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Network Analysis of Disinformation Actors During COVID-19 Pandemics and Beyond: The Case of Czech Facebook

Author(s): Robin Burda,Josef Procházka / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

Disinformation has been on the rise in recent years. Especially Central and Eastern Europe felt this in the form of Russian hybrid campaigns aiming to destabilize democratic governments and whole societies. Despite the apparent threat, there is a considerable research gap regarding the disinformation scene in the Czech Republic, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic and after the Russian invasion of Ukraine. This article aimed to cover this gap by conducting a social network analysis of the Czech disinformation scene on Facebook from the beginning of the pandemic on March 11, 2020, until August 2023. The final dataset contained more than 6,000 posts, resulting in a network of 3,822 actors and 7,255 interactions. The analysis showed a high interconnectedness of the analyzed network and confirmed the crucial role of politicians and other public figures in spreading disinformation in the Czech Republic. Furthermore, a “disinformation spillover” from Slovakia to Czechia was observed, pointing out the interconnected disinformation scene in the two countries.

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Propaganda und Manipulation in der Sprache Anhand der offiziellen Stellungnahmen des Russischen Aussenministeriums

Author(s): Piotr A. Owsiński / Language(s): German Issue: 87/2023

Persuasion, disinformation, manipulation, censorship, which are elements of propaganda, can be regarded as central terms of the language of politics, especially during conflict situations and wars. The question of interest is in what ways the specific language techniques are used by the Russian Foreign Affairs Department for the purposes of propaganda in the context of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. The paper analyzes the official statements of Maria Zakharova, the Director of the Information and Press Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation that are available on the web page of the Embassy of Russia in Berlin. The following examinations are confronted with the well-documented nature of the persuasive language in Nazi propaganda before and during World War II. The aim of such analysis is to examine in what ways and to what extent the specific propaganda techniques they are used to justify the war that Russia has started by invading Ukraine.

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Neologisms in the media coverage of the Russia-Ukraine war in the context of information warfare

Author(s): Natalie Kramar,Olga Ilchenko / Language(s): English Issue: 43/2023

The article delves into English neologisms associated with the Russia-Ukraine war, which gained significant media prominence from its onset on February 24, 2022, until the end of 2022. The following categories were identified: 1) lexical neologisms, which first appeared after the beginning of the war, e.g., sanctionista, Zelensky-washing, Putinflation, etc.; 2) semantic neologisms, which existed before the war but acquired new meanings due to it, e.g., deputinization, digital blockade, etc.; 3) re-actualized lexical units, which were sporadically used up to 2022 but gained renewed relevance and additional contextual valency in the context of the war, e.g., ruscism, stalinization, etc. Some of the neologisms under study were first coined in the Ukrainian or Russian languages and subsequently spread to other languages (e.g., missile terrorism), while others are limited to English only and have no equivalents in either Ukrainian or Russian (e.g., sanctionista). Focusing on the media coverage of the Russia-Ukraine war, we trace the etymology of the identified neologisms, their recurrence, and context of usage, as well as the pragmatic value they have in shaping public stances on the war in Western countries. We also take into consideration humorous neologisms that trended on social media during this period of the war, providing a way of releasing tension while also contributing to Ukrainian information warfare and fundraising purposes. The study is instrumental in driving our understanding of the role of linguistic creativity in the media framing of emotionally loaded and potentially divisive political issues.

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Kriegsmetaphorik in der politischen Sprache: eine kontrastive Studie am Beispiel von ukrainischen und deutschen Pressetexten

Author(s): Larysa Kovbasyuk / Language(s): German Issue: 44/2024

The present study comparatively analyses metaphors and metaphorical phraseological units used in German and Ukrainian press texts to refer to the concept of WAR during the Russia-Ukraine war. The analysis focuses on the structural-semantic and conceptual features of the metaphors to highlight the culturally specific concepts of WAR represented by each metaphor. War metaphors are classified based on reference objects, their lexical source domains, and structural features. By contrasting German-Ukrainian lexical and phraseological pairs for semantic similarities and differences, full, partial, and zero equivalents are identified. The pragmatic functions of the selected metaphors are examined within their contextual embedding. The data consists of 205 Ukrainian and 105 German metaphors and metaphorical phraseological units collected from online dictionaries as well as digital versions of newspapers and magazines from February 2022 to December 2023.

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Is NATO prepared to collectively defend its allies?

Author(s): Marta PROCHWICZ-JAZOWSKA / Language(s): English Issue: 03+04 (56)/2023

NATO wants its member states to spend more on their militaries, but governments need public support. While Russia’s invasion of Ukraine is a pivotal moment for both East and West, threat perceptions continue to differ. For current and future western governments to get public support for increased military spending, they need to explain the new threat environment now.

