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Lord Jim: Between Shame and Guilt

Author(s): Marek Pacukiewicz / Language(s): English Issue: XVI/2021

Trying to classify the cultural patterns of behaviour, modern anthropology offers the distinction between “shame cultures” (which rely on external sanctions for good behaviour) and “guilt cultures” (which internalize the conviction of sin). Correspondingly, shame and guilt create specific ethos and therefore could be treated as factors indicating cultural meaning and function of the notion of honour in different cultural contexts. The article is an attempt to analyse the role of guilt and shame phenomena in the creation of Joseph Conrad’s Lord Jim.

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ROMANIAN CULTURAL-ECCLESIASTICAL IDENTITY AND UNITY IN THE CONTEXT OF EUROPEAN CULTURAL-RELIGIOUS DIVERSITY

Author(s): Dan Florin Obrocea / Language(s): English Issue: 32/2023

This paper is meant to underline the idea that diversity is a characteristic of humanity, being an attribute of harmony and unity between nations, which, occasionally, in the course of time, have been at odds. The expression “diversity” imposes both the idea of acceptance and mutual respect, and the attribute of “unity” implies the need for harmonious cooperation to achieve the common good. Moreover, it will comment on how the Orthodox Church continues to secure the moral advantages that will enable it to work successfully for the culture of the masses.

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OCNOS, una colección de poesía transatlántica: sus obras hispanoamericanas y la participación de José Agustín Goytisolo como mediador literario

Author(s): Fernanda Bustamante Escalona / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 39/2024

The aim of this article is to address the role played, during the 1970s, in the dissemination and publication of Hispano-American poetry in Spain by the Barcelona poetry collection OCNOS, its founder and director Joaquín Marco, and the Barcelona poet José Agustín Goytisolo, who was part of its editorial team, in their capacity as collective and individual literary mediation devices.

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Un cóndor italiano en el ojal: Fernando Iwasaki, entre España, Italia y América Latina

Author(s): Eva Valero Juan / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 39/2024

The literary dialogue among Italy, Latin America, and Spain is enriched by Fernando Iwasaki, who uniquely connects these cultures through his texts and lectures in the new millennium. This article analyses selected works, including his Brevetes de historia universal del Perú (2021) and Sevilla, sin mapa (2021), along with the article “Don Juan as a Neapolitan caprice” (2022), which explores the myth of Don Juan’s connection with Naples, and his 2010 lecture on Italo Calvino at Casa de América. These texts and talks exemplify Iwasaki’s transnational thinking and foster a deep, rich dialogue among the literatures and cultures of the countries involved, highlighting convergences in traditions, myths, historical migrations, exiles, and literary intersections across different periods and regions. Additionally, this article discusses Iwasaki’s views on Spanish-language literature as extraterritorial, as articulated in his article “La Mancha extraterritorial”. It also emphasises the ongoing dialogue between Spain and Latin America within his fictional and essayistic works, extending these discussions to universal literature. Predominantly, this analysis focuses on Iwasaki’s relationship with Italy, particularly through his study of the Latin American influences in Italo Calvino’s works, which helps us outline and develop the relationships identified by Iwasaki between Calvino and Latin American literature. This study elucidates the profound links between Calvino’s oeuvre and Iwasaki’s own literary pursuits.

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Пенчо Славейков – две включвания

Author(s): Nikolay Chernokozhev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2024

The article presents and comments on two topics, in which Pencho Slaveykov is present - in the presentation of Bulgarian literature in the monthly "Nord und Süd" of 1911 and in the thematization of the problem of paganism in various French and German language publications of 1914. In the former case, Slaveykov is the creator and dominant representative of Bulgarian literature, while in the latter, he is included in the broad circles of European aesthetic pursuits.

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Раздробена фикция. Eдна историческа несъобразност в романа „Осъдени души“ на Димитър Димов

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Раздробена фикция. Eдна историческа несъобразност в романа „Осъдени души“ на Димитър Димов

Author(s): Nikolay Kirilov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2024

The article is dedicated to the first and most significant novel in Bulgarian literature with a plot from the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) – the novel "Condemned Souls" (1945) by Dimitar Dimov. In the context of criticism of the literary work of the author (the so-called „Tabacco“case 1951–1953) and its quasi-socialist poetics, the tendency towards historical incoherence is analyzed. Dimov’s novel has a large number of small historical and logical inaccuracies, but one error is indicated as essential: the narrative of the "Condemned Souls" takes place in 1936 and one of the main characters is a Jesuit, but the historical truth is that between 1932 and 1938 on the territory of Spain „The Society of Jesus“ is banned by the republican Constitution (1931) and edicts of the prime minister Manuel Azaña (1932); these statutory provisions are not repealed until 1938 when the rights of the Order are restored by Francisco Franco. In this way, Dimov’s novel is interpreted as a ‘torn creation’ between fiction and the historical truth.

