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Public works contracts must be drawn up by specialists, granted the complexity of the services provided by the contract and the risk of unforeseen circumstances arising during the execution of the works. The works contracts concluded between the economic operator and the public contracting authorities riquire that they should be drafted and revised by a lawyer specialized in construction, who knows and understands the rules appropriate to public works. FIDIC contracts are standard contracts in the domain of construction and installation, internationally used as referenced models.
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An interview with Vitalie ȚURCAN, head of the Râșcani Police Inspectorate of the Chisinau Municipality Police Department, chief commissioner.
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The funding of medical services is a fundamental issue in the health care in our country. The payment for medical activities is centralized within the National Health Insurance Fund. For years on end, the adopted model of funding the health care system has shown shortcomings and has brought about serious criticism. However, too little attention is paid to insurance as an important financial means of ensuring the financial backing of health care. This article is an attempt to disclose the basic points in the legal regulation on health care (medical) insurance. The familiarisation with its substance contributes to disclosing the advantages of insurance as a source of pecuniary resources for covering the needs of health care in our country.
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The subject matter of the study is a critical review of the judgements of the Supreme Court of Cassation on labour disputes in the year 2021. These judgements concern: occurrence of the employment relationship; financial liability of the parties to the employment relationship and other compensations; labour remuneration; dismissal; preliminary defence in dismissal; judicial defence of the employee’s rights, and the like.
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The traditional labor contract has actually ceased to be the principal legal document, regulating labor relations of Russian university teachers. The individual labor contract was reduced to the status of a mere ‘rudimentary’ annex to the so-called effective contract. The latter is legally non-existent and is not even mentioned in the Labor Code of Russia of 2001. The Covid-19 pandemic with its isolationist features aggravated the absurd paradigm change within the Russian Labor law. As a result, the illegitimate effective contract has virtually supplanted the regular labor contract. There may be traced three dominant features of the new labor regime, induced by the Covid-19 pandemic. Firstly, the said labor regime fosters social dissociation of former (ante-pandemic) colleagues with the inevitable harm to the social nature and human dignity of homo faber. Secondly, we can witness the strengthening of the external - via internet - exploitation of university teachers by a corresponding managerial staff and the merging of this exploitation with the academic staff’s self-exploitation. Thirdly, the said regime is responsible for virtual disappearance of difference between working days of university teachers and leisure hours, previously reserved for reading and research.
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The section contains a selection of the most important decisions from the Romanian Courts. The decisions are selected and commented by authors. The emphasis of this section resides in the ability of each author to comment upon a relevant case-law and to comment upon the legal issue brought by the court. The decisions are summarized and grouped by law subjects. The decisions present the situation in question, the procedures, the arguments brought by the parties and the pronounced solutions. Each decision contains a short commentary relating to the legal issue analyzed by the court.
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Przedmiotem glosy jest wyrok Trybunału Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej (pierwsza izba) z 11 li- stopada 2020 r. w sprawie C-287/19 DenizBank AG przeciwko Verein für Konsumenteninformation, ECLI:EU:C:2020:897. Sąd ten wypowiedział się w przedmiocie zagadnień prawnych, które pojawiły się na gruncie przepisów PSD1 i PSD2 regulujących odstępstwa dla instrumentów płatniczych prze- znaczonych do dokonywania płatności niskokwotowych. Po pierwsze, sąd przesądził, że funkcja NFC (near field communication) służąca inicjowaniu transakcji opiewających na niskie kwoty może być kwalifikowana jako odrębny instrument płatniczy, mimo że inkorporowana jest w ramach zin- dywidualizowanej karty płatniczej przypisanej do konkretnego użytkownika. Po drugie, sąd orzekł, że można w takim wypadku mówić o instrumencie używanym anonimowo. Przesądzenie, czy w danym wypadku mamy do czynienia z instrumentem przeznaczonym do dokonywania płatności niskokwotowych, czy jest on używany anonimowo, a także czy nie jest możliwe jego zablokowanie ani uniemożliwienie jego dalszego używania, jest kluczowe dla ustalenia, czy i ewentualnie w jakim zakresie dostawca może korzystać z poszczególnych odstępstw przewidzianych w PSD2. Wreszcie, sąd wyjaśnił, że postanowienia ogólnych warunków umownych, regulujących milczącą zgodę użyt- kownika będącego konsumentem, na zmiany w umowie ramowej proponowane przez dostawcę, mogą podlegać testowi abuzywności. Wyrok ma niemałe znaczenie dla sektora bankowego i płatni- czego, wszak dotychczas TSUE rzadko wypowiadał się w przedmiocie wykładni przepisów PSD2.
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