„Podczas wojny przebywał w łódzkim getcie”. Portret architekta Ignacego Gutmana

Author(s): Joanna Król / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 16/2020

The paper presents Ignacy Gutman (1900–1972), engineer, architect, author of numerous designs of residential houses and public buildings in Łódź. Gutman survived five years of World War II in the Łódź ghetto. He was head of the Construction Department. He drew the first plan of the ghetto and designed the banknotes that were used in the ghetto. After the war, he was a witness in the trial of Hans Biebow, who was the German administrator of the ghetto. In 1947, he was denounced and charged with crimes against the Jewish population, which he vehemently denied. His biography has been reconstructed on the basis of trial testimonies, emigration documents, the Gutman family archive, and oral history interviews.

«Рабочие мне угрожали убийством за назначение Баязитова…»: М.-С. Баязитов и дело ленинградских мулл 1932 года

Author(s): Renat Irikovich Bekkin / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 29/2019

In the focus of the article is a criminal case which was instituted by OGPU (Obyedinennoe Gosudarstvennoe Politicheskoe Upravlenie) against the ministers of Islamic religion in Leningrad in 1932. One of the accused was the last mufti of the Russian empire, Mohammed-Safa Bayazitov (1877–1937). Besides Bayazitov and the members of the so-called “dvadtsatka” (the congregational council of the mosque), the investigating authorities also arrested underground mullahs who had unofficially conducted religious rites among the Muslims of Leningrad. The latter activity caused serious apprehensions among OGPU by virtue of the very fact of its existence, since it was practically beyond the control of the authorities. The criminal case of 1932 is interesting not least because it puts into circulation new data concerning the biography of M.-S. Bayazitov (in particular, details about his work as imam-khatib of the Leningrad Cathedral Mosque in 1931–1932). Despite the image of a secret officer of the imperial security service (ohranka) that Bayazitov had in Soviet times, he continued to enjoy authority among a certain part of believers in Leningrad. The case materials are also a valuable source of information about the daily life of the Muslims of Leningrad in the second half of the 1920s — early 1930s. In particular, as can be seen from the testimony of the accused and the witnesses who were involved in the case, the principle of fellowship in the period under review continued to be of great importance to Tatars in Leningrad.

Împrumutul fără dobândă între societăți afiliate. Delict fiscal sau delapidare?

Author(s): Mihnea-Andrei Novac / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 2/2019

The first part of the study takes into consideration the possibility of a company shareholder being accused of embezzlement, in case he orders interest-free loans from the company accounts to other companies underits control.In the second part, the legality of granting loans between affiliated companies has been analysed, fromthe perspective of the incidental fiscal provisions. As a conclusion, in order to understand the practical side,applied to the problem, the paper proposes a series of considerations of the High Court that clarify theintangibility of the company’s activity, carried out in good faith and within the limits of the law, emphasizingthat the opportunity of business decisions remains the exclusive attribution of the governing bodies of thecompany, being unable to fall under a criminal provision.The first part of the study takes into consideration the possibility of a company shareholder being accused of embezzlement, in case he orders interest-free loans from the company accounts to other companies under its control.In the second part, the legality of granting loans between affiliated companies has been analysed, from the perspective of the incidental fiscal provisions. As a conclusion, in order to understand the practical side, applied to the problem, the paper proposes a series of considerations of the High Court that clarify the intangibility of the company's activity, carried out in good faith and within the limits of the law, emphasizing that the opportunity of business decisions remains the exclusive attribution of the governing bodies of the company, being unable to fall under a criminal provision.

În jurul bilanţului la societăţile anonime

Author(s): M. A. Dumitrescu / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1/2018

Across the company’s balance sheet

În loc de editorial. Procesul torţionarilor lui Gheorghe Ursu. Sentinţa judecătoarei Mihaela Niţă încalcă şi Dreptul, şi dreptatea

Author(s): NRHR NRDO / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1/2020

Încadrare în grupe de muncă. Condiţii

Author(s): Specified No Author / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 10/2011

Curtea de Apel Craiova, secţia a II‑a civilă şi pentru conflicte de munca şi asigurări sociale, decizia nr. 5431/14.10.2009

Încadrare în grupe superioare de muncă. Ordinul 50/1990*. Aplicare. Admitere recurs

Author(s): Specified No Author / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 9/2012

Curtea de Apel Bucureşti, secţia a VII-a civilă şi pentru cauze privind conflicte de muncă şi asigurări sociale, decizia nr. 2757 din 6 mai 2011