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The Iconography of Artemisia in Susan Vreeland’s The Passion of Artemisia

Author(s): Asya Sakine Uçar / Language(s): English Issue: 118/2024

The Passion of Artemisia by Susan Vreeland focuses on Artemisia Gentileschi, a revolutionary Italian painter from post-Renaissance period known for her idiosyncratic approach to painting with unprecedented portrayals of potent and defiant women. This study aims to show how Vreeland’s novel turns into an iconotext providing not only visual representations from Artemisia’s oeuvre consisting of Biblical, mythological and historical heroines, but also offers a distinctive perspective into the personal and artistic vision of the painter in conveying her own history of sexual harassment and violence. With a focus on certain female figures from Artemisia’s paintings, this study employs an ekphrastic and iconographical analysis in ascertaining how these images enact her own sexual ordeal which is explicitly expressed in depictions of revenge or suppressed anger. This study argues that by constructing such a narrative, Vreeland explores and projects the gender dynamics offering a counterpoint to the prevalent narratives and patriarchal norms that often depict women as passive, submissive, or objects of desire. Thus, the exploration of Artemisia’s art within the context of iconotexts suggests a deeper and alternative engagement on the enduring relevance of Artemisia’s art and its impact on contemporary understandings of gender in challenging the constraints imposed on women and creating a space for alternative narratives of women’s lives.

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Hallâc-ı Mansûr’un Düşünce Dünyasında Ene’lHak Şiirinin Arka Planı -Kitābü’ṭ-Ṭavāsīn ve Dīvānü’l-Ḥallāc Özelinde

Author(s): Kenan Mermer / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 61/2024

The conceptual richness realized when categorizing existence and understanding the highest truth is remarkable. For example,whenthe findings of natural sciences and the principles of logic put forward by Aristotle three hundred years before Christ, or Plato’s fiction of the world of ideas, shadows and origins, which had an intense influence on Sufi imagination, or even the way his teacher Socrates established morality and considering the attitude that prioritizes conscientious justice when he faced the death penalty are taken into consideration,it will be noticed that it is difficult to talk about a linear progress in abstract thought and perception of ethics. When considered within the scope of Sufism, the theories of unity of Being and unity of vision have been developed long before the official narrative constructed between Ibn ‘Arabī and Imām Rabbānī. Hallāj’s saying that “He is He”, “I am what I love, I am He; And He is I. We are as if two spirits fused together in a single body." refer to both the ancient practices of understanding Being in a single essence and the values of figurative language in terms of being a medium to the truth. Although the idea of the Supreme Being or the Transcendental Being is seen in a clearly defined area of negation in al-Hallāj, some of his expressions in his Dīwān and Kitāb al-Ṭawāsīn may confuse the reader. At this point, the necessity of not ignoring the expressions/stylistic forms called language of birds/mantiq al-tayr, and theopathic statement (shathiya) emerges automatically. Understanding the person, the Sufi or the artist in question can only be possible by looking at the whole picture emerged through his life story and works. Starting from this point, the breaking points in al-Hallāj’s life, his masters and his travels allow us to understand the esoteric color and sakr(intoxication) centered vision of Being that marked his thought. Thus, an intellectual gateway can be opened to understand, at least partially, why someone who says I am the Truth (Ana al-Haq) says this and for what purpose.

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BATAKLIK VE BOZKIR: KEMAL TAHİR’İN DEVLET ANA VE BOZKIRDAKİ ÇEKİRDEK ROMANLARINDA BİREY İNŞASI

Author(s): Muhammed Fazıl BAŞ / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 23/2024

Kemal Tahir's novels have been analyzed from various social science perspectives due to their focus on social issues. However, it is important to highlight how Kemal Tahir's approach to addressing social issues differs from that of social scientists. This study aims to demonstrate that Kemal Tahir's novels address the issue of the individual, specifically the social construction of the Turkish individual, as the foundation of the unity that characterizes his literary universe. Each novel deals with a different period and set of relations, but this common theme is present throughout. In this framework, the novels The Seed in the Steppe (Bozkırdaki Çekirdek) and Mother State (Devlet Ana), first published as books in 1967, examine how the physical and social environment shapes the Turkish individual and influences their responses and solutions to life and society. The subject matter progresses around the village institutes and the intellectual-people duality in The Seed in the Steppe, and the reconstruction of social organization in Anatolia during a period of dissolution in Mother State. These two works, which focus on different periods and issues, have an overlapping character that constitutes the basic triangulation point of the universe of Kemal Tahir's novels.

