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LESSONS IDENTIFIED DURING THE CONFLICT IN UKRAINE IN CYBER FIELD

Author(s): Sânziana-Florina Iancu / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

The significance of resilience within the cyber security field serves not only as an awareness tool regarding the impact of cyber-attacks on a global scale, but also as a reminder that the world we are living in is a basin of threats, mostly endorsed through cyber space. The examination of the so-called Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) is a reminder of the mandatory existence of resilience strategies in creating high-technology defense instruments and response mechanisms. Enhancing cyber-security is a mixture of vigilance, adaptive learning, proactive measures, lessons identified and cooperation between entities that may deal with cyber adversities.

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Hope and Disappointment

Author(s): George Cipăianu / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

The hesitation of Western Europe and the procrastination of the Americans will permit Russia to play its aggressive game and annihilate freedom and democracy in the world. When speaking about the present-day situation in international relations, it is important to take into account the possible perverse effects of democracy. There are people who keep asking for negotiations with Russia, ignoring the fact that appeasement brings aggression, damaging Ukrainian interests and helping Putin, who could easily resume the aggression in a few years’ time, as this appeasement will convince him that the West is too weak to stop him. World War II demonstrated that the United States of America cannot isolate themselves between the two oceans in case of a World War as, against all odds, the war came to America even if the United States did not want to go to war. It is necessary for the United States to resume the aid for Ukraine, to prevent Russia from winning the war. Otherwise, the result will be a disaster for Europe, for democracy.

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Strategia równoważenia i powstrzymywania? Państwa wschodniej fl anki NATO wobec wojny pozycyjnej na froncie ukraińsko-rosyjskim

Author(s): Tomasz Klin / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2024

At the end of 2022 the Russo-Ukrainian confl ict entered the phase of lastingpositional war. The article analyses functioning of mechanisms quintessentialfor counterbalancing and containment strategies under conditions of relative sta-bility of the frontline. In particular, the following categories are considered: secu-rity dilemma, free riding in the context of diff usion of responsibility, the riskof ally’s abandonment and economic conditions linked with the above. Particu-lar attention is paid to the cases of Poland and Slovakia under Robert Fico’s lead-ership, indicating international factors related to counterbalancing and contain-ment. In conclusion the article asserts that nato Eastern Flank countries havebeen practicing counterbalancing and containment, and the positional war’s con-text shapes their specific manifestations.

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“Why Nations Fight?”: An Analysis of the Causes of the Russian Federation-Ukraine War from Russian Perspective within the Framework of Richard Ned Lebow’s Approach

Author(s): Murat Jane,Hazar Vural Jane / Language(s): English Issue: Special Is/2024

The annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation (RF) on March 18, 2014, and the declaration of the People’s Republics in Donetsk and Luhansk in eastern Ukraine are considered by many international relations experts as one of the most important developments of the post-Cold War era. In this respect, the ongoing RF-Ukraine War, which started on February 20, 2022, after the developments in 2014, can be interpreted as a reflection of the power struggle between the RF-West (Euro-Atlantic Alliance) rather than RF-Ukraine relations in the period from the Post-Cold War Period to 2022. There are many reasons for the RF-Ukraine War, especially the tension in RF-West relations. Richard Ned Lebow’s perspectives on the nature and causes of the war make it possible to address the causes of this war holistically. Therefore, the study aims to understand why the RF wants to go to war with Ukraine within the framework of Lebow’s approach. The study will utilize the process analysis method in this framework through primary and secondary sources.

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Aspekt międzynarodowy bezpieczeństwa energetycznego państw Europy Środkowej w myśli politycznej Prawa i Sprawiedliwości w trakcie kampanii wyborczej w 2023 roku

Author(s): Michał Paszkowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2024

The full-scale attack by the Russian Federation on Ukraine in February 2022 has significantly re-focused the situation in Central Europe not only in a military sense but also in terms of energy.For years, Russia had played an important role in the supply of energy resources to the countries ofthe region. During the 2023 parliamentary election campaign the Law and Justice party focusedon several key themes in the energy field, both of a domestic and international nature. The aim ofthe article is to analyze the political thought of Law and Justice in relation to ensuring the energysecurity of Central European countries and the ideas formulated by this political formation in thisregard during the 2023 election campaign. The article discusses the main arguments formulated bythe members of this political party on the need and legitimacy of increasing the energy security ofCentral European countries and the role and position of Poland in the region. The starting pointof the analysis is the thesis that Law and Justice treated Central Europe as a key area of politicalactivity and that the energy projects implemented by Polish companies were ultimately intendedto increase Poland’s position in the international environment and to strengthen the level of energysecurity of Central European countries.

