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FUNKCJONOWANIE PSYCHOLOGICZNE STUDENTÓW PSYCHOLOGII I BEZPIECZEŃSTWA NARODOWEGO W OBLICZU KONFLIKTU ZBROJNEGO NA UKRAINIE

Author(s): Angelika Kleszczewska-Albińska,Krystian Ptak,Małgorzata Wiśniewska,Agata Wziątek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2022

Initiated in February of 2022, escalation of military conflict in Ukraine resulted in the appearance of socio-economical and administrative problems all over the world. In the case of Poland, as a country in a direct neighborhood, besides above mentioned, many psychological factors influencing quality of life and functioning of citizens were observed as well. Based on information presented in public space it seems that the crisis connected to the situation in Ukraine affected most of the people living in our country. Due to that reason the attempt was made to answer the question whether military conflict in Ukraine affected psychological functioning of students of one of the universities studying psychology or national safety. Conducted study concerned selected two groups of students, because psychology students are preparing mostly for helping people in need, whereas national safety students learn about national safety and public order. In the presented study took part 103 participants, including 70 women and 33 men aged 18-47 years of age, studying during weekdays (N=43) or during weekends (N=60) psychological studies (N=76) or national safety (N=27). Respondents were asked to fill in State Trait Anxiety Inventory STAI, Perceived Stress Scale PSS-10, and Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations. Gathered results show that in group of students studying on weekends there is a difference in the tendency for looking for social contacts between women and men. Also, there is a difference in the tendency for using problem focused style of coping in relation to the frequency of looking for information about the situation in Ukraine characteristic both for the men group and psychology students group. Gathered results are discussed in the light of psychological literature concerning functioning in face of stressful events.

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Przegląd sytuacji międzynarodowej: aspekty globalne i regionalne

Author(s): Roman Kuźniar / Language(s): Polish Issue: 28/2023

The Russian aggression against Ukraine, which in the Kremlin’s mind was supposed to be nothing but a brief “special military operation”, quickly turned out to be a protracted regular war between the nuclear power and its not-so-little neighbour. In the course of 2022, a “local war” has become a major international event and could be regarded as a global La Fontaine’s carafe, i.e. a prism through which one could see the different colours (interest and emotions) of the world society. The war itself showed that Putin’s calculations regarding Ukraine were a huge illusion, that Russia’s military competence was lacking, and that its strategic culture was brutal (and based on the notion that sheer force should prevail). War crimes and crimes against humanity Russia has committed shocked many. Moscow was not able to reach the objectives Putin outlined in his speech on 24 February. Nuclear blackmail he put on the table at the very beginning has not worked so far, although this option cannot be totally excluded if the events get seriously bad for Russia. Ukraine, to the contrary, despite huge imbalance to its disadvantage (1:10), resisted the aggression surprisingly well. At the beginning of the Russian invasion it lost however part of its territory (some 15%) which can be difficult to regain. Both sides have suffered enormous losses. Ukraine has been able to resist aggression due to both modern and smart defence and unexpectedly large western support. Under American leadership, the West has shown resolve and readiness to face the Russian threat and to deliver great amounts of weaponry and intelligence needed to ensure Ukrainian survival. Alas, the rest of the world has either been hesitating, trying to do some business out of the war, or showing understanding and even sympathy to the Russian cause. In February 2023, the war has still been stagnating in a stalemate similar to the I World War frontlines.

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Polityka bezpieczeństwa żywnościowego Unii Europejskiej wobec Afryki w kontekście globalnego kryzysu żywnościowego z 2022 roku

Author(s): Katarzyna Kołodziejczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 89/2024

Russia’s invasion of Ukraine on February 24, 2022 triggered one of the most serious post-war food security crises in the world. The pillars of food security have been threatened in the countries dependent on agricultural imports from Russia and Ukraine, particularly those in Africa and Asia. The subject of the article is to show the external reaction of the EU to the food crisis towards Africa in the context of contemporary events caused by the war in Ukraine. The aim of the article is to find answers to the following questions: will the current food security crisis affect EU–Africa relations?