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Baltic voices. From the fringes to the fore

Author(s): Stefano Braghiroli / Language(s): English Issue: 03+04 (56)/2023

The Baltics’ painful historical relationship with Russia and their memory of occupations, along with first-hand experience of Moscow’s interference and aggressive tactics, have increasingly emerged as a precious resource for NATO and the European Union in understanding Putin’s strategies and countering them effectively. The Baltics have moved from being on the margins to the foreground in the collective policy-shaping and decision-making process.

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From workers to refugees to workers again. What’s next for Ukrainians in the EU?

Author(s): LESIA DUBENKO / Language(s): English Issue: 03+04 (56)/2023

Europe’s active response to the millions of Ukrainian refugees who fled Russia’s invasion has often been viewed as a positive approach to migration policy. Despite this, the future remains uncertain for these new residents. Government decisions across the continent will now play a role in deciding not just the economic future of the EU but Ukraine itself.

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Russia’s golden thousand and the last days

Author(s): Tomasz Dominik Kamusella / Language(s): English Issue: 03+04 (56)/2023

Russia’s propaganda, which is largely aimed at the so-called “global south”, denigrates the West as degenerate, poor, and being in “satan’s power”; while Vladimir Putin is portrayed as their representative and saviour. Never mind the fact that the Russian onslaught on Ukraine triggered a worldwide food crisis and made automobile transport and education once again unavailable for hundreds of millions in the global south.

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From war propaganda to aggression Recognizing a new crime

Author(s): MAKSYM POPOVYCH / Language(s): English Issue: 01+02 (59)/2024

Disinformation has become an effective weapon in Russia’s ongoing assault against Ukraine. However, there is currently little that can be done to prosecute those guilty of spreading such dangerous narratives. A new framework is needed in order to effectively challenge this key part of Moscow’s war.

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Serbia continues to walk the tightrope

Author(s): Marta Szpala / Language(s): English Issue: 05 (57)/2023

Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine has not signi cantly changed Belgrade’s foreign policy. Although Serbia is an EU candidate country, it has continued to exploit its ties with China and Russia to increase its bargaining position vis-à-vis the West and raise additional funds for development projects. Despite this ambivalent foreign policy, Serbia’s President Aleksandar Vučić is still considered by many politicians in the EU and NATO as a very important partner in keeping stability in the region.

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The weaponisation of music in today’s Russia

Author(s): Tatevik Hovhannisyan / Language(s): English Issue: 05 (57)/2023

Popular music has become an important propaganda tool to rally Russians in support of the war against Ukraine. An analysis of the ten most popular songs created during the war demonstrates common themes which have emerged, including patriotism, nationalism, religion and feelings for the motherland.

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Orwell’s warning of totalitarianism for today

Author(s): Luke Harding / Language(s): English Issue: 05 (57)/2023

Review of: George Orwell and Russia. By: Masha Karp, published by Bloomsbury Academic.

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The Sino-Baltic dynamic in the age of Sino-Russian synergy

Author(s): Una Aleksandra Bērziņa-Čerenkova / Language(s): English Issue: 06 (58)/2023

The strengthening of China-Russia relations has raised concerns in the countries over which Russia still projects its ambitions, including the Baltic states. Thus, China’s position on Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has only served as the tipping point in an already souring relationship between the Baltic states and Beijing

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A parallel world of co-existence in Montenegro

Author(s): SVENJA PETERSEN / Language(s): English Issue: 04 (61)/2024

The beautiful country of Montenegro caught me by surprise during a recent weeks-long research trip. But it was not just the natural beauty and historical sites, but also another picture which astounds in times of war in Ukraine: a large Russian and Ukrainian diaspora which settled mainly on the Montenegrin coast. living together peacefully by an overwhelming majority. This lasting experience led me to write this article, analysing the lives of the two diasporas belonging to two states waging a brutal war against each other.

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Methods for designing strategic narratives in the description of the 2022 Russian-Ukrainian war in documentaries

Author(s): Olena Rosinska,Marta Tymińska / Language(s): English Issue: 43/2023

The article discusses methods of designing strategic narratives in teledocumentaries created by various production teams and distributed through the YouTube platform. The authors underline the important role of teledocumentaries in creating an emotional and intellectual response to geopolitical topics among television viewers and attempt to analyse six documentaries focusing on the current war in Ukraine. The aim of the research was to determine key narrative patterns that are presented by production teams from various countries in the context of the armed aggression of the Russian forces in Ukraine. From this research, we can outline three main narrative templates: identity issues (“Us” vs. “Them”), temporal cognition and feeling of “stopping the time”, the image of enemy intertwined with death, unforgiveness and fear.