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Euromaidan uprising – causes, implementation and legality

Author(s): Bruno Rukavina / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2024

The scientific paper analyses and explains the events in Ukraine until 2014 or the end of the Euromaidan uprising, after which the civil conflict in Ukraine began. The situation in Ukraine culminated again in February 2022 with the military intervention by the Russian Federation. This paper explains the causal factors of the beginning of the conflict, which has embryo in the Revolution of Dignity or Euromaidan. The focus of the research paper is on Ukraine’s domestic and foreign policy, its relations with Euro-Atlantic institutions and Russia under Viktor Yanukovych, and the outbreak of the Euromaidan uprising. The research aims to better understand the conflicts within Ukraine and the relationship between Ukraine the EU, and Russia before and during the Euromaidan uprising through political-legal analysis.

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Energy security policy of Poland and Hungary in the context of the Russian Federation war with Ukraine. A comparative analysis

Author(s): Małgorzata Kamola-Cieślik,Nezir Akyesilmen / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

The 2022 conflict between Russia and Ukraine highlighted the ex-tent to which European Union member states rely on Russian energy resourc-es. This article aims to conduct a comparative analysis of the energy securitypolicies of Poland and Hungary during the energy crisis in Europe caused bythe war in Ukraine between 2022 and 2023. To achieve the research purposementioned above, the following research questions were formulated: 1. Whatstance did Hungary and Poland take regarding the EU’s proposal for sanctionsagainst the Russian Federation in the field of energy raw materials? 2. Whatactions did the governments of Hungary and Poland take to reduce their de-pendence on Russian energy raw materials?The following methods were used in the research: decision-making method,comparative method, analysis of the foundational research and statisticalmethod. The analysis showed that the Polish government’s policy was fo-cused on reducing its reliance on Russian energy imports and the need to findan alternative to eastern suppliers. The pro-Russian government of Hungary,on the other hand, was opposed to abandoning Russian energy resourcesand lacked a developed plan to shift away from them.

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East Shield – a mechanism for strengthening the security and resilience of Central and Eastern European countries using the example of Poland’s eastern border

Author(s): Alicja Zyguła,Beata Piskorska / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

Security, in both the national and international dimensions, evolvesrapidly, with constant emerging threats and challenges. A noteworthy aspectgaining significance in the realm of international security architecture is the in-creasing necessity for states to enhance their resilience. This involves develop-ing conditions, resources, and strategies to adapt to new, varied, and unex-pected conditions in both physical and cyberspace realities. A new qualityof the security environment and the threats it generates obliges us to look forsolutions that increase the security of the state. One of the ways to strengthenPolish security relates to border protection, so the concept of strengtheningthe Polish eastern border has become an impetus for scientific reflection onthe national deterrence and defence program Tarcza Wschód. The Central andEastern European region and individual countries within it are focusing ef-forts to increase resilience and security, therefore, this article is an attemptto analyse the role and tasks of the new mechanism in increasing the militarysecurity of the state.

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Wpływ konfliktu rosyjsko- -ukraińskiego na ewolucję polityki zagranicznej Grecji

Author(s): Artur Adamczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2024

The main goal of this article is to present the evolution of Greece’sforeign policy, especially towards Russia and Ukraine, in the context of theimpact that the outbreak of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict in 2022 had on thisevolution. In order to present the fundamental reasons for the changes inGreek foreign policy, it was necessary to outline the main determinants shap-ing this policy, which primarily include the permanent sense of threat to thesecurity and territorial integrity of Greece from Turkey. The analogy betweenRussian aggression against Ukraine, underpinned by revisionist arguments,and Ankara’s aggressive policy towards Athens, questioning the ownershipof the Aegean islands to Greece, was emphasized. It was also pointed outthat, as a consequence, Greece is now firmly against Russia and is support-ing Ukraine both humanitarianly and militarily, counting on the fact that ina similar situation of the Turkish threat, its NATO and EU allies will provide itwith strong support.