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Polityka, wojna i niepewność: Bliski Wschód w obliczu wyzwań dla stabilności i pokoju

Author(s): Wiesław Lizak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 28/2023

The international processes taking place in the Middle East in 2022 were largely overshadowed by the events taking place in Europe. Especially for Turkey and Iran, this created new opportunities to manifest their separate interests and contributed to redefining the ways and methods of conducting their foreign policy. Questions have also been raised about the scope and forms of further participation of Russian forces in the process of restoring stability to the regime of Bashar al-Assad in Syria. On the other hand, elements of continuation prevailed in the processes taking place within local conflicts – in Syria, Libya, and Yemen civil wars entered a state of relative freezing. No breakthrough was achieved in talks on the control of Iran’s nuclear programme, and chances of a compromise were reduced by Tehran’s launching of extended military cooperation with Russia after the outbreak of the war in Ukraine, as well as by another wave of anti-government demonstrations, which resulted in the intensification of political repression against citizens. In Israel, after the parliamentary elections in November 2022, a coalition of right-wing parties was formed with Benjamin Netanyahu as prime-minister. The lack of prospects for a two-state solution and the policy of expanding Jewish settlements in the occupied territories reinforce the mood of dissatisfaction among the Palestinian population – in 2022, the number of victims of clashes and riots was the highest since 2005 (the end of the second intifada).

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Polityka zagraniczna Polski po agresji Rosji na Ukrainę

Author(s): Agnieszka Bieńczyk-Missala / Language(s): Polish Issue: 28/2023

The article discusses Poland’s foreign policy in 2022/2023, mainly in the context of Russia’s aggression against Ukraine. Poland’s actions were determined by the following premises: the risk of the conflict spilling over to neighbouring countries, the fear of Ukraine’s defeat and its potential consequences for Poland’s security, as well as the perception of the war as an opportunity to weaken Russia’s potential. The most important tasks of Poland’s foreign policy in 2023 included: soliciting international military, financial, and humanitarian aid for Ukraine, shaping an international sanctions policy towards Russia, taking steps to strengthen Poland’s defense capabilities and the entire Eastern flank of NATO. Poland, as Ukraine’s neighbour, made its territory available for the transportation of military and humanitarian aid to Ukraine and became a key element in the logistical chain. It also welcomed Ukrainian war refugees, which had an extremely positive impact on Poland’s image abroad. At the same time Polish authorities were not able to overcome difficulties with the European institutions. As a consequence, Poland did not receive any money for the implementation of the National Reconstruction Plan. Relations between Poland and the major EU countries (Germany, France) remained rather strained.

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Przegląd sytuacji międzynarodowej: aspekty globalne i regionalne

Author(s): Roman Kuźniar / Language(s): Polish Issue: 29/2024

The chapter emphasises the changes taking place in international life as a result of two local wars which are producing global ramifications. The Russian aggression against Ukraine is sending deep shockwaves across the whole Euro-Atlantic area. Besides that, a number of the Global South countries are getting involved in this conflict, either helping Russia politically (China), sending her weapons (North Korea, Iran), or making commercial deals which help the Russian economy to survive Western sanctions. The asymmetric war between Israel and Hamas in Gaza pushed the Middle East to the brink of a regional war. It has also undermined the process of normalization of relations between Israel and some Arab countries. Israel’s brutal military operation (more than 30 000 deaths by the end of February) as a response to Hamas’ bloody attack on 7 October provoked strong, both anti-Israeli and anti-Western, reactions in the countries of the Global South. Joe Biden’s Administration came under strong criticism at home for its support to Ukraine and Israel, which may make it more difficult for the current president to win his re-election this November. It should be stressed, however, that Western consolidation against the Russian aggression is impressive. At the same time, the West has turned out to be unable to deliver to Ukraine as much weaponry and munitions as it needed to face Russian military pressure. The failure of the Ukrainian summer counter-offensive had a negative political impact in the West as well. In general, throughout the 2023 the world saw a significant deterioration of the political climate and a rise of more and more unfriendly attitudes both within the big powers globally and in regular countries at the regional level.

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Wspólna Polityka Bezpieczeństwa i Obrony UE w 2023 r.: wsparcie dla Ukrainy szansą (niepewną) na skok integracyjny (w przemyśle)

Author(s): Marcin Terlikowski,Marek Madej / Language(s): Polish Issue: 29/2024

The chapter examines the developments within the European Union’s Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) in 2023. In their analysis, the authors take as the starting point the effects that assistance to Ukraine had on the strategic approach of the EU institutions and the Member States to CSDP. They argue that the continued support for Ukraine under the framework of the European Peace Facility and the EU MAM mission – broadly considered a success of the EU – resulted in a new impetus for increasing defence cooperation within the EU framework, but strictly with regards to the defence-industrial domain. As a result, the main section of the chapter discusses new defence-industrial policy tools proposed by the European Commission to alleviate structural shortcomings of the European Defence Technological and In dustrial Base: the EDIRPA (European Defence Industry Reinforcement Through Com mon Procurement Act) and ASAP (Act in Support of Ammunition Production). Further, the authors analyze the process of implementation of the EDF (European Defence Fund) and PESCO, and they discuss an early attempt of the Commission to formulate European Defence Industrial Strategy (EDIS). The final part of the chapter presents changes in the EU’s operational posture, i.e. deployments of civilian and military assets in EU-led missions and operations; a table is provided in this section as a concise reference. The chapter ends with an attempt to assess developments in the CSDP in 2023. The authors conclude that a consensus emerges among the Member States and EU institutions that defence integration within the EU is likely to be actively pursued with regards to defence-industrial domain, but not necessarily in other spheres, such as joint capabilities.

