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Między konfliktem zbrojnym a terroryzmem państwowym – szczególne indywidualne środki ograniczające przyjęte w Polsce w kontekście wojny w Ukrainie i sytuacji w Białorusi. Perspektywa prawna

Author(s): Mariusz Cichomski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 5 (5)/2024

The aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine in 2022 and the actions of Belarus, both at the internal level and in support of Russia, have caused numerous changes in the geopolitical dimension, with consequences reaching beyond the European continent. They also resulted in the adoption of specific legal measures, both at the European Union and national levels, to counteract support for this aggression. The aim of this study is to present national legal solutions regarding restrictive measures against persons and entities that were introduced by the Act on special solutions for counteracting support for aggression against Ukraine and for the protection of national security. The article sets out their relationship to the mechanisms contained in European Union regulations and identifies the need for legal changes to adopt permanent systemic solutions for the application of national restrictive measures.

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Between armed conflict and state terrorism - specific individual restrictive measures adopted in Poland in the context of the war in Ukraine and the situation in Belarus. Legal perspective

Author(s): Mariusz Cichomski / Language(s): English Issue: 5 (5)/2024

The aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine in 2022 and the ac- tions of Belarus, both at the internal level and in support of Russia, have caused numerous changes in the geopolitical dimension, with consequences reaching beyond the European continent. They also resulted in the adoption of specific legal measures, both at the European Union and national levels, to counteract support for this aggression. The aim of this study is to present national legal solutions regarding restrictive measures against persons and entities that were introduced by the Act on special solutions for counteracting support for aggression against Ukraine and for the protection of national security. The article sets out their relationship to the mechanisms contained in European Union regulations and identifies the need for legal changes to adopt permanent systemic solutions for the application of national restrictive measures.

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FAIR TRADE A NOWA RZECZYWISTOŚĆ POCOVIDOWA TRZECIEJ DEKADY XXI W.

Author(s): Magdalena Śliwińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2022

The COVID‐19 pandemic and the ensuing crisis have shown in a clearer light than before the growing global economic, social, and environmental challenges of recent decades. And today no one doubts that the Russian invasion on Ukraine will exacerbate the existing problems. It is increasingly often stated that the implementation of sustainable develop- ment goals (SDGs) defined by the UN and the fight against the effects of the crisis caused by the pandemic and war in Ukraine is not possible without greater involvement and active attitude of society, that leaving it only to market forces and top‐down regulations will not bring the expected results.There arises the question if and eventually how such socio‐economic initiatives as Fair Trade can contribute to the systemic transformation towards a sustainable market economy and building a new post‐covid reality in the third decade of the 21st century. Using the method of critical analysis of the literature, the author comes to the conclusion that this initiative fits both into the streams of economics which emphasize the social aspects of markets, as well as into the neoclassical perception of economic processes. Looking at Fair Trade from both perspectives allows to explain the reasons for its emergence and dynamic growth as well as to understand its role in contemporary socio‐economic life. It also leads to the conclusion that Fair Trade is not an accidental episode, but can constitute an important development trend in the global economy, playing an important role in counteracting global challenges, including the effects of the pandemic crisis and war in Ukraine. Fair Trade contributes to the society taking responsibility for social problems, incorporating such values as solidarity and altruism into market decisions, and increasing the role of the society as the third institution, next to the market and the state, shaping the economic reality.

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Rosyjska dezinformacja zagrożeniem dla polskiej przestrzeni informacyjnej. Studium przypadku: wojna w Ukrainie w 2022 roku

Author(s): Natalia Janina Góraleczko / Language(s): Polish Issue: 31/2022

The Russian Federation had been conducting large-scale disinformation activities even before the 2022 war in Ukraine began. The Kremlin’s message was focused on the development of basic narratives used at theturn of 2013/2014. This basic substructure was updated to match current events. Entitites outside Russia,such as Poland, the EU and NATO are also vulnerable to information attacks.Due to the abundance of diverse information and unlimited availability of sources, recognizing falseinformation is increasingly difficult, which translates into social panic. Unfortunately, protection againstfalse information in Poland remains underdeveloped.