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Postapokalyptické kroniky. Vesnice Velyka Komyšuvacha, ležící u města Izjum v Charkovské oblasti na východě Ukrajiny

Author(s): Lesya Charchenko / Language(s): Czech Issue: 02/2024

In the village of Velyka Komyšuvacha, the remnants of war are starkly visible, with destroyed schools and homes standing as silent witnesses to the conflict. Amidst the ruins, the resilience of the villagers shines through, as they return to rebuild their lives despite the lingering dangers of unexploded mines and the absence of basic infrastructure. Stories of survival and loss are shared openly, reflecting a community's collective trauma and determination. Children like Nazar Korytko, who salutes passing soldiers, embody the spirit of hope and continuity. The village, once vibrant and now a shadow of its former self, is slowly coming back to life, driven by the unwavering spirit of its inhabitants who refuse to abandon their homeland. The narrative captures the juxtaposition of destruction and renewal, highlighting the enduring human spirit in the face of adversity.

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LES SANCTIONS PRONONCÉES À L’ENCONTRE DE LA FÉDÉRATION DE RUSSIE: UN RENOUVELLEMENT COUTUMIER

Author(s): Igor Bartsyts,Natașa Danelciuc-Colodrovschi / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2015

« C’est toujours plus forte que la Russie sort de chaque crise. L’histoire a appris à notre peuple à vaincre », affirmait, lors d’un discours prononcé en 2006, l’ancien président de la Douma d’État (Chambre basse du Parlement russe), Boris Gryzlov, en rappelant les paroles du célèbre historien russe Vassili Klioutchevski selon lesquelles « un grand peuple est celui qui se remet sur ses pieds après une chute ».

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UKRAINE: ENTRE SÉDUCTION EUROPÉENNE ET TENTATION RUSSE

Author(s): Laurent Léothier / Language(s): French Issue: 4/2015

Les bons comptes font les bons amis. Les mécomptes feraient-ils donc les bons ennemis ? C’est dans cette optique-ci que s’est ouvert, en août 2015, un feuilleton financier entre l’Ukraine et son imposante voisine la Russie auquel est venu se mêler le Fonds monétaire international (FMI).

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LA VIOLATION DES LIBERTÉS ACADÉMIQUES DANS L’ANCIEN ESPACE SOVIÉTIQUE. LE CAS DE LA RUSSIE ET DE SON DÉCLIN NATIONALISTE AU NOM DES « VALEURS TRADITIONNELLES RUSSES » ET DU REJET DES VALEURS ET TRADITIONS DE « L’OCCIDENT COLLECTIF »

Author(s): Angela Di Gregorio / Language(s): French Issue: 34/2023

The article analyzes how the militaristic and nationalist policy promoted in Russia and fueled by the war in Ukraine affects academic freedom, subject to strict ideological supervision and a rejection of Western values. Attacks on academic freedom lead to an impoverishment of debate and the promotion, within the university system, of an education based on traditional values promoted by the political authorities.

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Impact of Geopolitical Turmoil in the Developing European Stock Markets vs. the Global Benchmark Indices: An Event Study Analysis of the Russo-Ukrainian War

Author(s): Meinardas Grinius,Tomas Baležentis / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2025

The capital markets are sensitive to geopolitical events. It is important to provide evidence of reactions tospecific geopolitical events in order to identify general patterns and effective risk management strategies. Thisstudy follows the event study approach to assess the reactions of different stock markets to the Russo-Ukrai-nian war in 2022. The 12 stock markets are represented by the relevant indices and benchmarked against theMSCI World Index. The markets considered include developed, emerging, and frontier ones. The results sug-gest the presence of the proximity penalty. Especially, Poland showed the highest correction during the eventday. The markets outside Europe (the US, Canada, and Australia) did not show significant cumulative abnormalreturns for the whole event window, yet such corrections were noted for certain sub-periods within the win-dow. These results can be used for designing risk management strategies in the Central and Eastern Europe.

