"Zeleni Juraj" u Svetoj zemlji

Author(s): Vitomir Belaj / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 1/1989

The theme of this paper is an extension of Katičić's study "Hoditi-roditi" (Walk-Give Birth) and its aim is to show a number of similarities between a reconstructed old Slavic deity of vegetation and a recent popular belief in the Near East in el-Khader, "the Green". El-Khader is a deity of vegetation; he is called "the Green", he is always on the move, he rides on a white horse, walks over the sea, his sanctuaries are either in oak forests by water or on hills, he brings rain and protects the wounded from arrows. El-Khader-s significant features can be recognized not only in the cults of the Phoenician deities of vegetation, Adonis and Baal, but also in the ancient Egyptian (Oziris), Babylo-nian (Tammuz) and Sumerian (Dummuzi, Inanna) cults. Regardless of a possible, and likely, influence of the religion of horse-breeding invaders from the north, who are very similar to Indoeuropeans (the figure of the thunderer on a horse), the explanation for the above-mentioned parallels should be searched for in the most ancient periods of plant cultivation, on the very threshold of agriculture.

10 Years of EU Membership: Diverging Performances in New Member States Agriculture

Author(s): Attila Jambor,Miklós SOMAI,Sándor Kovács / Language(s): English / Issue: 05/2016

More than 10 years have passed since the 2004 accession round to the European Union. The tenth anniversary provides a good opportunity for stocktaking and assessing the agricultural developments of the New Member States (NMS) in light of the latest data available. The aim of this paper is to assess agricultural performances of NMS and to identify the winners and losers of accession in this regard. By ranking individual country performances using Parallel Factor Analysis (PARAFAC), our results suggest that Poland and the Baltic countries can be treated as the winners of EU accession in agriculture, while Romania and Bulgaria proved to have used their potentials to the least. Results also suggest that focusing on high value added agri-food products proved to be a good strategy to reach development in the agriculture sector, while those countries concentrating on the production of agri-food raw materials turned out to be lagged behind.

16. ve 18. Yüzyıllarda Osmanlı Yönetiminde Nahçıvan Sancağı

Author(s): Sadik Müfit Bilge / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 0/2017

Nahcivan, a border region that witnessed bloody battles during the centuries of the Ottoman-Safavid rivalry, became a part of the Ottoman administrative structure twice in the period covered 1588-1603 and 1724- 1735. In the Ottoman provincial administration, it was a sanjak (district) of the Revan eyalet (province). After the annexation of Nahcivan to the Ottoman realm, the province was called the “Revan and Nahcivan province” between 1588 and 1603. The sanjak of Nahcivan consisted of seven subdistricts (nahiye) and the city of Nahcivan that had twelve quarters (mahalle). The subdistricts were Gökçe, Mevâzi-i Hatun, Dereşahbûz, Arslanlu, Karabağ, Dereçam, and Bazarçayı. The economic life in the Nahcivan sanjak was based on agriculture and animal husbandry. The revenues from the sanjak – direct incomes of some of the villages and the salt mines and the taxes that were collected from council tax (ihtisab), dyeing place (boyahâne), candle mill (şemhâne), market dues (bâc-ı bazar), custom dues (tamgâ-i siyah), and poll-tax (cizye) - were all transferred to the imperial treasury as the revenues (hass) of the sultan. Besides, some of the villages were granted to the janissaries that were stationed in the garrisons of the Revan and Nahcivan fortresses in the form of timar and zeamet in an exchange of their regular salaries (ulufe).