Încuviințarea executării silite a debitorului consumator - exigențe europene, realități naționale

Author(s): Nicolae-Horia Ţiţ / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 2/2020

The article analyzes some of the characteristics of the procedure for approving the forced execution, regulated by art. 666 of the Code of Civil Procedure, by reference to the CJEU's practice regarding the forced execution of consumer debtors. Under national law, the procedure for approving enforcement is non-contentious; the judge only makes a formal verification of the conditions provided by law, on the basis of which he issues an order. The jurisprudence of the CJEU has outlined the solution of the court's obligation to order a verification, even ex officio, of the abusive nature of the clauses contained in the contract under which the enforcement procedure is initiated, as soon as it has the necessary factual and legal elements. In relation to this case law, the question arises whether current national legislation complies with the requirements of European consumer protection law and what are the possible remedies. In order to make this analysis, the judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union of 26.06.2019 in case C-407/18 (Addiko Bank) was chosen as a benchmark, highlighting, comparatively, the characteristics of Slovenian national law taken into account in this judgment and those of Romanian law.

№308 Cios w interesy Gazpromu. Wyrok TSUE w sprawie gazociągu OPAL

Author(s): Agata Loskot-Strachota,Szymon Kardaś,Sławomir Matuszak / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 2019

10 września Trybunał Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej stwierdził nieważność decyzji Komisji Europejskiej z 28 października 2016 r. umożliwiającej większe wykorzystanie przepustowości gazociągu OPAL przez rosyjski Gazprom. Wyrok Trybunału wydany został w związku ze skargą wniesioną 16 grudnia 2016 r. przez Polskę (popartą przez Litwę i Łotwę) na decyzję Komisji, którą z kolei formalnie wsparły Niemcy. TSUE uzasadnia uwzględnienie polskiej skargi oraz unieważnienie decyzji KE tym, że zaskarżona decyzja została wydana z naruszeniem zasady solidarności energetycznej sformułowanej w art. 194 Traktatu o funkcjonowaniu Unii Europejskiej. Tym samym ze skutkiem natychmiastowym ograniczona zostaje o 12,8 mld m3 w skali roku przepustowość gazociągu OPAL dostępna dla Gazpromu, a w konsekwencji – przesył przez Nord Stream i Niemcy. Prawdopodobne utrzymanie w mocy wyroku będzie korzystne dla Polski i wszystkich podmiotów zainteresowanych ograniczeniem dominacji Gazpromu na europejskim rynku gazu oraz przeciwnych realizacji nowych rosyjskich gazociągów eksportowych, w tym Nord Streamu 2. Decyzja uderza przede wszystkim w korzystające na rosnącym tranzycie gazu przez ich terytorium Niemcy, ale też Czechy i inne podmioty kupujące gaz za pośrednictwem Nord Streamu. Tym samym pogłębia istniejące już różnice między państwami członkowskimi. Decyzja Trybunału jest też jednoznacznie niekorzystna dla Gazpromu i strony rosyjskiej. Ogranicza możliwości eksportowe Rosji w trudnym dla niej momencie (negocjacje gazowe z Ukrainą, zbliżająca się zima) i oznacza, że Gazprom w najbliższych latach nie będzie mógł zrezygnować z tranzytu przez Ukrainę, a tym samym zrealizować jednego z kluczowych celów rosyjskiej polityki energetycznej. Orzeczenie może też mieć negatywne skutki dla Nord Streamu 2, zmniejszając szanse na przyznanie projektowi ewentualnych wyłączeń spod unijnego prawa. Wywołuje także pytania, czy i w jakim zakresie w przypadku tego projektu będzie można zastosować wzmocnioną wyrokiem zasadę solidarności energetycznej. Orzeczenie doraźnie wzmocni pozycję Ukrainy, ale także UE w rozmowach z Rosją na temat przyszłości ukraińskiego tranzytu i w zbliżających się trójstronnych negocjacjach. Jednocześnie może prowokować działania odwetowe ze strony Rosji.