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Polish-American cooperation to support Ukraine after Russian aggression in 2022

Author(s): Łukasz Jureńczyk / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The article analyses and evaluates Polish-American cooperation in support of Ukraine after Russia’s full-scale aggression in 2022. It answers the question regarding the importance of Polish-American cooperation in supporting the Ukrainian state and society. It assumes that Polish-American cooperation plays a key role in the areas of military and non-military assistance for Ukraine and Ukrainians. Both countries are among the main donors of military equipment to Ukraine, which is delivered via the territory of Poland. In addition, they put great pressure on European countries to increase military support to Ukraine. Polish-American cooperation in non-military areas is also of great importance. Poland’s aid for Ukrainian refugees is crucial, and the US is involved in its delivery and financing. The US, in turn, is of paramount im- portance in imposing sanctions on Russia to force it to stop its aggression and in providing economic assistance to Ukraine. Poland participates in the sanctions system and strives to make them as severe as possible. Another area of Polish-American cooperation is LNG trade, which allows Poland, and potentially also other CEE countries, including Ukraine, to secure natural gas supplies after abandoning imports from Russia. During the research, interviews with American scientists and experts were conducted, and the method of analysing the content of text sources was used.

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The construction of fake war news. Specificities of disinformation in social media during the first six months of the Russia-Ukraine war (March-September 2022)

Author(s): Katarzyna Kopecka-Piech,Dorota Dyksik,Mateusz Sobiech / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

Modern warfare, including the Russia-Ukraine war, relies heavily on disinformation. Fake news on social media is an integral part of this. At the same time, each conflict is characterised by distinct communication specifici- ties and in the context of the complex effects of fake news, questions arise about their specificity for a given conflict. The aim of the presented research was to answer the question of what the various fake news about the RussianUkrainian war disseminated in Polish-language social media have in common and what narrative they generate. The analysis covered the construction of the messages as well as their contexts: social, cultural, historical, and political. For this purpose, a three-stage analysis of ten fake news cases disseminated between March and September 2022 was conducted, applying a three-element analytical matrix. The research made it possible to identify the properties of fake news, generated narratives, and their possible effects.

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“But then the war started”: The value of diversity in editorial practices during times of war and crisis

Author(s): Greta Gober,Anna Jupowicz-Ginalska / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

In this article, we analyse the impact of disruptive media events on the perceived value of diversity in editorial practices, with a specific focus on the Polish media debate following the onset of the Russian-Ukrainian war in February 2022. We do this based on a unique dataset derived from in-depth interviews with eight editors representing four different newsrooms conducted before, immediately after, and approximately one year after the start of the war. Our research answers the question of whether newsrooms can defend the value of diversity during the coverage of war and crisis. We also assess the impact of the changed geopolitical context, characterised by nation-building mobilisation and public sentiments of solidarity with Ukrainians, on editorial decisions to mute, delay, or opt out of publishing certain stories. We contribute to research on the epistemologies of journalistic news production during times of crisis, news diversity, and the role of the media in democratic societies.

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The spread of Russian disinformation within the Ukrainian information field

Author(s): Nataliia Voitovych,Liliya Imbirovska-Syvakivska / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

The objective of this study is to identify and analyse the methods of disinformation utilized by Russia to disseminate information in the Ukrainian information field. The main tasks include defining the concept of disinformation and explaining its societal dangers, characterising InformationPsychological Operations (IPSO) as a component of Russia’s disinformation campaign against Ukraine and investigating the most prevalent elements utilised by Russia in the dissemination of disinformation. This study is aimed at the synthesis and combination of methods of monitoring, content analysis, and comparative analysis. The article selects publications that exhibit disinformation targeted at Ukrain- ian society. Disinformation propagated by Russia is subsequently refuted by either foreign or Ukrainian publications, including the “NotaEnota” organisa- tion. The study reveals that Russian disinformation aims to propagate spe- cific narratives and manipulate mass consciousness. Disinformation involves intentionally creating misleading and manipulative content, often in the form of artificially created fakes. The information field of Ukraine has become the primary battleground for Russia’s hybrid warfare tactics, which include disinformation, propaganda, and fakes. To effectively counter these tactics, society needs to develop critical thinking skills and media literacy to discern and evaluate information critically. Future research aims to delve deeper into the methods employed in creating disinformation, their objectives, and potential strategies to prevent or counteract their influence.

