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"16+1" Format - Role in Geopolitical Strategy of PRC

Author(s): Nako R. Stefanov / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2018

In the latest years the “16+1” Format is becoming more and more important for the Central and Eastern Europe countries. Although at the very beginning the format “16+1” has not been considered an important initiative from geopolitical and even from economic point of view at the background of “One Belt One Road” (OBOR) Geostrategic Strategy it began to acquire the features of geo-strategic scheme. The current progress within the “16+1” Format has exposed the challenges China is facing in its attempt to shape a concrete framework for cooperation on OBOR. Brussels is concerned about China cooperation with the CEE countries. This suspicion hinders cooperation between China and the CEE countries. Such cold war mentality needs proactively respond.

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"Employee of the Month" in Romania: a Study on Perceptions

Author(s): Sabina Irimie,Bianca Armean / Language(s): English / Issue: 5/2012

An important and complex problem of labor economics in general and of human resource management in particular, is to effectively motivate employees. At the current juncture, under the spectrum of economic crisis, the controversies of theoretical and practical interest such as the importance of the money, the relationship between motivation, satisfaction and performance at work, are more pronounced and more focused on non-financial forms of motivation. At least in part, this is because the usual ways of saving costs in today's organizations seem to aim primarily the expenses on staff (wages, rewards, training funds and so on). In this context, the paper aims to highlight the perceptions of employees on the program "Employee of the Month", as it was implemented in a Romanian organization (in a hybrid approach, combining monetary rewards and recognition awards specific to most common forms of program). Thus, the main results of our study reflect the opinions of people involved in this program, and allow us to sketch some possible changes based on the feedback from employees, in order to further improve the effectiveness of the program.

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"L’économie du bon plaisir". Wpływ myśli etatystycznej na organizację życia administracyjno-ekonomicznego Śląska doby habsburskiej (1526-1740)

Author(s): Jarosław Kuczer / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 7/2017

In many human sciences, especially political science and economics (and cultural research) there exist many analyses of the impact of statism (etatism) on the functioning of societies. The aim of this article is to show and highlight contemporary phenomena of this doctrine, through inquiry into their origins and character, treated – especially by Austrian and British researchers – as unchangeable. Why Silesia? Why 1526-1740? Several constants existed there. Firstly, it was a province of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, treated in the studies of the history of the rights as state par excellence. Secondly, in the abovementioned period, it was the farthest from, among others, Europe's easternmost economic structure which underwent statist policies modeled on French achievements. Thirdly, Silesia was the last in Europe, and so it was seen as "the most perfect", in practice it was a well worked out and well distorted, form. The article analyzes the issues of the organization and development of central public administration structures and their impact on economic statism, according to the scheme:1. Ideological basis of statism in Silesia,2. Implementation through the creation of central offices,3. The taking of the highest economic offices by the Emperor’s adherents,4. Giving the greatest land fortunes to people involved in the politics of Vienna Court,5. News from the fiscal policy agenda,6. Economic basis of the creation a new social order/hierarchy.Such a system is related to the value of chronological changes.When conducting an explanation, it proved to be the best to use synchronic, genetic, philological, evolutionary and sociological methods and elements of comparative, progressive and retrogressive and argumentum ex silentio methods as well.

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"Municipal settlements of Ukraine" database and its possible application spheres

Author(s): Glibchuk Petro Volodymyrovych / Language(s): English / Issue: 34/2016

With the development of geoinformation technologies and geoinformation mapping the sphere of activity of professional geographers and cartographers has been enriched by a wide application of databases (DB). They enable geographical information to be put in order in a user-friendly system. The article considers the methodological aspects of the organizations and creation of such a system - the "Municipal settlements of Ukraine" databases. The basic stages and databases forming the principles which the author designated during the creation of this specific database are highlighted. The DB structure is revealed - the list of the data included in every table is given. The ways of DB applications are determined; they consist in using DB for the creation of various cartographic studies and reference books about the municipal settlements in Ukraine. The prospects of DB development and perfection are considered.

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"Push" and "Pull" Systems in Supply Chain Management. Correlative Approaches in the Military Field

Author(s): Gheorghe Minculete,Polixenia Olar / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2016

The increase in economic, social and security risks is currently determined by the resource crisis on the one hand, as well as by the economic competition and global military challenges on the other hand, which amplifies instability and jeopardizes the viability of inter-state relations at global level. In these circumstances, the complexity of the economic and military environments determines company managers and military leaders to act by way of “push” and “pull” systems in order to make their own logistic activities more effective, in view of attaining their projected strategic objectives. In the current article we try to briefly address the “push” and “pull”systems within the Supply Chain Management, setting off from the concrete demands of consumers/users in the economic and military fields.