№308 Gazprom’s interests hit by CJEU judgment on OPAL pipeline

Author(s): Agata Loskot-Strachota,Szymon Kardaś,Sławomir Matuszak / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 2019

On 10 September, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) annulled a decision issued by the European Commission on 28 October 2016 allowing the Russian Gazprom to send greater volumes of gas through the OPAL pipeline. The CJEU judgment was issued following a complaint submitted on 16 December 2016 by Poland, supported by Lithuania and Latvia, against the Commission’s decision, which on the other hand was formally supported by Germany. The CJEU found in favour of Poland and overturned the Commission’s decision, saying that it had been issued in breach of the principle of energy solidarity provided for in art. 194 of the TFEU. The judgment means that the OPAL capacity available to Gazprom has now been reduced, effective immediately, by 12.8 bcm per year, as has transmission via Nord Stream and Germany, as a result. The judgment will probably remain in force, and this is a good outcome for Poland and all parties/sides interested in Gazprom’s domineering position on the European gas market being reduced, and opposed to new Russian export pipelines such as Nord Stream 2 being built. The decision will hurt Germany above all, which benefits from the increasing volume of gas being sent through the country, but will also hurt the Czech Republic and other actors that buy gas via Nord Stream. At the same time, the decision exacerbates the already existing divisions between member states. The CJEU’s judgment is evidently a blow to Gazprom and Russia, limiting Russia’s export capacity at an already difficult time (talks to negotiate a gas deal with Ukraine, and winter approaching). If it remains in force, it will mean that in the next few years, Gazprom cannot afford to stop transit through Ukraine, which is one of the main objectives of Russia’s energy policy. The ruling might also have negative consequences for Nord Stream 2, as there is less chance of the project being granted EU law exemptions. This also raises the question of if and how the principle of energy solidarity, reinforced by the CJEU ruling, can be applied to the project. For the duration, the ruling will strengthen Ukraine’s position, and that of the EU as well, in talks with Russia about transit through Ukraine in the future and the forthcoming trilateral negotiations. At the same time, it could trigger some sort of retaliation on the part of Russia.

ŚRODKI ZAPOBIEGAJĄCE NADUŻYCIOM W ZAKRESIE UCZESTNICTWA PRACOWNIKÓW W SPÓŁCE EUROPEJSKIEJ

Author(s): Aneta Giedrewicz-Niewińska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 3/2018

A unique feature of EU law on the European Company (EC) is that it is closely linked to employee participation from the moment of its creation. The participation mechanism enables employees to influence decisions made within the company. Since providing employees with the right to participate often prolongs the procedure for setting up an EC, some entrepreneurs are seeking ways to circumvent this mechanism. The aim of this study is therefore to determine what is meant by the abusive behaviour of an EC that may lead to the deprivation or suspension of the right and what legal remedies are considered appropriate under EU law to counteract it. The implementation of the objectives will be based not only on the analysis of the legal regulations and case law of the CJEU, but also on the practice of European companies operating on the market.

Współsprawstwo. Glosa do orzeczeń Sądu Najwyższego z dnia 1.03.2005 r. wydanych w sprawach o sygnaturach: III KK 208/04 i III KK 249/04

Author(s): Katarzyna Banasik / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2005

Wykładnia umowy jurysdykcyjnej zawartej na podstawie art. 25 Rozporządzenia Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady (UE) Nr 1215/2012. Glosa do postanowienia Sądu Najwyższego z dnia 5 października 2018 r., I CSK 611/17

Author(s): Andrzej Torbus / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 25/2019

The choice of court agreement (forum selection clause) is effectively concluded if there is no doubt that the party has actually become acquainted with its content. The Court of Justice of the European Union focuses on those aspects of the conclusion of the contract that allow the assessment that the other party is not surprised by the establishment of a subjective link. The compliance with formal requirements implies that the parties agreed on the conclusion of the contract. There are no objections about so understood “real consent of the parties” as a consequence of fulfilling not only the requirements as to the form, but above all as the way of the conclusion of the contract. The acceptance of the thesis that since the party expressed the undoubted consent to conclude the contract, there is thus no problem of the interpretation of the declaration of intent, is impossible. There is no dispute that the interpretation of a declaration of intent is a legal matter, since the methods of interpretation are determined by the law. According to the Polish Supreme Court, on the basis of Regulation 1215/2012 there is no problem of seeking of the applicable law, because the rules for the interpretation of a jurisdictional agreement should be interpreted from the provision of art. 25 of this regulation. This position is based on the main argument that any deviation from the autonomous rules of interpretation creates the danger that the courts of the Member States will differently determine the law applicable. The Court of Justice of the European Union accepts that an objective (normative) method of interpreting party’s statements should be used. In some situations, it is necessary to apply legis causae to effectuate a supplementary interpretation of the declarations of will.