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SEYAHATNAMELERDE BURSA’NIN ALIMLANMA BİÇİMLERİ: FAHRUNNİSA HANIM, HÜSEYİN VASSAF, HİKMET ARİF, AHMET HAŞİM VE TANPINAR ÖRNEKLERİ

Author(s): Seda ÇETİN / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 23/2024

The travelogue is one of the oldest genres of literature, the aim of which is to get to know the places visited in detail, to gather information and to guide the reader through these places. This genre has become much more important as a result of developments in the 19th and 20th centuries. Travels to Bursa, which has attracted the attention of local and foreign travellers for hundreds of years, have a special value in these periods. While the local travellers who came to Bursa during these periods of great destruction and transformation wrote about what they saw in the city, they also gave examples of how the city was perceived in their own time. This study focuses on the ways in which Bursa is perceived in Fahrunnisa Hanım’s Hüdavendigâr Vilayetinde Kısmen Bir Cevelan (1896), Hüseyin Vassaf’s Bursa Hatırası (1896) Hikmet Arif’s Bursa Seyahati (1922), Ahmet Haşim’s ‘Gurabahâne-i Laklakan’ (1923) and Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar’s ‘Bursa'da Zaman’ (1946) essays in Beş Şehir. The diversity in the perceptions of these travellers with different perspectives on Bursa is a necessary result of both the personalities of the travellers and the conditions of the time. The fact that these works, published between 1896 and 1946, are discussed together is also valuable because it shows that it is not only the people and human relations that change in the city, but also the places that are reconstructed in the minds with a different perception.

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BİLGİ-İKTİDAR İLİŞKİSİ BAĞLAMINDA HAYVAN ÇİFTLİĞİ VE BİN DOKUZ YÜZ SEKSEN DÖRT ROMANLARI

Author(s): Necmiye DURMUŞ / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 23/2024

British author George Orwell, in his novels, which he constructed under the influence of his own socio-cultural reality, deals with how and by what means knowledge is produced and used by the dominant powers, and thus revealing the relationship between knowledge and power. In particular, his novels Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four, both carry the effects of the author’s own socio-cultural background shaped on the knowledge-power level and allow for a clearer analysis of this background. In this study, using Michel Foucault’s views on knowledge-power; how knowledge is produced by the powers in Orwell’s relevant novels and which methods contribute to the production and circulation of knowledge are analysed from the perspective of the sociology of knowledge descriptively. As a result of the analysis, it is found out within the scope of these novels that the knowledge is produced by the governments and served to the society through propaganda; and this is done by creating the perception of an enemy, by disciplining it with fear, surveillance, and control, and by legitimizing it by distorting the knowledge and changing the past.

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KLASİK ŞİİRDE ASTRONOMİK VE ASTROLOJİK BİR KAVRAM KARMAŞASI: CEVZÂ, İKİZLER Mİ AVCI MI?

Author(s): Hasan Ali GÜNEŞ / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 23/2024

Classical poets added many subjects to their poems as a seasoning. Besides other sciences, poets have also blended many facts about astrology and astronomy, known as astronomy, astrology with literature and included them in their works with various arts. Gemini, also known as Jawza, is one of these phenomena. Gemini, which is a constellation on the zodiac in the north of celestial equator. The Orion is located in the middle of the constellations Taurus and Gemini. In the scans made, it was seen that some poets used the word Jawza for both Gemini and the Orion constellation, and many researchers interpreted this word as Gemini only. In this study, by giving astronomical, mythological and astrological information about Gemini and Orion constellations, it will be tried to explain how these constellations are handled in poems, the causes and solution of the conceptual confusion about Jawza.

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CAMILLE LAURENS’IN CELLE QUE VOUS CROYEZ ADLI ROMANINDA PARÇALILIK

Author(s): Fatma KAHRAMANOĞLU / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 23/2024

Camille Laurens, who plays an important role among the self-fiction writers, presents different selves in her work Who You Think I am. It is seen that the author is in a literary, physical and metaphysical quest for different selves. In a way, we can say that Camille Laurens tries to search for all the selves and emotions within herself through the multiplication of voices. The best way to do this is to resort to fragmentary writing, one of the most distinctive features of the postmodern period. In her works, in which she narrates sections of her own life, Camille Laurens leaves aside the traditional autobiographical narrative method and she intensely employs intertextuality and fragmentary writing, which are important features of postmodern narrative. Laurens, who uses all the tropes of the postmodern period in her works, does not refrain from resorting to fragmentary writing while she was writing Who You Think I am. In this novel of Laurens, where discontinuity is at the forefront, fragmentation, intertextuality, disjunction and disconnection are immediately noticeable.