5. MEĐUNARODNI ZNANSTVENI SIMPOZIJ GOSPODARSTVO ISTOČNE HRVATSKE – VIZIJA I RAZVOJ

Author(s): Katica Križanovic / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 2/2016

A birtokviszonyok hatása Magyarország gabonamérlegére a 19. század első felében

Author(s): József Glósz / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

A Comparative Study Regarding the European Agricultural Allocation of Funds for Rural Development During 2007-2013 and 2014-2020

Author(s): Silvius Stanciu / Language(s): English / Issue: 13/2017

Sustainable rural development represents one of the European Union policy priorities, which focuses on the development of the agricultural sector by means of an increased attention given to rural communities, to the rural environment and to natural resources. The Common Agricultural Policy Reform led to the development of a number of EU mechanisms for funding the national and regional rural development programs. The present paper performs a study on the concentration degree of national and regional funds, obtained through the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development, by relying on the Gini Struck Index. The results of the analysis highlighted a moderate fund distribution concentration degree by means of the EAFRD in the EU, as compared to a high rural development program concentration degree at the level of the Member States. The application of the Pearson Test showed that there wasn’t any significant correlation, from a statistical point of view, between the number of LAGs in the EU and the amount of EAFRD funds absorbed by the Member States.

A comprehensive study on the sustainability of Bulgarian farms

Author(s): Shengquan Che / Language(s): English / Issue: 6/2018

A Dairy Cooperative in the Making: History, Ethnicity and Local Culture in an Economic Enterprise

Author(s): Árpád Töhötöm Szabó / Language(s): English / Issue: 03/2015

The paper presents the case study of a newly launched – or re-launched – dairy cooperative in Szeklerland, and investigates how different layers of local traditions, new views of rurality and new roles of peasantry, as well as ethnic struggles interplayed in its formation and functioning. While the cooperative can primarily be perceived as a local economic institution, its analysis offers the possibility to shed a new light on the connections between different levels in agri-businesses and on the different, seemingly non-economic factors acting from the background. The cooperative was launched in 2012 within a favorable framework of other local, ethnic initiatives, but it is seen as the successor of a successful cooperative that was nationalized in 1948. Two strong historical experiences shaped its launching: the successes of cooperatives before WWII and the failures and negative impacts of cooperatives during socialism. The investigation can unfold the ways how these discursive strategies, the emergence of new rural elite, the restructuring of agriculture, the idea of autonomy and a sort of ethnic economy gave impetus or impeded the functioning of the cooperative and its shift from subsistence to market.

A Framework for Assessing Sustainability of Farming Enterprises

Author(s): Hrabrin Bachev / Language(s): English / Issue: 39/2016

This paper gives an answer to two important questions: „what is sustainability of farming enterprises?“ and „how to assess sustainability of farming enterprises?“. First, major shortcomings of dominating approaches for assessment of sustainability of farming enterprises like individual and family farms, agro- companies, agro- cooperatives etc. are summarized, and the needs for improvement underlined. Second, evolution of the “concept” and the major approaches for assessing sustainability of farming enterprises is discussed. More adequate definition of the farming enterprise’s sustainability is suggested as ability of a particular form to maintain its governance, economic, social and ecological functions in a long term. Finally, a specific for the conditions of Bulgarian agriculture framework for assessing sustainability of farming enterprises is proposed. The later includes a system of appropriate principles, criteria, indicators, and reference values for evaluating governance, economic, ecological and social aspects of farming enterprise’s sustainability as well as an approach for their integration and interpretation. The ultimate objective of this study is to work out an effective framework for assessing sustainability of farming enterprises of different type in the specific economic, institutional and natural environment, assist farm and agro- business management and strategies, and agricultural policies and forms of public intervention in agrarian sector.

A Framework for Modern Rural Policy in Poland – Dialogue with the Research Community

Author(s): Tamara KRAWCHENKO / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2018

Rural development in Poland has excelled at a rapid pace since EU accession. Muchhas been achieved. Going forward, rural policies will need to maintain this momentum,address some of the most intractable policy problems, such as persistent pockets of poverty,and ensure that growth and prosperity is experienced in all regions. Poland’s researchcommunity has and should continue to play a pivotal role in addressing these issues. Thisarticle follows on the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development’s (OECD)2018 Rural Policy Review of Poland. It provides a brief summary of the main findings of thisstudy and the conceptual framework which guided it and proposes four main lessons (andchallenges) for research community.