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"Riževi standard proti mesnemu standardu" (Elementi stereotipa o japonskem gospodarstvu pri Slovencih pred drugo svetovno vojno)

Author(s): Žarko Lazarević / Language(s): Slovenian / Issue: 2/2000

The stereotype image of the Japanese economy created by the Slovenian press before the Second World War was not based on its own experience, but was assumed from the western European press. This is understandable, given the very small trade exchange between the two countries at the time. This stereotype included elements, such as social and foreign-exchange dumping, a patriarchal system, a better organised and more efficient economy, and unfair competition.

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"Stumbling and Dusting Off," or an Attempt to Pick a Path Through the Thicket of Bulgaria's New Economic Mechanism

Author(s): Richard J. Crampton / Language(s): English / Issue: 02/1988

The most persistent theme in Bulgarian public life during the 1980s has been the attempt to remodel and improve the national economy in accordance with the New Economic Mechanism, the NEM, which itself has been inseparable from "the scientific-technological revolution. " Economic innovation and experimentation are not new to Bulgaria. Previous attempts, however, have generally failed to live up to expectations, often degenerating into confusing and sometimes contradictory administrative changes before being abandoned in favor of a return to the comforts and certainties of a centralized, Soviet-style, command economy. [...]

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"Лошите кредити": институционални и финансови аспекти, 1994

Author(s): Christina Vutcheva / Language(s): Bulgarian / Publication Year: 1994

Since the beginning of 1991 Bulgaria has been living through a period of transition from centralized totalitarian control to free market economy. Year 1990 can be said to mark the political liberation of the people with the adoption of the new Constitution. The economic liberalization, however, is a reality yet to be brought to life since private ownership is not prevalent in the economy. The prime aim of the transition is to substitute an absurd and inefficient economic system for a new one to rely on the free initiative, private ownership and competition.

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#mission2030: Austria’s Strategy for a Low-Carbon Transformation

Author(s): Łukasz Ogrodnik,Marek Wąsiński / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 2018

The Austrian government is implementing its energy and climate strategy to 2030, the aim of which is to stimulate the economy and achieve energy independence through the use of clean technologies. The strategy signals potential points of contention with Poland, including in nuclear and coal energy. At the same time, it indicates potential fields of cooperation regarding low-emission transport.

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(Hе)научени уроци в процеса на усвояване на средствата от Kохезионния и Cтруктурните фондове на EC

Author(s): Silvia Georgieva / Language(s): Bulgarian / Publication Year: 0

This report examines the errors and omissions of the beneficiaries, which hindered and delayed absorption of operational programs financed by the Cohesion Fund and the Structural Funds of the EU in the first programming period 2007-2013 and reduced the expected effectiveness of the resulting grant resources. These are presented as weaknesses in the preparation of project proposals, as well as irregularities in the implementation phase of projects already approved. At the beginning of the second seven-year planning period analysis of errors and omissions made is necessary to achieve a higher absorption of the agreed resource and noted significant progress in key areas such as economy, health, education, science, employment, environment.

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(Re) Integration of Returning Migrants into the Economic Life in Bulgaria

Author(s): Irena Zareva / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2021

The paper addresses issues related to the impact of external migration on the labour market in Bulgaria, with a focus on returning migrants and their participation in the labour market in the country. The study is based on data from a representative national survey conducted in 2017. Characteristic of the labour status of migrants as a whole and by separate groups is made. A comparative assessment of the employment status before the first departure and after the last return is done. Main problems for the participation of migrants in the labour market in Bulgaria and the need to support their reintegration into the economic life in the country are identified.

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105 ANI DE LA PUBLICAREA ÎN ROMÂNIA A PRIMULUI TRATAT DE CALCUL PENTRU ELEMENTELE DE BETON ARMAT

Author(s): George M. CROITORU / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1/2020

Reinforced concrete was introduced in Romania since the end of the 19th century by Professor Anghel Saligny (18541925), the most important personality in the history of the Romanian civil engineering. The one who introduces the study of reinforced concrete, through lessons and projects, at the National School of Bridges and Roads in Bucharest, is Professor Ion Ionescu (18701946). Professor Ion Ionescu published the book Reinforced concrete. Elementary exposure of construction rules and calculation principles in May 1915. This is the first book published in the Romanian technical literature which presents material characteristics, execution, quality control, guidelines for structural calculation and examples of calculations for reinforced concrete elements. This technical book has a major historical importance and is a fundamental reference for the evolution and development of the study of reinforced concrete in Romania.