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INFLUENCE OF THE UKRAINIAN REFUGEES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF HOTEL AND RESTAURANT BUSINESS IN THE COUNTRIES OF CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE

Author(s): Olha Vladymyr / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The Russian aggression against Ukraine has had a significant negative impact on both socio-economic and humanitarian indicators within Ukraine and within Europe. Therefore, the study of the impact of Ukrainian refugees on the development of the economies of Central and Eastern Europe is an urgent problem. Scientific publications on the trends of migration flows of refugees from Ukraine reflect not only the negative impact of these processes, but also outline positive economic changes in the host countries. The purpose of the study is to examine the impact of Ukrainian refugee flows on the development of the hotel, restaurant and tourism business in Central and Eastern Europe in order to determine the role of refugees in the development of the housing market in the host countries. The article presents the results of using the methodology of a questionnaire survey of Ukrainian refugees and owners of hotels and hostels from host countries. The survey helped to identify the main items of expenditure of Ukrainian refugees, as well as the sources of their coverage. It was found that Ukrainians spent not only the aid allocated to them by the host government, but also their savings from their own bank cards. Thus, the study confirms the positive impact of the sudden increase in refugee flows on the development of the accommodation and catering industry.

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DIAGNOSTICS OF CRISIS SITUATIONS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF FINANCIAL SECURITY: AN EXAMPLE OF FOOD INDUSTRY ENTERPRISES

Author(s): Svitlana Zhukevych,Natalia Zhuk / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

Food industry enterprises play an important role in the economy. They provide the population with food, create jobs, and make a significant contribution to the production of the gross domestic product. However, competition and an unstable market situation lead to crisis situations. Therefore, for the financial security of the enterprise, it is necessary to determine and analyze the probability of bankruptcy in advance and diagnose the reasons for its occurrence. The methods of discriminant analysis and economic and statistical forecasting create opportunities for determining the probability of the occurrence of crisis phenomena. The purpose of the study is to compare approaches and methods of forecasting the probability of crisis phenomena and to determine the factors that cause them. The article, based on the example of a leading Ukrainian company in the food industry, provides the results of the application of various models for determining the probability of bankruptcy by Beaver, E. Altman, Tafler, K. Springate, and domestic models. Thus, the study confirms the possibility and expediency of using the above-mentioned models to predict the probability of bankruptcy of enterprises. The key factors that affect the company’s activity and can be the causes of crisis situations are identified. The implementation of forecasting models in management activities makes it possible to predict the onset of crisis phenomena and generate measures to prevent bankruptcy and ensure financial security in competitive conditions of instability and uncertainty of the market environment.

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LEGAL STATUS AND PECULIARITIES OF TAXATION OF E-RESIDENTS IN UKRAINE

Author(s): Iryna Protsenko / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

Even in times of war, Ukraine is introducing new, unconventional ways of doing business. The article will deal with one of them, namely doing business in Ukraine without the physical presence of the entrepreneur, i. e. by a socalled e-resident. The Ukrainian government expects to attract a wider range of foreign entrepreneurs in this way. First of all, foreign IT-specialists may act in this capacity. Certainly, such a way of doing business is best suited to such crisis stages in the state’s history as an armed conflict or a pandemic. The legal regulation of the status and peculiarities of taxation of e-residents appeared in Ukrainian legislation only at the end of 2022, so the practice of its application is small and certainly may cause some problems, for example in the area of double taxation. However, the results of the study of the specifics of legal regulation of these aspects in Ukraine may provide a basis for understanding new approaches that can be used for the international organisation of work of small entrepreneurs, who are the most affected by economic crises.

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Polityka zagraniczna Republiki Białoruś w okresie wojny rosyjsko-ukraińskiej

Author(s): Tatiana Iwanow / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2023

The foreign policy of the Republic of Belarus changed fundamentally due to the socio-political crisis following the 2020 presidential elections under the influence of an excep- tional tightening of the Belarusian state’s repressive policy towards its people and the imposi- tion of sanctions by democratic Western states. This policy has changed even more under the influence of the war in Ukraine. Belarus’ participation in this war on the Russian side indicates the weakness of Alexander Lukashenko’s regime, which is ‘trapped’ in an alliance with Russia due to this weakness. The article closes with conclusions on the benefits, costs, and risks of the Republic of Belarus’s current foreign policy.

