We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
Commercial representation is a power of attorney granted mainly in commercial companies, that is entities which run business activities subject to entry in the commercial register. It is a type of power of attorney, connected inseparably with business activities. It should be stressed, however, that commercial representation may also be used by physical persons who are entrepreneurs. At the same time, the institution of commercial representation has special characteristics. It may be used only by registered entrepreneurs, it grants powers to perform activities related to running the enterprise, and the scope of powers is determined by law. Commercial representation contains the power to act in the external relations of the entrepreneur in matters related to running the enterprise. All this confirms that commercial representation is an institution combining characteristics of a power of attorney with some additional elements which make it a special type of power of attorney, wider than the general power of attorney.
More...
W artykule zaprezentowano motywy i ekonomiczne czynniki skłonności gospodarstw domowych do oszczędzania, z uwzględnieniem teoretycznych modeli stanowiących o podstawach planowania finansowego gospodarstw domowych i z podkreśleniem znaczenia systemów emerytalnych. Wskazano także rolę ubezpieczycieli na rynku finansowym, charakteryzując najistotniejsze ubezpieczeniowe produkty na życie o cechach oszczędnościowych. Na podstawie przeglądu danych instytucji finansowych zaprezentowano poziom i strukturę oszczędności gospodarstw domowych w Polsce, a także z podziałem na regiony świata, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem miejsca ubezpieczeń na życie i produktów w ramach ubezpieczeń emerytalnych.
More...
This article examines the interaction among capital flows, money supply and property prices with a focus of Chinese economy by using a vector auto-regression (VAR) estimation as an analytical framework. The key research questions were, first, whether money supply has been determined independently from capital flows, and then which factor, capital flows or money supply, has given a dominant effect on property prices. The contributions of this study are to investigate the impacts on property prices jointly from capital flows as an external factor and from money supply as a domestic factor, and to count on the differences in the trends in property prices of seventy regional cities in China. The main findings through the VAR estimations were as follows. First, domestic money supply has been determined exclusively from external capital flows through the authority’s perfect sterilization of foreign-exchange-market intervention. Second, the main contributor to property prices’ movement has been domestic money supply rather than external capital flows. Third, some deviations of property prices from the trend in money supply were found in big cities and/or coastal advanced cities.
More...
Serbia has huge socio-economic disparities between regions as well as between other levels of local administrative units. Regional differences could be analyzed from different aspects: demographic characteristics, human resources, education, economic structure, infrastructure, poverty, unemployment, and wages.This paper explores the labor market characteristics through regional disparities framework. The identified problems will be the base for future development politics creators to resolve regional differences more efficiently and for international and regional trans-border cooperation.
More...
Rygorystyczne wymagania, jakie teoriom stawia wielka tradycja metodologii nauki K. Poppera – T. Kuhna – I. Lakatosa powodują, że jakkolwiek na temat własności prowadzono wiele badań i dyskusji długo jeszcze nawet przed narodzinami ekonomii A. Smitha, to wciąż jest to „miękkie”, teoretyczne pole badawcze. Bardzo ryzykownym przedsięwzięciem byłoby więc na przykład weryfikowanie poszukiwań teoretycznych dotyczących własności w ujęciu ekonomicznym za pomocą dwóch kluczowych kryteriów – pytań metodologicznych: 1) co stanowi charakter dociekań naukowych, a co nie? (tzw. kryterium demarkacyjne) oraz o to 2) które dociekania najlepiej wyjaśniają ich przedmiot? (tzw. kryterium wyboru). Niemniej jednak trzeba zauważyć, że w literaturze ekonomicznej można znaleźć kilka poważnych koncepcji teoretycznych i badań empiryczno-statystycznych wskazujących na istotne korzyści mikroekonomiczne, mezoekonomiczne i makroekonomiczne rozwoju własności prywatnej w gospodarce, a więc i procesów prywatyzacyjnych. Chodzi tutaj przede wszystkim o teorię praw własności, teorię pogoni za rentą, teorię agencji czy też teorię X-nieefektywności.
More...
A growing number of countries are introducing far-reaching legal restrictions concerning the use of cash and are stimulating the development of cashless transactions. The tendency towards the gradual replacement of cash by electronic payments is observed all over the world, but in many countries, including Poland, cash is still most often used in retail payments. The purpose of the paper is to identify the attitudes of Poles towards cash and their propensity to reduce cash usage in retail payments. Results of the research conducted so far among Polish households show that cash still remains the most frequently used form of payment in retail transactions, especially in low-value ones. In general, people living in villages, elderly people, less educated, with low incomes and non-working persons (unemployed, retired, students, etc.) pay in cash more frequently. Using cash in retail transactions is often just a custom which could hamper payment habits’ change among Polish households. Findings presented in the paper show that despite the relatively large openness of Poles to payment innovations, they are still not ready to resign from cash payments. High assessment of attributes of cash (which was recognized as the cheapest and the easiest to use form of payment) in comparison with instruments of non-cash payments, both traditional and innovative may be the reason for this.