Wyrok Trybunału Sprawiedliwości UE w sprawie Sahary Zachodniej: wnioski dla Polski i Unii Europejskiej

Author(s): Szymon Zaręba / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 2017

Wyrok Trybunału Sprawiedliwości nie rozstrzygnął problemu stosowania umów handlowych UE z Marokiem w stosunku do okupowanej przez ten kraj Sahary Zachodniej. Potwierdził natomiast, że UE nie wypracowała zgodnej z prawem międzynarodowym polityki handlowej wobec obszarów okupowanych i separatystycznych. Jej brak szkodzi skuteczności dyplomacji Unii i spójności jej polityki zagranicznej, zwłaszcza sankcyjnej. Polska mogłaby wystąpić z propozycją dokonania przeglądu stosowania umów handlowych UE, które dotyczą takich obszarów.

Wyrokowanie w postępowaniu arbitrażowym według nauki procesu rzymsko-kanonicznego XIII-XIV wieku

Author(s): Rafał Wojciechowski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2009

Zabrana diskriminacije zbog nošenja marame u kontekstu presuda Suda EU: Achbita i Bougnaoui

Author(s): Kemal Efendić / Language(s): Bosnian / Issue: 22/2018

The conceptual definition of discrimination suggests that discrimination is a disadvantage for individuals because of race, ethnicity, religion, nationality or any other affiliation. It is only after the Second World War that we can talk about the prohibition of discrimination that is prescribed in various international legal documents - both at the UN level and within the various regional international documents. Unlike conventions and declarations adopted within the UN, which did not specify an effective protection mechanism, they are regional ones. First of all, we mean the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, as well as the European Court of Human Rights, which protects the rights prescribed by the Convention. In addition, the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights, which prescribes the protection of human rights, has been adopted within the EU, for which the interpretation of the jurisdiction of the EU Court is when the national courts are contacted. Article 21 prohibits discrimination. One of the protected bases is the prohibition of discrimination based on religion or belief. This is precisely what the cases of Achita and Bougnanoui, who found themselves before the Court of the EU, and who resolved them differently, indicate discrimination in one case (Bougnaoui), while in Achbita the same is not recognized.

Zakres pojęciowy „strony” w postępowaniu o naprawienie szkody powstałej na skutek wydania wadliwej decyzji administracyjnej oraz jego wpływ na sądownictwo powszechne. Rozważania interdyscyplinarne

Author(s): Sławomir Korus,Diana Tylus / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 40/2019

Determining scope of term „party” in action for damage caused by issue of faulty administrative decision, regulated by Code of Administrative Procedure, has direct influence on common courts rulings. Lack of uniform stance on the interpretation of term „party”, used in article 160 § 1 of Code of Administrative Procedure, created discrepancies in judicial rulings. This problem was ultimately resolved by Supreme Court’s resolution of 21 June 2012, ref. no. III CZP 28/12, in which broad, pro-Constitutional definition of „party” was adopted.

Žaloby na určení vlastnického práva státu podle zákona o majetkovém vyrovnání s církvemi

Author(s): Marek Novák / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 75-2/2019

Property settlement with churches and religious societies under Act No. 428/2012 Sb. is based on partial restitution of historical ecclesiastical property and payment of financial compensation. Main principle is observed that only property of the state, not third parties, can be returned. However, in special cases, the lawmaker enabled ecclesiastical legal entities to take a legal action against individuals, juridical persons and local communities too. The article focuses on these cases in detail including judicial decisions of the Supreme Court of the Czech Republic and the Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic as well as political response.

Zarządzenie zastępcze wojewody jako narzędzie ochrony bezpieczeństwa zgromadzeń organizowanych cyklicznie

Author(s): Małgorzata Polinceusz / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 2/2019

The article discusses the legal aspects of the security of assemblies organized periodically, with particular emphasis on the role played by the provincial governor in this respect. The author, against the background of acts of international law, analyzes the provisions of the Polish normative system that determine the essence and scope of the right to freedom of assembly and which set its limits. The study also discusses how to understand the threat to the safety of assemblies as a premise for regulating this right. The author points to a new type of assembly for the Polish normative system, which are assemblies organized cyclically, their special status and a specific protection of their safety. The considerations in this regard have been supplemented with an analysis of substitute orders issued by the Mazowieckie voivod as well as an analysis of the problem of judicial decisions.

Zastarni rok za plaćanje naknade za vez : [prikaz presude]

Author(s): Vesna Skorupan Wolff / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 173/2019

The defendant in these proceedings is not a legal person and therefore Article 374, paragraph 1 of the Civil Obligations Act, prescribing a special prescription period for claims between legal persons, shall not apply. General period of prescription, as stipulated in Article 371 of the Civil Obligations Act, shall be applied. The period of prescription for claims regarding marina berthing services for the vessel shall be five years.