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125 DE ANI DE LA INAUGURAREA PODULUI "REGELE CAROL I" PESTE DUNĂRE, DE LA CERNAVODĂ

Author(s): George M. CROITORU / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1/2020

The complex of bridges and viaducts of the Fetești - Cernavodă railway was inaugurated on 1895, September 14, has a total length of 4087.95m and was the longest continental Europe’s bridge, also the third longest in the world at the time. The ”King Carol I” railway bridge, over Danube from Cernavodă, is the representative construction of this complex. The designer and chief engineer of the construction of the bridge and viaducts complex is the engineer Anghel Saligny (18541925), professor at the National School of Bridges and Roads in Bucharest, the most important personality in the Romanian history of civil engineering. The bridge is cantilever type, it has five openings (a central opening of 190m and four current openings of 140m each) with a total length of 750m. The most important innovations in this structure included the use of mild steel for the bridge deck and new system of cantilever beams (Gerber beams) for the suprastructure. The total length of a cantilever beam is 240m. This bridge is one of the representative constructions in Romania, being classified as an architectural monument of national interest.

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1923-1929 döneminde Türkiye’de uygulanan vergi politikalarının mali sosyoloji çerçevesinde değerlendirilmesi

Author(s): Rana Dayioğlu Erul / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 1/2020

Fiscal sociology deals with the study of fiscal events from a sociological perspective and investigates both the impact of fiscal events on society and the effects of the factors affecting and forming the structure of society on fiscal events. Fiscal sociology examines fiscal events by considering historical, cultural, social, legal and political factors in addition to its economic aspects. In this regard, the policies that are put into practice by making the researches of fiscal sociology are more easily adopted by the society and can achieve success as they reflect the structure of the society. Sociological view of fiscal events is important in this respect. The aim of the study is to evaluate the tax policies of the 1923-1929 period within the social and economic conditions of the period and to investigate whether the fiscal sociology approaches are effective in the implementation of tax policies. For this purpose, tax policies of the period have been tried to be evaluated on the basis of fiscal sociology theories and even though it is tried to be made arrangements considering the social structure in the period, the desired purpose could not be achieved due to the financial and economic conditions of the period.

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1930’lu Yılların İlk Yarısında Zonguldak’ı Ziyaret Eden Gezi Muhabirlerinin İzlenimleri

Author(s): Yasin Kayış / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 1/2020

Although the minority-foreign hegemony since the 19th century, which dominated the Zonguldak coal basin, took a blow with the War of Independence, it still could not be broken in the first years of the republic. The young republic of Turkey both aimed to be active in the basin and tried to increase coal production. Improving the working conditions of the employees, eliminating the technical inadequacies, starting the railway line instruction and introducing the domestic capital into the coal industry by the state incentives were among the important steps taken during the 1920s. The basin was open to significant developments in the first half of the 1930s. With the effects of world economic crisis, Turkish Republic that turned toward statism policy was about to take the management of the coal mining in Zonguldak. In this process, Zonguldak was visited by high level government officials while preparations were made for the nationalization of the coal basin. The 1930s were also the years in which urbanization accelerated and social life transformed in Zonguldak. As a result of the employment opportunities, the population increased, public works and infrastructure services gained importance, the minority-foreign effect decreased; and the changes brought by the republic began to spread throughout the city. Zonguldak was the subject of national newspapers in the 1930s as the national economy and regional structures underwent significant transformations. Some journalists analyzed the city from the perspective of the official visits or the region’s economic value, and thus focused on coal which was the raison d'être of the city. Some journalists visited the city as a destination of their route, and contacted not only with the managers but also with the public. Those journalists who reviewed the social life, municipalism, urban life and public services beside the coal share important details with the readers.

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1999-2017 DÖNEMİNDE TÜRK BANKACILIK SEKTÖRÜ VE KREDİLERİN GELİŞİMİ

Author(s): Sultan Sari / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 7/2020