More...
The aim of this paper is to analyze overindebtedness as a result of a process in which behavioral, social and socio-economic factors interact. Furthermore, the growing importance of overindebtedness is linked to the challenges of a society which has transformed to a “risk society”. The “new” risks – including de-regulation, liberalization and globalization – require high everyday life coping strategies which are obviously not given for a relevant share of the German population. As a result, constantly around 3.3 million (8%) German households are overindebted. The developments and underlying factors of this societal problem are analyzed by biographical interviews with overindebted youth and by longitudinal statistical data from different research sources and the Federal Statistical Office. The paper is based on 25 years of overindebtedness research in Germany. The analytical approach considers the whole life span of persons and discusses the age related main factors of overindebtedness. There are different factors in childhood, adolescence, young adulthood until senior age which influence capabilities, capacities and resources and lead (later) to overindebtedness. It is argued that the increased use of behavioral data for credit-scoring systems does not reduce overindebtedness.
More...
Competitiveness has become a major topic of economic and business studies over the last 20 years. In the 1980s, the focus of the study on innovation and competitiveness was corporate-level analysis. Subsequently, the focus shifted towards examining the role of larger communities, as the innovation performance of the community is decisive. The identification and study of actors involved in the implementation of innovation is of utmost importance for successes, and creates the need for investigation at multiple levels. In addition to the company’s innovation capabilities, the innovation potential at regional and national level is also relevant. One of the features of successful companies is the complex interpretation of innovations (continuous and radical innovations simultaneously), which gives them a competitive advantage. Innovation is connected to the unique value, creating the competitive advantage that is decisive for competitiveness of an organization, region or even national economy. But there is the question: how can innovation be quantified in the development of competitiveness. In this paper we concentrate on social innovation and its connection to competitiveness at micro, mezo and macro level and the paper represents a literature review of the theoretical work in the field.
More...
The article summarizes international experience upgrading methodological approaches to the analysis of cluster mesoeconomical systems that occupy an intermediate position between the micro and macro levels of the national economy. The options for the introduction of specialized analytical procedures in the process of analysis of cluster mesosystems in the structure of the national economy are investigated. Special attention is paid to the sectoral and regional clusters. The description of the main stages of the life cycle of clusters of the sectoral and regional profiles is given. The purpose of functioning of cluster` mesosystems which is in the targeted attraction and using of resources of lower level system in order to reach the purpose of functioning of higher level system while using specific tools for the realization of the economic potential of the institutional units within mesoeconomical association is formulated.
More...
The purpose of the article is to substantiate the feasibility of using leasing operations as the most effective source of financing for transport enterprises, recommendations on the use of reverse leasing and attraction of technical (mathematical) reserves of insurance companies to finance implementation programs automated payment for fare system.This article lists preferences when using an automated payment for fare system for the population, local authorities and the state. This article lists the main elements of the automated payment for fare system. This article studied different sources of financing (lease, instalment, bank credit, leasing) for the purchase of necessary equipment for transport companies and clearing centre. This article characterized by different approaches (issue of shares, issue of bonds, banking factoring, bank credit) to the financing of the leasing.It is proposed to involve the insurance company resources to finance leasing in the transport sector. It is proposed to use a reverse leasing for the purchase of necessary equipment for clearing centre and transport enterprises.
More...
Research of methodological approaches to the planning of business processes in e-commerce was performed in the article. Literature analysis has shown that there is still a number of methodological and theoretical questions which are still unresolved, the issues are connected with development of modern models, principles and methods of planning in the system of e-commerce.In the research some definitions of category “electronic commerce” are presented. In general, it is economical process of goods and services exchange on the basis of existing partnership with the help of electronic methods of communication. According to the author’s opinion, electronic commerce envisages making an agreement with the help of electronic exchange of information and other electronic ways of transferring data. To electronic agreements can be related agreements which are made and performed using electronic devices of connection and modern information communicational systems and nets.In a generalized form, it was proposed for enterprises which are planning to introduce innovative technologies of electronic commerce, to use the following strategies of business process development: micro targeting of on-line audience, personalization, creation of content for attraction, creation of site for target segment, integration through the channels, investment to the mobile commerce, attention to logistics, using of trade with the possibility of subscriptions, beating of competitors, proposition of work convenience through other channels, selection of property, selling only via Internet shop. Proposed strategies of electronic commerce can be used by multiple enterprises to plan business processes.
More...