A két világháború közti román földbirtokrendezés

Author(s): Ákos Bartha / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 06/2012

This paper anatomizes the Romanian agrarian reform based on the law of July 1921. The Romanian lordship-policy was highly represented in the public life of Romania and Hungary, as well as in the intergovernmental relationships between these countries after 1921. Despite these, the complex picture of the reform was not completely represented, as the main focus was on Transylvania in Hungary. With a short glance on the historical background, the essay reviews the realisation of national, social, economical and political aspects in different regions. After World War II, the communist regimes of both countries avoided honest dialogue. For this very reason we intend to provide a new interpretation of the motivations and the procedure of the managements, involving sources from The National Archives of Hungary, other contemporary writings, periodicals and international studies. Furthermore, this study demonstrates the variety of arguments, comments and the most important results of the agrarian reform.

A közösség által támogatott mezőgazdaság vizsgálata a termelők vonatkozásában

Author(s): Balog Árpád / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 3-4/2016

A Late Medieval Method of Determining the Quality of Must Used in Hungary in the 19th Century

Author(s): Zsigmond Csoma / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2018

In the scholarship on the production of foodstuffs, the tests that were used in order to determine quality have only rarely been made a subject of study. And yet quality foodstuffs that were neither contaminated nor adulterated were clearly an essential part of peasant life. On the basis of the abovementioned sources, it seems clear that the method used by peasants to determine the quality of must, a method which has survived into the 21st century, was used centuries earlier, in the Early Modern Era, but also quite possibly even in the Middle Ages. It may well be a remnant of the methods used by landlords in the practice of collecting the tithe. As a form of paying taxes, the tithe was always a bitter pill for the people who had to pay the levies, and in particular for the serfs and the peasants, who had to turn over as much as onefi(h of their harvest. &us, it is hardly surprising that people who sought to avoid paying taxes experimented with an array of ruses. One of these, and quite possibly the most widespread, was the practice of watering down must and wine. &is serf ruse became a widespread peasant practice as Europe shi(ed from the feudal world towards bourgeois society. It was part of peasant viticulture and practical knowhow. &e practice of using an apple, an egg, a pear, or, beginning in the early 19th century, a potato to determine the quality of must was a widespread method that remained in use until it began to be replaced by the use of the hydrometer.

A logistics model of sustainable food supply of the region

Author(s): Igor Vorotnikov,Irina Sukhanova,Larisa Tretyak,Sergey Baskakov / Language(s): English / Issue: 3-4/2017

Introduction. The problem of sustainable food supply is connected with the optimisation of the distribution of food flows and determined by the quantity of food in terms of per capita consumption, energy value and availability of nutrients. The purpose of the article is to develop a logistics model of sustainable food supply in the region and test it on the example of Saratov region of Russia. Methods. In the process of economic-mathematical modelling, the authors used econometric and logistics methods. Results. The article describes the authors’ approach to building local food systems. A two-level model of demand for food products was substantiated. The conducted calculations of the indicators of sustainability of the local food systems of Saratov region for the most important types of food products show that three local food systems centred in towns of Kalininsk, Novouzensk and Ershov are fully food self-sufficient. The local food systems of the towns of Volsk, Balashov and Balakovo have difficulties in the matters of self-sufficiency in meat products; and the local food systems of the city of Saratov and the town of Engels have to import meat and milk in order to have quality and sustainable provision of the population with such products. Conclusions. The use of the logistics approach allows us to develop a universal algorithm for the assessment of the overall sustainability of food supply of the region, consider the impact of transportation costs on food consumption by the population, substantiate the rational logistics and delivery routes of agricultural production for its further processing, which will increase the overall sustainability of food supply in a particular region

A logistics system in management of flows in the area of agribusiness

Author(s): Maria Nowicka-Skowron,Joanna Nowakowska-Grunt,Anna Brzozowska / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2017