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How Do Bigger and Smaller Cities Manage Migration? Ukrainian War Refugees in Polish Cities

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How Do Bigger and Smaller Cities Manage Migration? Ukrainian War Refugees in Polish Cities

Author(s): Agnieszka Bielewska,Ewa Ślęzak-Belowska,Olga Czeranowska / Language(s): English Issue: 01/2025

This article presents a comparative study of cities’ migration policies. By comparing four bigger and four smaller Polish cities and their approaches towards Ukrainian war refugees, we show the differences in support offered by bigger and smaller towns. Polish cities wholeheartedly and spontaneously welcomed Ukrainians fleeing their country after the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. While bigger cities start from reception and then offer integration activities, smaller ones see the presence of Ukrainians as temporary and identify their needs in terms of immediate humanitarian aid. The extra value of this original research is in documenting the specific moment when those cities have become ethnically diverse. The research includes interviews with the cities’ authorities, panel discussions, and analyzes of documents and press articles.

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The Impact of War on Interethnic Godparenthood in Ukraine

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The Impact of War on Interethnic Godparenthood in Ukraine

Author(s): Keith Doubt,Sophie Reutter / Language(s): English Issue: 01/2025

The study examines whether kumivstvo, godparenthood, with its moral and spiritual cultural heritage in Ukrainian society, provides normative power from the bottom up rather than top down for maintaining solidarity in a polyethnic society in the face of Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine. A mixed methodology is employed, carried out by the Kyiv International Institute of Sociology. The quantitative findings report how common kumivstvo is in Ukrainian society, what its density is among different faiths and in different regions, how important the kinship heritage is to Ukrainians today, and what the proportion of interethnic kumivstvo is. The qualitative interviews reveal to what degree Russia’s invasion has disrupted the trust and godparent connection between the Ukrainian and Russian peoples. There is immense strain on the integrity of these relationships; however, for some it is imaginable that these bonds may not only endure, but also revive afterward. The study asks whether Ukraine will lose an essential social structure and kinship custom that sustains its cultural hybridity when interethnic kumivstvo becomes unviable after Russia’s fullscale invasion of Ukraine.

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„Maniau, kad išvykstu dviem savaitėms“: karo nulemtų krizių įveikimo strategijos migrančių iš Ukrainos Lietuvoje pasakojimuose

Author(s): Kristina Šliavaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 4/2024

The paper examines the data of qualitative interviews with female forced migrants from Ukraine, who came to Lithuania after the full-scale Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. The paper analyses the narratives of war and migration to identify the main crises encountered by research participants, the ways in which the research participants construct themselves and coping strategies in the face of war-related crises. The crises that emerged during the interviews could be grouped into those experienced at the individual (emotional, psychological), family (separated families) and community (fragmented communities in the occupied territories, the longing for Ukraine while being in displacement) levels. The research participants constructed themselves as active agents capable of making decisions and taking actions necessary to minimise or control those crises.

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Evolution of the Axiology of Military Leadership: Historical and Philosophical Aspect in the Context of the Russian-Ukrainian War

Author(s): Vadym Dyiak,Vladyslav Volobuiev / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2025

The theses of our research are the following: 1) the ideal of a military leader depends on the axiological field of culture and evolves from taking into account only military prowess to prioritising moral values; 2) this ideal is significantly modified under the influence of Christianity; 3) the current Russian-Ukrainian war has demonstrated a conflict of axiologies and different understandings of military leadership. The article demonstrates how the ideal of a military leader has changed. This makes it possible to understand the value conflict that is the basis of the Russian-Ukrainian war: the Ukrainian military leader is oriented towards the Western paradigm, while the Russian military leader is drawn to archaic ideals of warfare with their inherent cruelty and desire to win at any cost.

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The Supporters of Prigozhin in Russia

Author(s): Vladimiras Laučius / Language(s): English Issue: 42/2023

The interpretations of the march on Moscow by the Wagner troops, under Yevgeny Prigozhin’s leadership, vary. Some view it as a staged performance orchestrated in coordination with Vladimir Putin, while others see it as an unsuccessful rebellion. Another interpretation suggests it reflects a clash of business interests in Africa.

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NATO’s Next Chapter: Boris Ruge on Deterrence, Ukraine, and Unity

Author(s): Linas Kojala / Language(s): English Issue: 43/2025

Interview with Boris Ruge, by Linas Kojala.

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