t know the original work itself; or else she would see, that the translations included just the antique style of gardening, but it wasn’t apt for promoting the modern farming. Although there are big differences between Lippay’s book and Nadányi’s translation, both had its own impact to the conservation of the traditional farming by disseminating the antique and medieval authors’ opinions.

A két világháború közti román földbirtokrendezés

Author(s): Ákos Bartha / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 06/2012

This paper anatomizes the Romanian agrarian reform based on the law of July 1921. The Romanian lordship-policy was highly represented in the public life of Romania and Hungary, as well as in the intergovernmental relationships between these countries after 1921. Despite these, the complex picture of the reform was not completely represented, as the main focus was on Transylvania in Hungary. With a short glance on the historical background, the essay reviews the realisation of national, social, economical and political aspects in different regions. After World War II, the communist regimes of both countries avoided honest dialogue. For this very reason we intend to provide a new interpretation of the motivations and the procedure of the managements, involving sources from The National Archives of Hungary, other contemporary writings, periodicals and international studies. Furthermore, this study demonstrates the variety of arguments, comments and the most important results of the agrarian reform.

A közösség által támogatott mezőgazdaság vizsgálata a termelők vonatkozásában

Author(s): Balog Árpád / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 3-4/2016

A Late Medieval Method of Determining the Quality of Must Used in Hungary in the 19th Century

Author(s): Zsigmond Csoma / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2018

In the scholarship on the production of foodstuffs, the tests that were used in order to determine quality have only rarely been made a subject of study. And yet quality foodstuffs that were neither contaminated nor adulterated were clearly an essential part of peasant life. On the basis of the abovementioned sources, it seems clear that the method used by peasants to determine the quality of must, a method which has survived into the 21st century, was used centuries earlier, in the Early Modern Era, but also quite possibly even in the Middle Ages. It may well be a remnant of the methods used by landlords in the practice of collecting the tithe. As a form of paying taxes, the tithe was always a bitter pill for the people who had to pay the levies, and in particular for the serfs and the peasants, who had to turn over as much as onefi(h of their harvest. &us, it is hardly surprising that people who sought to avoid paying taxes experimented with an array of ruses. One of these, and quite possibly the most widespread, was the practice of watering down must and wine. &is serf ruse became a widespread peasant practice as Europe shi(ed from the feudal world towards bourgeois society. It was part of peasant viticulture and practical knowhow. &e practice of using an apple, an egg, a pear, or, beginning in the early 19th century, a potato to determine the quality of must was a widespread method that remained in use until it began to be replaced by the use of the hydrometer.

A logistics model of sustainable food supply of the region

Author(s): Igor Vorotnikov,Irina Sukhanova,Larisa Tretyak,Sergey Baskakov / Language(s): English / Issue: 3-4/2017

Introduction. The problem of sustainable food supply is connected with the optimisation of the distribution of food flows and determined by the quantity of food in terms of per capita consumption, energy value and availability of nutrients. The purpose of the article is to develop a logistics model of sustainable food supply in the region and test it on the example of Saratov region of Russia. Methods. In the process of economic-mathematical modelling, the authors used econometric and logistics methods. Results. The article describes the authors’ approach to building local food systems. A two-level model of demand for food products was substantiated. The conducted calculations of the indicators of sustainability of the local food systems of Saratov region for the most important types of food products show that three local food systems centred in towns of Kalininsk, Novouzensk and Ershov are fully food self-sufficient. The local food systems of the towns of Volsk, Balashov and Balakovo have difficulties in the matters of self-sufficiency in meat products; and the local food systems of the city of Saratov and the town of Engels have to import meat and milk in order to have quality and sustainable provision of the population with such products. Conclusions. The use of the logistics approach allows us to develop a universal algorithm for the assessment of the overall sustainability of food supply of the region, consider the impact of transportation costs on food consumption by the population, substantiate the rational logistics and delivery routes of agricultural production for its further processing, which will increase the overall sustainability of food supply in a particular region