"Municipal settlements of Ukraine" database and its possible application spheres

Author(s): Glibchuk Petro Volodymyrovych / Language(s): English / Issue: 34/2016

With the development of geoinformation technologies and geoinformation mapping the sphere of activity of professional geographers and cartographers has been enriched by a wide application of databases (DB). They enable geographical information to be put in order in a user-friendly system. The article considers the methodological aspects of the organizations and creation of such a system - the "Municipal settlements of Ukraine" databases. The basic stages and databases forming the principles which the author designated during the creation of this specific database are highlighted. The DB structure is revealed - the list of the data included in every table is given. The ways of DB applications are determined; they consist in using DB for the creation of various cartographic studies and reference books about the municipal settlements in Ukraine. The prospects of DB development and perfection are considered.

"Push" and "Pull" Systems in Supply Chain Management. Correlative Approaches in the Military Field

Author(s): Gheorghe Minculete,Polixenia Olar / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2016

The increase in economic, social and security risks is currently determined by the resource crisis on the one hand, as well as by the economic competition and global military challenges on the other hand, which amplifies instability and jeopardizes the viability of inter-state relations at global level. In these circumstances, the complexity of the economic and military environments determines company managers and military leaders to act by way of “push” and “pull” systems in order to make their own logistic activities more effective, in view of attaining their projected strategic objectives. In the current article we try to briefly address the “push” and “pull”systems within the Supply Chain Management, setting off from the concrete demands of consumers/users in the economic and military fields.

"Лошите кредити": институционални и финансови аспекти, 1994

Author(s): Christina Vutcheva / Language(s): Bulgarian / Publication Year: 1994

Since the beginning of 1991 Bulgaria has been living through a period of transition from centralized totalitarian control to free market economy. Year 1990 can be said to mark the political liberation of the people with the adoption of the new Constitution. The economic liberalization, however, is a reality yet to be brought to life since private ownership is not prevalent in the economy. The prime aim of the transition is to substitute an absurd and inefficient economic system for a new one to rely on the free initiative, private ownership and competition.

A captive island: Kaliningrad between Moscow and the EU

Author(s): Jadwiga Rogoza,Agata Wierzbowska-Miazga,Iwona Wisniewska / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 2012

The Kaliningrad region can be called a 'captive island', because of its specific geopolitical location - it is part of the Russian legal, political and economic space, yet it is geographically separated from the rest of the Russian Federation, and it is particularly open to co-operation with its neighbours in the European Union. Moscow is trying to compensate the region for its separation, offering it financial support and economic privileges.At the same time, it is sensitive to any potential challenges to Russia's territorial integrity - and the centre's desire for control over the region often limits the latter's potential for cooperation and internal development. This report presents the situation in the region, and is intended to help develop a model for its effective regional co-operation with its EU neighbours.

A comparative analysis of research – development and innovation activities in Romania

Author(s): Laura Asandului,Livia Baciu / Language(s): English / Issue: Spec/2010

When adopting the recommendations of the Lisbon Agenda or Strategy, the European states have decided that in order to make the European Union a space of competitiveness and greater social cohesion and a model of sustainable economic growth, research-development and innovation (RDI) must become the main pillar of the member states common policies. Consequently, the European Council recommended more investment in research and development, setting the collective EU target of raising research investment to 3% of the GDP, namely 1% from public funds and 2% from private sector. The current economic and financial crisis and the pressure it poses on resources, public or private, ]has limited to some extent the achievement of these objectives. The investments might not increase as anticipated or they might even decrease. However, several states have understood that, in times of crisis, the investment in research and innovation might bring tremendous gains in terms of new technologies, human capital and knowledge or, in other words, gains in economic competitiveness. This paper aims at providing a comparative analysis of the Romanian situation using the statistical indicators of the knowledge economy, those related to RDI financing and also to RDI results for the short period of time when financing has increased as a result of applying the objectives set out by the Lisbon Strategy. We underline the fact that without financing there is no research and innovation and without policies to support RDI the delays in development cannot be recovered. The final part of the paper provides several recommendations aiming at improving the RDI policies in Romania in accordance with post-2010 Lisbon Strategy.