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RESİMLİ ÇOCUK KİTAPLARINDA BABA KATILIMI KAVRAMININ İNCELENMESİ

Author(s): Hilal KARABULUT / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 23/2024

In this study, it is aimed to determine how the concept of father involvement is reflected in children's picture books addressed to the preschool period. The study focuses on the concept of father involvement and is based on the conceptualization of father involvement in the literature, as well as examining books that are directly related to the father-child relationship and have the word “father” in the title, so it has the peculiarity of being the first. Document analysis was used in accordance with the purpose of the study. Sixteen children's picture books selected by criterion sampling method were analyzed. Content analysis (categorical analysis and frequency analysis) was used in the analysis of the data. The findings that emerged as a result of the examination of children's picture books were considered on the basis of the dimensions of father involvement. The similarities and differences of the study with other study findings in the literature were discussed.

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HENNİNG NØLKE’NİN ÖNLEYİCİ BAĞLAMLARI ÇERÇEVESİNDE KARŞITSAL SÖZCELERİN ÇOK SESLİ ÇÖZÜMLEMESİ: AYRIK TÜMCE ÖRNEKLERİ

Author(s): Gülden PAMUKCU / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 23/2024

There are some textual or linguistic elements that allow an utterance to be interpreted as polyphonic. According to Oswald Ducrot, negation is a very important element of polyphony, and it is divided into three categories as polemic, descriptive and metalinguistic. The polemic negation takes precedence because the basis of negation is opposition. The Scandinavian linguist Henning Nølke proposes a range of linguistic contexts that cause polyphony in the interpretation of negative utterances. He refers to these as "blocker contexts". In this study, the place and importance of context in the analysis of utterances within the framework of linguistic polyphony theory was shown and examples of cleft sentences, which are among the blocker contexts supporting linguistic polyphony suggested by Henning Nølke, were analysed practically by having been supported by their textual contexts. It is concluded that cleft sentences combined with negation are polemic and are among the blocker contexts supporting polyphony.

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DİL DEĞİŞİMİ VE YENİDEN ÇEVİRİ: FRANZ KAFKA’NIN “DIE VERWANDLUNG” ESERİ ÖRNEĞİNDE BİR İNCELEME

Author(s): Zeki Uslu / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 23/2024

This study deals with the influence of language change on translation. The first translation of Franz Kafka’s work “The Metamorphosis” into Turkish and its retranslation after sixty years were examined. In the study, the descriptive method was used and two different translations of a source text were compared. According to findings, there are significant differences between the first translation and the retranslation of the source text. It was found that language change in the area of spelling, vocabulary and language use in the target language in particular influenced the retranslation. In this context, it was considered that the spelling and the old words left out of use in the first translation made understanding difficult for target language readers. This situation can be considered one of the reasons for retranslation. But it will be a failing approach to limit the differences between two different translations with only language change. After all, one cannot claim that only certain words and structures have been changed in the retranslation. An important difference was noticed in the translation method and approach to the source text and target language readers. After these findings, it turned out that the domesticating method was carried out in the first translation. The translator does not remain faithful to the source text and translates freely in order to make the source text understandable in the target language. He formulates shorter sentences, inserts paraphrases and omits sometimes the whole sentence. In contrast, the retranslation depends on the source text in terms of form and content equivalence. The foreignizing method was used in the retranslation. For this reason it can be concluded that the retranslation not only depends on the language change and is therefore not a new edition, but has the intention of transmitting the source text to the target language readers with a new approach.

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Tekstet e vjetra shqipe në një optikë të hulumtimeve në fushë të historisë së letërsisë së shkruar shqipe

Author(s): Evalda Paci / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 01-02/2017

The ancient Albanian Literature remains one of the most important periods of Albanian writing. It is represented by written documents that date early. Amongst them we distinguish the first book known till now, often nominated as Meshari i Gjon Buzukut (1555). The main pieces treated and known connected with this period come close in between by the thematic and the content, of course also by common tendencies of their authors, between them we would mention Pjetër Budi, Frang Bardhi, Pjetër Bogdani, Gjon Nikollë Kazazi. Each of them is connected with a particular work and as much a particular story in many points of view. The importance of these works and their content is widely treated in many studies on the history of Albanian writing and this our writing aims to treat, taking in consideration also particular circumstances of their realization. Such a history is marked not only by these concrete works, but also by precious contributions realized in the arbëresh areal from which we would highlight some compilations of Catechisms almost coeval with the book of Gjon Buzuku (the case of the variants of the work of Matranga, 1592) and other works that follow further. By the other side, are exactly the well-known personalities of arberesh world that in the beginning of the last century encouraged the interest and the curiosity towards the most ancient written monuments of our language. Owing to this fact, the attention towards fundamental works of our written literature was re-established. Those facts are mentioned and treated in this article. This view, mostly historic is made taking in consideration the research interests that appeared firstly in the arberesh world, also the results that came with the rediscovering around this period of the earliest exemplars that represent the Albanian written literature. This attentiveness will find concretization especially in articles and treatises published in important periodicals of the time that have had a distinct inclination toward the inauguration of the values of the Albanian culture and writing.