Turkey financial system, the most of 83% of financial assets belongs to banks, is based on banks and deposit banking. Crediting influence macroeconomy and so it worths always to research. The aim of the study, is to analyze the Turkish banking sector on the base of “loans” in the 1999-2017 period by historical developments and tables. In this way, the turningpoint in Turkish economy and banking is 24 January regulations. Because, for example, interest rate started to be decided freely in the market, it made easy to banks to enter to the sector and the selective credit policies were removed. After that, these neoliberal policies often lead to economics crises named “banking crises”. Especially, after 2000-2001 crises, non-performing loans rate increased seriously. In this macroecomic environment, banks lead to economic constriction by crediting less and calling to pay back loans and so lead to the aggravation of the problems by increasing the non-performing loans. All these developments caused to some reform and regulations on international standards. Therefore, Turkish banking sector was affected less and came out of the Global crisis stronger. In the sector, the rate of foreign banks is high. After 2000 years, first big 5 banks have the most of the half of the assets, deposits and credits. First 10 big banks, on the other hand, have the most of 80%. After 2000-2001 crises, the rates of banking loans - assets and total loans- GDP increased. Until 2008, textile and construction was including in the most credit-concentrated 6 sectors. After 2004, individual loans is first and secondly whole and retail trade in the concentration rank. In the 2007-2016 perriod, construction is always on the third. The whole and retail, and construction have the high share in non-performing loans.

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20 Years of European Monetary Policy. From Doctrinarism to Realpolitik 1

Author(s): Luis Ángel Hierro,Antonio José Garzón,Helena Domínguez-Torres / Language(s): English / Issue: Special-2/2019

This paper describes the monetary policy of the European Central Bank since the birth of the Euro. The different economic situations and the monetary policies implemented during the mandate of each one of the three ECB presidents are analysed as a process of evolution. We study the situations of cyclical asynchrony together with the response given to it by the European monetary authority. We also assess the change experienced by the main economic indicators of the twelve founding countries during the 20 years of the single currency. The main conclusion obtained is that monetary policy has evolved from the strict approach defined in the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to an approach closer to that of the rest of central banks, which we have called “monetary realpolitik”.

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A century of Polish economic policy

Author(s): Wojciech Morawski / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2018

The economic policy of Polish governments changed but can be broadly divided into two groups. The first encompassed periods when Polish policy belonged to a widelyde defined world mainstream. The second - those when Polish governments attempted alternatives to the mainstream, looking for various ways of "taking a shortcut". In general, the first group helped economic development, the second hindered it, isolating the country from the world economy. The first group included the entire interwar period, when autarchic tendencies were mainstream, as well as the years 1944-1947 and 1989-2015.

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A Comparative Analysis of the Debt Dynamics of Municipalities and their Municipally Owned Corporations in the EU Member States with a Special Focus on Hungary

Author(s): Csaba Lentner,László Vasa,Szilárd Hegedűs / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2021

The study examines the liabilities as a share of the GDP of the municipal subsystems of public finances and the organisations owned by them in EU Member States between 2013 and 2018. The main goal of the current study is to characterise the EU Member States regarding the examined two areas. Additionally, we analysed the connections between the entities’ liabilities, used statistical methods to compare the respective values and to examine the impacts of the local government system models and the geopolitical location on debt. There were three hypotheses formulated during the research, all of which were confirmed. A statistical connection can be perceived between the two areas of economic management of the local system, and it has also been established that the liabilities as a percentage of the GDP of local government owned corporations are significant, particularly in Scandinavian countries and Germany. At the same time, however, it has to be noted that the results of the theoretical division and the statistical analyses differ from each other. At the end of the study, we used a case study to examine how the two areas developed over time and how the regulatory environment affected debt value. In addition, we also considered the debt dynamics of municipalities and their business organisations, subject to a comprehensive fiscal reform after 2010, which represents another unique element of this study

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A Comparative Analysis on the Regional Policy and Coordination of Structural Instruments Before and After Romania’s Accession to the European Union

Author(s): Gabriela Motoi,Mihaela Bărbieru / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

After 1990, on the political and economic scene of Romania took place a series of transformations under European mark, transformations that led to the development of an environment with specific rules and principles of competition and free market mechanisms. As a natural evolution process, it appeared and was developed a new concept related to the regional development policies, a concept that was among the essential requirements of European integration. In Romania, the regional development policy has been early shaped, since 1996, and the chapter of the Acquis on this topic was opened in 2002. There are two types of tools used by the European Union to stimulate and accelerate the process of regional reform. First, the EU has substantial financial instruments to help and facilitate the tasks of national actors on the formulation of the policy agenda in accordance with the requirements of EU reform, the decision-making process and also the implementation. The financial support is achieved through the allocation of pre-accession funds. Secondly, the European Union has also other tools at its disposal for determining the Member States: this is namely the monitoring procedure through the annual reports. This study aims to present the most important issues of regional policy in Romania from two perspectives: the pre-accession period - in which our approach will analyse the legislation and institutional framework for the development and implementation of programming documents, and the post-accession period (after 2007) - in which we will present the most important progresses that Romania has made on regional policy and coordinating of structural instruments.

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