A Different Country. Russia’s Economic Resurgence

Author(s): Lucio Vinhas de Souza / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 2008

Russia is now once again one of the ten largest economies in the world (representing around 70% of Germany’s GDP in purchasing power parity in 2007). In addition, Russia is the third largest trading partner of the EU, the fourth largest trade partner of the eurozone and an essential energy supplier to the EU. This recovery makes Russia an economic – and political – actor that cannot be ignored. In this authoritative new book, Lúcio Vinhas de Souza, desk officer for Russia in the Directorate–General for Economic and Financial Affairs of the European Commission, reviews the country’s evolving macroeconomic performance and structural policy framework, from the difficult days of the recession in the early transition period and the 1998 crisis to Russia’s sustained and robust growth since 1999. He outlines the remaining reform priorities in Russia and concludes with pragmatic policy recommendations for the reform agenda.

A tired year

Author(s): Martin Vlachynský / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

There were number of unique economic events taking place in the EU during 2016. The“Panama papers” once again fueled the discussion over more harmonized tax policies within the EU. Apple was told to pay back to Ireland 13 billion euros of “unlawful state aid” – with the Irish government strongly opposing such a windfall revenue, choosing to defend its tax sovereignty instead. The ECB decided to phase out one of the world’s most worthy banknotes – the 500 euro note. The Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement with Canada – CETA – was signed in October, after 7 years of negotiations and a number of delays, while a similar deal with the US – the TTIP – barely inched forward. The European Commission imposed further anti-dumping duties on Chinese steel products, responding to the repeated outcries of struggling European steelmakers.Yet the economic tone of the year was played by well-known instruments. The Euro zone financial system, deficits, quantitative easing, and, of course, the Greek crisis,will remain topics of the day for months to come.

Absorpcja RPO WP przez jednostki samorządu terytorialnego regionu Podkarpacia

Author(s): Monika Gajdowska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2011

The article shows the level of the absorption of European centres through individual communes in the podkarpackie province, with one of poorest regions the EU, is an important component enabling panes and the sustainable development and reducing developmental disproportions between individual regions. Unfortunately many elements affect the level of this absorption from nearer and further surrounding self-government units in it above all administrative and financial possibilities of individual communes and cities.

Aktywność turystyczna właścicieli gospodarstw agroturystycznych

Author(s): Magdalena Pruszczynska,Marlena Prochorowicz / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 27/2016

Rural tourism and agrotourism is perceived in Poland as important branch of economic activities not only in local scale but also national but even international. The owners of bed and breakfast farms lead services in the majority for the inhabitants of small cities and of large metropolises. Often they entertain also tourists from abroad, which they arrive to rest quietness and to consume regional products and local. Authors on the example of the community of Jan, introduced agrotouristic activity, attractions touristic communities, the meaning of agrotourism for rural areas and touristic activity guests.

Analiza barier rozwoju działalności innowacyjnej w rejonie Wschodniej Słowacji

Author(s): Patrycja Pudlo,Petra Pešáková / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2010

In this article are presented barriers of innovation activity in the area of Eastern Slovakia. The main barriers are identified as lack of financial resources and high risk of failure individual innovation. On the basis of this results authors present some solutions as cluster initiatives or application of lean management and quality improvement tools, which may help companies with reduce of mentioned barriers.

Analiza oddziaływania operacji odwrotnych splitów na notowania akcji na Giełdzie Papierów Wartościowych w Warszawie

Author(s): Roman Asyngier / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 2/2014

Analiza SWOT Grupy Kapitałowej Polska Grupa Energetyczna SA

Author(s): Pawel Fraczek,Aleksandra Larwa / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2010

The aim of the paper is to carry out a SWOT analysis of the Polish Energy Group (PGE SA). The analysis helps identify the most prominent strengths and weaknesses taking into account the environmental factors that may influence the Group’s development. PGE SA is the biggest producer and supplier of electricity in Poland and one of the biggest of its kind in the energy sector in Central and Eastern Europe.