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Mid’hat Frashëri, nga ligjërimi litotik atdhetar te shpuza e ligjërimit artistik

Author(s): Virion Graçi / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 01-02/2017

The paper is a presentation of the stylistic transformation in Mid’hat Frashëri’s work, from his patriotic pathetique of the albanian Renaissance period, to his genuine literary and artistic creativity. Throughout the rich heritage of M. Frashëri, the author analyses his journalism at the period of his activity as a distinguished diplomat and activist of the Albanian cause, then the way he has cultivated literary subgenres: literary sketches, portraits, voyage impressions and short poetic prose.

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Letërsia artistike dhe leksiku dialektor

Author(s): Kolec Topalli / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 01-02/2017

Every writer in his creativity retains the features of his dialect. Therefore, besides the common vocabulary, they use dialectal words that enrich the language and increase the effectiveness ofits expressive power. We present some of them: amë “source” (Mjedja), from amë “mother” and “source of water”; cirlik (Mjedja), an onomatopoeia; cmag (N. Frashëri), related to cëmak and cimak; dëkoj (Fishta), with onomatopoeic origin; dënesë (Fishta) from dë- + ne- + -së being connected to nye ~ neu; e vdarë (Poradeci) from the verb bjerr “lose”; farmason (Poradeci) from mason (Fr. maçon “stone-mason”); gaç (Fishta) “donkey” from *gar-ç, being associated with agër and gare (Buzuku); gomën (Fishta) from SI. glçbina; I errmaktë (Mjedja) “left” from Lat. mancus “maimed, lame”; i riçëm (R. Siliqi), from the participle ritë ofthe verb rfj with the suffix -shëm; i shushulluar (Poradeci) from an onomatopoeia (shu-shu); jëtullëz (De Rada) and hjetull (Giordano) from jjetull (It. fetta + -ull); kanlsk (N. Frashëri) from Mod. Gr. KavioKi; klind (Asdreni) from Lat. clino; mbroth (S. Frashëri) from Lat., It. prode “benefit”; men (Mjedja) from It. meno; murgjinë (Mjedja) from the plural murgj + -inë; ndoset “entirely, wholly” (Fishta), from the ablative case of the name dosë with the prefix n-; pekul (N. Frashëri) “care” from Lat. peculium “special property”; rakitë (Poradeci), from SI. rakita “willow”; rmajt (Fishta) “grave”, the plural ofromanj (roman + -i); rrëj (Migjeni) from IE. *ren~; shporr (Asdreni) from sh- + IE. bher-; shqim (Mjedja) and shkim (Fishta) from shqyej and shkyej (shqye + -m); travajë (Mjedja) from it. travaglio; trirë (Kuteli), from Lat., It. trina; vdjerr (Asdren) by bjerr “lose”; vome (Çajupi) from vaj; zdrale (Migjeni) from z- + *dra- + -lë being connected to zdramë; zgaq (Mjedja) from z- + gaqe; zgërbonjë (Kuteli) from zgarbë + -onjë.

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Frazeologjia në tri drama të Dritëro Agollit

Author(s): Valter Memisha / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 01-02/2017

Universi letrar i Dritëro Agollit ka mundësuar dhe mundëson analiza, kundrime e studime të shumta, të veçanta apo përfshirëse, paraqitëse apo të thelluara, të lidhura me çështje të përmbajtjes apo me ato të shprehjes gjuhësore. Në trajtesat e realizuara, si kudo, por edhe për këdo që i përket fushës së shkrimtarisë, rrafshi i përmbajtjes te vepra e këtij autori është më i rrahuri dhe më i analizuari, edhe pse studimet nuk janë kurrë të fundme dhe krejt natyrshëm, kurrë shteruese. Gjuha e veprave letrare - artistike në studimet tona, përgjithësisht, ka mbetur paksa si jetime, edhe pse kohët e fundit janë bërë përpjekje për të kapërcyer hendekun e krijuar (janë hartuar disa punime e janë mbrojtur teza doktoratash).

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