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Ile zostało z Zeitenwende? Niemiecka polityka w drugim roku wojny

Author(s): Sebastian Płóciennik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 29/2024

Chancellor Scholz’s speech on Zeitenwende in February 2022 suggested a fundamental change in German policy. However, additional funds to strengthen the Bundeswehr and rapid diversification of fuel purchases were accompanied by a wavering stance on the supply of arms to the Ukrainian army and limitations on economic cooperation with autocracies. In the second year of the war – 2023 – a more orderly response to the Zeitenwende challenge could be expected. Much suggests that it was based on the idea of a gradual, not radical change. It went the furthest in the field of energy, with many more elements of continuation in the field of defense, support for Ukraine, and economic globalization. It should not be surprising, considering the economic interests and characteristics of the political system of the Federal Republic of Germany.

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Po pierwsze, bezpieczeństwo: polityka zagraniczna Polski w drugim roku agresji Rosji na Ukrainę

Author(s): Agnieszka Bieńczyk-Missala / Language(s): Polish Issue: 29/2024

The chapter examines the evolution of Poland’s foreign policy in the second year of Russia’s aggression against Ukraine, focusing primarily on security issues. Po -land continued to pursue the enhancement of its military capabilities through the procurement of military equipment and the development of its armed forces. It declared its intention to bolster NATO and European security capabilities, albeit inconsistently. It refrained from engaging in cooperation with France and Germany and did not participate in any major European projects. In 2023, Poland allocated 3.9% of its GDP for military expenditure, the highest among all NATO countries. The comprehensive understanding and positive cooperation between Poland and Ukraine were put to a serious test in 2023 due to the so-called “grain conflict”. Russia’s aggressive policy, pursued in close cooperation with Belarus, was considered by Poland to be the greatest threat to peace in Europe, including Poland’s security. Poland systematically had to confront hostile actions in cyberspace and disinformation. During the rule of the Law and Justice Party, the country did not fully leverage the potential inherent in foreign policy instruments to pursue state interests. While the authorities participated in various consultations regarding future agreements up until the NATO summit in Vilnius in July, in the subsequent months, their focus shifted to the electoral campaign. The post-election turn in Poland, with Donald Tusk returning to the position of Prime Minister and Radosław Sikorski returning to the position of Minister of Foreign Affairs, largely signifies a return to predictable foreign policy that Poland pursued in the years 2007–2015.

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Twórczość komiksowa uchodźców ukraińskich w edukacji na rzecz transkulturowości w klasach I–III – pilotażowa koncepcja pracy

Author(s): Kinga Lisowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2023

The article presents a pilot concept of using comic books work of Ukrainian youth – war refugees in the field of work for transculturalism in grades I–III. It is an attempt to take a different look at educational activities in the perspective of dynamically changing cultural structures of European and world societies. The presented assumptions thus answer the question: how can the comic books of Ukrainian youth be used to create a pilot concept of work in the field of education for transculturalism in grades I–III and to develop the right concept of work in further scientific activities (supported by an appropriate research procedure)? Two methods of data collection were adopted in the research: a case study of young female refugee comic book authors using a problem-focused interview; analysis of the content of the comic book, which was used in the creation of a pilot concept of work for transculturalism. The article also focuses on the theoretical assumptions of the phenomenon of transculturalism itself. The comic books of Ukrainian youth can be an excellent source of work in the field of transculturalism, which should be implemented in the school space based on regional and intercultural education already functioning in the education system. The way to move away from the native – closed cultural structure and open it on the periphery to what is new/different/valuable. The pilot concept of work should be implemented in the educational environment of grades I–III and its assumptions should be checked on this ground. This will allow you to develop and implement the right concept of work.