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Wojenny dziennik (fragmenty)

Author(s): Olga Grebennik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2023

Using only a notebook and pencil, the author describes a living space shrinking day by day, the first days of the war in a basement, the sudden evacuation from Kharkiv, and the experience of being a war refugee. At the same time, this illustrated war diary is an affective record of family history.

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Gdy wojna jest kontekstem

Author(s): Veronika Skliarova / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2023

“The creation of art in the conditions and reality of an ongoing war is a process of endless limitations and prohibitions. Instead of dealing with frustrating reality, limitations or losses I wish focus on opportunities. I would like to ponder on how our voice sounds today, how it ‘allows itself’ to be heard abroad, how we can discover it within ourselves, and what we can fall back on. At present, the role played by art has narrowed down to a healing and propaganda function, a verbalisation and record of horror, and a re-evaluation of the idea of humanism. The theatre is always the space of memory and the territory of experiences. The point of departure for my reflections consisted of taking a close look at political, historical or local reminiscences, the experiences of Ukrainian female artists within the context of an ongoing war.”

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After the Zeitenwende: The German Military’s Path Forward

Author(s): Amelie Stelzner-Doğan / Language(s): English Issue: 42/2023

Until February 24th, 2022, Germany‘s foreign policy approach towards Russia centered on a constant principle of change through trade. Over the past two decades, signs of the bellicose foreign policy of Putin’s Russia were largely overlooked. That includes Chechnya, Georgia, Syria, and hybrid attacks involving disruptions to public services. Lithuania faced similar experiences before the annexation of Crimea. Germany’s perception of Russia remained essentially unchanged until the full-scale invasion of Ukraine. Since then, the German Armed Forces, the Bundeswehr, have faced unprecedented challenges in fulfilling its responsibilities for national defense and those of their allies.

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Daniel Fata: Ukraine does not only seek security guarantees; it can also enhance NATO’s strength

Author(s): Linas Kojala / Language(s): English Issue: 42/2023

Interview with Daniel Fata, by Linas Kojala.

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Nicolas Tenzer: France is not complacent about Russia anymore

Author(s): Linas Kojala / Language(s): English Issue: 42/2023

Interview with Nicolas Tenzer, by Linas Kojala.

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We need Russia policy, not Putin policy

Author(s): Nico Lange / Language(s): English Issue: 42/2023

Good morning, my name is Prigozhin, my armed colleagues, and I am taking control here now.” This or something similar can be heard on the morning of June 24 at the headquarters of Russia's war against Ukraine in Rostov-on-Don. Prigozhin and his armed mercenaries stroll into Russia’s main war HQ without anyone even trying to stop them. The “Wagner” boss talks condescendingly with the deputy defense minister and other generals in a relaxedlooking company. He eventually sends his troops toward Moscow, realizing that his archenemy Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu will not confront him.

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EU Accession Talks Are a Light at the End of the Tunnel for Ukraine

Author(s): Linas Kojala / Language(s): English Issue: 43/2025

Interview with Lykke Friis, by Linas Kojala.

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Ukrayna Savaşı’nın Üçüncü Yılına Girerken AB’nin Pandemi Sonrası Enerji Politikası: Prangalanma mı? Sorumluluğu Paslama mı?

Author(s): Sıla Turaç Baykara / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2025

While it was expected that the COVID-19 pandemic, which came right after the European Green Deal announced in 2019, would reduce the momentum of decarbonization in the EU’s energy policy, developments point the opposite. While the main policy priority of states in 2020 and 2021 was to combat the COVID-19 pandemic, this situation was quickly replaced by Russia's attack on Ukraine in February 2022. While the issue of whether the crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic is an opportunity or a threat to the energy transformation has not yet been resolved, Russia’s attack on Ukraine has changed the priorities of energy security and decarbonization in the EU’s energy policy. Therefore, in the third year of Russia's invasion of Ukraine, how was the EU’s post pandemic energy policy affected? The study aims to reveal the answer to this question in Christensen and Snyder’s (1990) theory of chainganging and buck-passing based on neorealism. The study concludes that the EU and its member countries shaped their energy policies during the COVID-19 pandemic and the subsequent Ukrainian War, on the basis of a chain-ganging strategy that includes interdependence rather than buckpassing strategy.

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