Applying Game Theory To North Korea-China relations

Author(s): Nicolas Levi / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2017

Relations between North Korea and China are not improving on political matters since 2006, when North Korea started to do regular nuclear attempts. In order to explain the nature of relations between these both countries, I propose to apply theframework of Game theory. These concepts and the notion of risk dominance will be used to describe the general diplomatic strategy between North Korea and China and to account for North Korea’s constant provocations. A situation of the Game theory called the Nash Equilibrium will be applied to suggest policy lines specifically after the stronger provocations of the North Korean state. At conclusive remarks, some limitations toward Game theory on its application on relations between China and North Korea will be suggested.

ATTITUDE TOWARD SMOKING: THE EFFECT OF NEGATIVE SMOKING-RELATED PICTURES

Author(s): Viktorija Grigaliunaite,Lina Pileliene / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2017

Research background: Endeavouring to develop healthy societies is a primary goal in many countries. As smoking is a major problem of public health, lowering the extent of smoking is one of the conditions for developing a healthy society. Based on the research revealing that the pairing of the product with negative stimuli enhances the possibility of negative reaction to the product as negative stimulus transfers it’s meaning to the product, tobacco packaging was labelled with negative smoking-related pictures illustrating the danger of smoking. Nevertheless, the extent of smoking is still large in many countries. Hence, the effect of negative smoking-related pictures has been the subject of intense debate within the scientific community. Purpose of the article: The aim of this research is to determine the effect of negative smoking-related pictures on the both implicit and explicit attitude toward smoking. Methods: For the purpose of determining the effect of negative smoking-related pictures on the both implicit and explicit attitude toward smoking, Implicit Association Test and questionnaire survey were provided. The questionnaire was elaborated based on the analysis and synthesis of scientific literature. Findings & Value added: The theoretical analysis substantiated the influence of attitude toward the product on consumer purchase decisions. Nevertheless, people do not always want to reveal their opinion, hence traditional marketing research methods for measuring explicit attitude are not sufficient as they are often not objective. Therefore, neuromarketing research methods complement traditional marketing research methods by providing more objectivity. Consequently, the Implicit Association Test and traditional questionnaire research are applied for the empirical research, revealing the effect of negative smoking-related pictures on the both implicit and explicit attitude toward smoking. The recommendations for the usage of negative smoking-related pictures on purpose to influence attitude toward smoking and consumer purchase behaviour are substantiated.

BANKRUPTCY IN SLOVAKIA: INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON OF THE CREDITOR´S POSITION

Author(s): Jana Kliestikova,Maria Misankova,Tomas Kliestik / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2017

Research background: Bankruptcy shouldn´t be considered only as negative phenomena although its impact is for companies in most cases more than devastating. This change of point of view is invoked by the needs of contemporary socio-economic evolution. If society wants to reach sustainable development, the bankruptcy should be perceived as an immanent part of normal cyclical economic development. Moreover, if the view of bankruptcy is changed in a positive way, it can be a stimulus for innovations, investment and global welfare. But it is not possible without an increase in the effectiveness of national and international bankruptcy law. Purpose of the article: The goal of this study is to analyse the position of a creditor in the case of a debtor´s bankruptcy on the basis of comparative law in the Slovak Republic de lege ferenda. It is because we assume that continuous attention should be given to the issue of the creditor’s position with regard to a debtor´s bankruptcy to achieve sustainable economic development. Methods: The potential consideration de lege ferenda should be based not only on performed legal analysis, but also on performed economic analysis. So, selected countries have been evaluated according to specific economic and legal indicators. We used the interdisciplinary approach based on selection analysis and legal comparative analysis applied to international comparison of the status of creditor and the effectiveness of bankruptcy law from his point of view. Findings & Value added: The applied approach has led us to the detection of the most important insolvency laws, specifically the insolvency laws of the United States and Austria. These legislations were further applied in the context of consideration de lege ferenda over the position of a creditor in the case of a debtor´s bankruptcy in the Slovak Republic.