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THE CRIME OF MATERIAL FORGERY OF DOCUMENTS IN THE CONTEXT OF ILLEGAL CROSING OF EXTERNAL BORDERS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION AND SECURITY OF THE STATE AND CITIZENS

Author(s): Dorota Semków / Language(s): English Issue: 01/2024

The main purpose of the article is to draw attention to the material forgery of travel documents as a practice that enables illegal crossing of the external borders of the European Union/Schengen Area and free movement within these areas. The author's intention was also to indicate the relationship of this practice with the security of citizens and the state, which results from the fact that from the legal, forensic and criminological point of view, forgery of documents, including travel documents, is associated with a number of other types of crime, such as trafficking in human beings, including in particular children, arms and drug trafficking. The issue of crimes against the credibility of documents has gained importance in modern times, in which the international mobility of society is growing at a rapid pace. A very important aspect in the context of the analyzed issues is the situation that occurred in Belarus in connection with the civil war in Syria, as well as in the RussianUkrainian conflict, which worsened at the end of 2021. The analysis of the presented statistical data of the European Border and Coast Guard Agency shows that every year there are many crossings or attempted crossings of the external borders of the European Union against the law with the use of false documents. Despite the downward trend in this area in 2015-2020 and the lower intensity of this practice, in 2021 a significant increase in the number of such cases was recorded. The above allows us to conclude that the aetiology of illegal border crossing with the use of forged documents should be sought in the situation that occurred in Belarus in connection with the civil war in Syria, as well as in the Russian-Ukrainian conflict, which was escalating at the end of 2021.

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PRZEMIANY SYSTEMU ZARZĄDZANIA KRYZYSOWEGO W POLSCE W OBLICZU WOJNY NA UKRAINIE W ŚWIETLE UREGULOWAŃ PRAWNYCH

Author(s): Grzegorz Wilk-Jakubowski,Radosław Harabin / Language(s): Polish Issue: 01/2024

The purpose of the article is to analyze the transformations of the crisis management system, which were introduced in the wake of the refugee crisis as a consequence of the outbreak of the Russian-Ukrainian war in 2022. Legal acts modifying the abovementioned system will be analyzed. The new legal solution of orders issued by the Prime Minister, ministers, as well as governors will be presented. Then examples of their use to ensure efficient implementation of crisis management tasks will be presented. The article takes into account the legal status as of February 25, 2023.

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Stanislav Aseyev. In Isolation: Dispatches from Occupied Donbas

Author(s): Nataliya Shpylova-Saeed / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

Review of: Stanislav Aseyev. In Isolation: Dispatches from Occupied Donbas. Translated and with notes by Lidia Wolanskyj, timeline of events and commentary in the editorial notes by Oleh Kotsyuba and edited by Michelle R. Viise, Ukrainian Research Institute, Harvard U, 2022. Distributed by Harvard UP. Harvard Library of Ukrainian Literature 1. xxii, 296 pp. Maps. Illustrations. Notes. Illustration Credits. $39.95, cloth.

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Reassessing EU Energy Solidarity: Legal Implications and Challenges in the Aftermath of the CJEU’s Final Decision in the OPAL Case C-848/19 P

Author(s): Javad Keypour,Marina Dutra Trindade,Marta TERLETSKA / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

The CJEU’s final ruling in the OPAL case underscores the evolution of the solidarity principle from a political guideline to an autonomous legal tenet, significantly impacting Member States’ energy decisions. This paper critically examines the legal implications and challenges arising from the reinterpretation of the energy solidarity principle in the OPAL case, which concluded in the summer of 2021. Focused on Article 194 TFEU, the research delves into the question of balance between EU and Member States’ authority in energy policymaking, especially amidst divergent views on external energy relations with Russia. Against the backdrop of geopolitical shifts and responses to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, this study sheds light on the legal repercussions for the Member States’ energy decisions in the aftermath of the OPAL case, exploring nuanced challenges in fostering a cohesive energy policy within the EU.

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Bratislavský seminář k dějinám ruské literatury v nové situaci

Author(s): Ivo Pospíšil / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2024

This paper brings a shor overview of the event "Bratislavský seminář k dějinám ruské literatury v nové situaci" organized by the Department of Russian and East European Studies at Comenius University in Bratislava. The seminar, titled "How to Write the History of Contemporary Russian Literature after February 24, 2022?", was held in a hybrid format and brought together Russian literature scholars from various countries. The discussions focused on the impact of the war in Ukraine on the methodology of literary studies, shifts in the perception of Russian literary history, and teaching methods. The seminar addressed questions about the influence of current events on literary history, the need for decolonizing Russian literary history, and the challenges of depoliticizing the study of Russian literature. The event highlighted the complexity of interpreting Russian literature in the current context and emphasized the need for ongoing discussions and reflections.