Today, the subject of management in Polish agribusiness needs to be looked at in a more comprehensive way. With Poland’s accession to the European Union, it is necessary to implement the solutions defined by the Common Agricultural Policy in agribusiness, whereas entrepreneurs from rural areas need to give more attention to issues connected with logistics and the process of management. This paper consider the problems of logistics management in the area of agribusiness. It has been pointed out that new paradigms that continuously appear in this area pose a huge challenge both for theoreticians and practitioners. Aiming to achieve a synergy effect and added value for activities that involve movement processes in agribusiness, both decision-makers and those managing farms and rural areas should consider and implement the right principles and solutions that will allow them to achieve this goal.

A Mátra-alja mezőgazdasága a kataszteri iratok tükrében

Author(s): József Kozári / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

A model of cooperation platform for entities involved in the agricultural market open to innovations in Poland

Author(s): Zenon Pokojski / Language(s): English / Issue: 2 (46)/2018

There are few publications on the subject of business models open to innovations in Poland, especially relating to cases of their practical application. The article analyses various types of open innovations and the possibility of using them in the conditions of the Polish agricultural market. After reviewing the literature, analysing cases of chemical companies, conducting interviews with members of the Grupa Azoty Puławy consortium, the author proposes a model of cooperation platform for entities from various sectors that systemically combines open inbound and outbound innovations with the requirements of the business model

A napszámtól a bérmunkáig: a mezőgazdasági idénymunka változó formái egy kelet-magyarországi példán keresztül

Author(s): András Vigvári / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 01/2016

Through a community study carried out in a settlement in Eastern Hungary, my study aims to present the integrating role of various agricultural part-time works in local societies. This paper explores the way in which different agricultural factory forms and employer-employee relationships influence the structural and ethnical layering in local societies, as well as the forms of integration they offer to members of local societies. My case study aims to shed light on the way ongoing macro-social processes shape Hungarian rural areas and, in particular, on the way they transform social and ethnical relations in local societies.

A Regional Approach to Rural Development? Regional and Rural Programmes in Poland 2007–2015

Author(s): Pawel Chmielinski,Marcin Gospodarowicz / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2018

We explore the role of structural factors (i.e. place-based characteristics) inshaping EU policy. Our analysis covered the real expenditure of funds for individualpriority axes in the programmes of both policies in the 2007-2015 period (accordingto N+2 rule) and the change in socio-economic features at the local (powiat, NUTS4)level. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to assess the relationship betweenthe level of per capita expenditure on RDP (rural development programmes) and ROP(regional operational programmes) and selected indicators describing the level of economic,social and demographic development of local government units. We show that in 2007-2013 rural and regional policy instruments were complementary, but also strongly relatedto the characteristics of the region (such as size, population, farmland) and therefore requiregreater adaptation to development opportunities and limitations. We suggest that thereshould be a more a place-based approach in future rural policy design and implementation.

A slack-based measure of agricultural efficiency in the European Union countries

Author(s): Kristína Kocišová,Beata Gavurova,Anna Kotásková / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2018

The main aim of this study is to examine the relative efficiency of agriculture in the European Union using Data Envelopment Analysis for the period 2005- 2015. We have examined the relative efficiency using non-radial and non-oriented slacks-based model (SBM) under the assumption of a variable return to scale. We have looked for causes of inefficiency and have come up with the recommendations how to change input and output variable to reach the efficiency frontier. The results show that, on average, the European Union agricultural sector has been performing efficiently, and its development could be considered as stable. After taking into account the size of the economies in form of gross domestic product in market prices, we can say, that the efficiency was positively affected mainly by the development in large countries. By examining the optimal values for the variables used in the SBM model, it has been found that on average for the movement on the efficiency frontier it is necessary to reduce both inputs (labour and utilised agricultural area) and simultaneously increase both outputs (animal and crop production).