Barriers to development of small county centres. The case of Brzozów

Author(s): Agnieszka Sobala-Gwosdz / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2010

The increase in disproportions in economic development and the faster dynamic of development of urban agglomerations leads to stagnation or socio-economic crisis of small towns located outside urban agglomerations and those small towns whose economic functions are based on close economic links with rural surroundings. Such small urban centres suffer from permanent negative trends of demographic and social development combined with the lack of perspectives for economic growth. These trends may be slowed down or reversed if broadly understood local community is able to make use of new development trends emerging in Poland after 1989. The currently observed main factors deciding on the level of local development presented in the article show that for small towns located outside the sphere of influence of larger urban agglomerations – such as Brzozów – there are no easy solutions which would transform their development path into a more favourable one. Such state of affairs is connected with the compounding of negative factors of development of both internal and external character. Development perspectives of Brzozów would be significantly better if transport access to Rzeszów – the regional growth centre – and to town of Krosno – a growth centre of sub-regional importance – improved. On the one hand, it would mean an improved possibility of access to more diversified labour markets, on the other, residential and recreational attractiveness of Brzozów County (powiat) could grow, taking into account its above regional and above national average qualities. For towns such as Brzozów the key to success also consists of strengthening the local development resources, such as well educated and dynamic residents. People returning from abroad, richer in experiences, with a positive attitude and a capital to invest, who seem to be more prone to actively engage in the local small business sector may be regarded as such future chance for development.

BARRIERS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF SMES IN THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC

Author(s): Eva Ivanová / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2017

Research background: SMEs make up an important segment of the economic system, not only in the national economy, but also throughout the EU, and their importance continues to grow. SMEs in Slovakia, according to the latest data of the European Commission, represent 99.9 per cent of all enterprises, constitute 70.7 per cent of jobs, and 61.2 per cent of value added in the economy. However, they are often confronted with market imperfections. SMEs frequently have difficulties in obtaining capital or credit, particularly in the early start-up phase. Their restricted resources may also reduce access to new technologies or innovation. Authors often deal with the impact of SME financing on their development. Madrid-Guijarro et al. (2016), Lee et al. (2015) claim that SMEs have difficulty in funding innovation and the worsening in general credit conditions has been more pronounced for non-innovative firms. Purpose of the article: The main objective of the conducted research was to analyze the conditions for the development of small and medium enterprises (the SMEs sector) in Slovak Republic, whereas the specific objectives were: (1) to determine the terms for gaining external sources of financing for the development of SMEs, (2) to examine the resources for innovation development in the SMEs sector, (3) to find out if SMEs are considered to be a competitive advantage. Methods: The research was conducted in the Slovak Republic in 2016. Participants were 193 Slovak companies that were classified as SMEs by the size class of employment. The research tool used for the study was the own questionnaire consisting of 38 questions and the demographics. The structure of the questionnaire allowed the authors to identify the group of questions concerning the most important conditions for the development of the examined sector referring to the business environment. The results were processed by chi-square method. Findings & Value added: On the basis of the conducted research of the sector of SMEs , it can be concluded that a large group of companies have difficult access to external sources of financing and this refers both to the access to the European Union funds, grants, bank loans and other instruments of the financial market. However, it occurs that: (1) in Slovakia, the smaller the enterprise, i.e. the fewer employees it hires, the easier the access to external sources of financing, (2) innovative projects are realized from company profits or a loan, (3) problems in Slovakia in accessing external funds due to the complexity of the process of approval of applications and documents and strict criteria for the assessment of financial capacity.

Bezpieczeństwo transportu drogowego paliw płynnych w opinii kierowców

Author(s): Joanna Baran,Dariusz Kuczynski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2016

The paper concerns the road transport of liquid fuels in Poland. Results of a survey, which has been conducted among drivers carrying liquid fuels in tanks, were presented in the empirical part of the paper. The survey showed their opinions about the organization of transport and fuel deliveries to petrol stations in Poland.

Bezrobocie w Polsce w okresie międzywojennym w kontekście jakości danych w spisach ludności

Author(s): Marta Dolecka,Dorota Raczkiewicz / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 2/2014