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Unveiling the War and Constructing Identities: Exploring Memes in Ukrainian and Russian Social Media during the Russian Invasion of Ukraine

Author(s): Alina Mozolevska / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

The article examines the generation and deployment of visual narratives in Ukrainian and Russian digital participatory cultures, with a specific focus on internet memes in the context of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. It analyzes the form, content, and functions of these memes and highlights their similarity in mobilizing and conveying political messages despite variations in their visual components. The study indicates that Ukrainian memes are used not only to promote political agendas but also serve as trauma coping and collective identity construction mechanisms in times of crisis, helping to promote new war narratives that are engaged in the construction of the self and the other.

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Ukrainian Wartime Posters as a Tool of Participatory Propaganda During the Russian Invasion of Ukraine

Author(s): Elżbieta Olzacka / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

Drawing inspiration from the Ukrainian poster boom during the Russianinvasion of Ukraine, this article explores the role of war-related posters intoday’s world, where printed media is no longer dominant, and images cantravel across different media platforms. The example of wartime Ukraineshows that the poster remains an essential tool of wartime propaganda,promoting patriotic and proactive attitudes and encouraging action tosupport the war effort, while experiencing substantial changes in its formand means of dissemination. Analyzing various types of grassroots andinstitutional initiatives related to creating and disseminating war-relatedposters in Ukrainian offline and online public spaces made it possible tofocus on two issues: firstly, how online media facilitate the creation anddistribution of posters in offline formats and allow them to transcend thetraditional printed form; and secondly, how posters become a convenient toolof participatory propaganda, involving various state and non-state actors intheir production and dissemination.

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CHARAKTERYSTYKA PROCESU KSZTAŁCENIA W UKRAIŃSKICH SZKOŁACH W WARUNKACH ROSYJSKIEJ AGRESJI WOJSKOWEJ

Author(s): Iryna Gavrysh,Heorgii Danylenko,Oleg Ieresko,Olena Shcherbakova / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2023

The full-scale aggression of the russian federation on Ukraine, which started on 24 Febru-ary 2022, affected the entire Ukrainian society, all sectors of the economy. Of course, education was also exposed to the aggressor’s actions. After a short break, which was an-nounced to ensure education process participants’ safety, it was resumed. The process ran in various forms depending on what was safe in a particular region of Ukraine. Three forms of learning were used: standard (in-person), distance and hybrid. The key role in restoring the education process was played by the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine and local educational authorities. The paper describes mechanisms used to organise the educa-tion process in war conditions. The article also underlines operational characteristics of experimental schools, in particular those operating within the research-educational project The Intellect of Ukraine.

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The Use of Cyber Tools by the Russian Military: Lessons from the War against Ukraine and a Warning for NATO?

Author(s): Marina Miron,Rod Thornton / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

This article examines the Russian military’s Information Warfare (IW) activities. The particular focus here is on the use by this military of operations in cyberspace as a strategic force-multiplier. It seeks to shed light on why such operations are so important to this military and what goals it hopes to achieve through their use. In particular, this article highlights the role played by what Russian analysts refer to as cyber-psychological and cyber-technical opera- tions. Having established the background to the Russian military’s IW thinking, this article then goes on to examine the application of its cyberspace operations against Ukraine: both before the 2022 invasion and as part of it. It is from this examination of the cyber- attacks conducted against Ukraine that a better understanding of the potential of Russian IW can be generated. As such, lessons can be drawn from this conflict as to how, in the future, the Russian military might employ IW specifically against NATO states as part of a major kinetic confrontation. But, as this article notes, drawing lessons as to the actual strength of Russian IW capabilities from the Ukraine conflict may be a flawed process. It may be the case that the Russian military might not have shown its true cyber hand in Ukraine. It may be saving its best cyber tools for any future conflict with NATO itself.

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Ukraine, Ideology, and Arms: Coming to Terms with Just War Theory

Author(s): Asger Sørensen / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

The Russian invasion of Ukraine has challenged the ideals of peace that I and many other left-wing critical intellectuals hold dear. By the end of the 18th century, Immanuel Kant argued that the realist law of peoples and the idea of just war should be superseded by the idea of perpetual peace, and, fortunately, the principled opposition to war was institutionalized in the United Nations in the 20th century. However, when the aggressor has already taken possession of huge swathes of territory, calls for peace may be suspected of ideological bias. The right to defend yourself is almost universally recognized, but a military counter-offensive to reconquer lost territory is not merely defense but itself aggression, and thus an act of war. Many of us, however, want to support such efforts in Ukraine, and what is worrying is that this places us on a slippery slope, reopening the possibility of justifying war. As I will argue, this is nevertheless the path we must take, thus accepting the possible justification of war and the possible justification of specific activities and armaments but not others. We should take more seriously the justice of war, with all the specific normative challenges that this implies.

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