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Professional situation of the Ukrainian actors during the Russian aggression against Ukraine

Author(s): Anna Huth / Language(s): English Issue: 43/2023

The paper presents the professional situation of Ukrainian actors after the outbreak of war in February 2022. The data presented here concern the different needs and possibilities of supporting Ukrainian actors living abroad and those displaced within Ukraine. The article presents possible differences in the situation of actors in Ukraine and abroad and how much chance Ukrainian actors currently have to follow up on their acting career.

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NATO: chrzest ognia po siedemdziesiątce

Author(s): Marek Madej / Language(s): Polish Issue: 28/2023

The article discusses NATO’s functioning in 2022. It opens with a presentation of the strategic context of NATO, set primarily by the war in Ukraine, started by the Russian invasion. In the second section, NATO’s main actions are discussed in the period between the war’s outbreak and the Madrid Summit, including the Alliance’s assistance to Ukraine, actions intended to strengthen NATO Eastern Flank as well as the initiation of talks on accession of Sweden and Finland. What is more, the results of the Madrid Summit are analyzed, particularly the content of the New Strategic Concept adopted at the meeting. The last section presents NATO’s functioning after the Madrid Summit, focusing on the continued assistance to Ukraine, the Allies’ response to Russian nuclear threats, further strengthening of NATO deterrence and defense capabilities, as well as on the difficulties in the Sweden and Finland accession process, caused primarily by Turkish opposition. In conclusion the results of NATO’s activities in 2022 are assessed and a snapshot of a possible course of future evolution of the cooperation between allies is offered.

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Wspólna Polityka Bezpieczeństwa i Obrony w 2022 r.: systemowe słabości i wojenny zwrot na wschód

Author(s): Marek Madej,Marcin Terlikowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 28/2023

The article analyzes the functioning of CSDP in 2022. The introductory part discusses main determinants of its development in 2022, particularly the impact on CSDP of the outbreak of the war in Ukraine due to the Russian invasion and of the changes caused by the war in Germany’s approach to European security. The second section discusses the content of the Strategic Compass – an official EU document intended to shape future directions, mechanisms and principles of CSDP’s functioning and evolution. Then the main efforts undertaken by the EU in 2022 to improve its defense and military capabilities are discussed and assessed, with special attention given to new financial instruments introduced by the European Commission and to the advances in projects within the PESCO and EDF frameworks. The next section is devoted to operation activities of the EU, especially its assistance to Ukraine, including the use for that purpose of the European Peace Facility. This part also deals with the changes in CSDP missions and operations in 2022, particularly those deployed in Africa. The article concludes with an assessment of the results of EU CSDP evolution in 2022 and an initial prognosis of its further development.

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Świat i Europa w obliczu kryzysu energetycznego: konsekwencje wojny, sankcji i rosyjskiej broni energetycznej

Author(s): Kamila Pronińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 28/2023

The article aims to analyze the strategic and economic implications that the Russian invasion of Ukraine has for energy security. First, the global perspective is analyzed – how the war and the subsequent sanctions imposed by the West on the Russian energy sector (including the embargo on export of Russian crude oil and petroleum products) affected the oil market. Both the issue of affordability and availability of crude oil on global oil markets are addressed, as well as the actions taken in this area by the IEA and OPEC+. In the second part, the European perspective is adopted. It is a study of the most critical energy crisis in Europe in the 21st century – both in economic (record high prices) and geostrategic terms (the use of the Russian energy weapon against EU countries and Russia’s destruction of the Ukrainian energy system) – and the responses generated by the EU. Therefore, the development of major new instruments and specific legislative solutions for the EU energy and gas market is analyzed and assessed.

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Gospodarka światowa 2022–2023: czas niepewności, niepokoju i postępującej fragmentacji

Author(s): Karina Jędrzejowska,Anna Wróbel / Language(s): Polish Issue: 28/2023

Global economic performance of the year 2022 and early 2023 was overshadowed by the war in Ukraine. Negative economic trends from the previous years in the form of high inflation or disruptions in global supply chains not only continued, but were further reinforced by the ongoing war. Hence, it can be assumed that the global economy is currently heading for an unprecedented confluence of economic, financial, and debt crises. The high level of uncertainty and instability in the world economy has not been conducive to breaking down existing inequalities between and within countries. Moreover, the current situation seems to be fostering a progressive fragmentation of countries in socio-economic terms, with many representatives of the Global South increasingly burdened by the effects of the current economic and social crises. The article analyzes the condition of the world economy over the past year, particularly in the period following the outbreak of the war in Ukraine. Subsequent sections are devoted, respectively, to a review of major macroeconomic indicators in the period, development of world trade, the challenges of managing the world trading system after the Twelfth WTO Ministerial Conference, the situation in international financial markets, the activity of international financial institutions, and the progress – or rather, the lack of it – in implementation of the sustainable development agenda.

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