Reguły i paradoksy

Author(s): Jean-François Lyotard / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2018

Nie będę tutaj robił wykładu, chciałbym jedynie zdefiniować kilka ważnych pojęć. Po pierwsze „postmodernistyczny” jest prawdopodobnie bardzo złym terminem, ponieważ sugeruje „periodyzację” historii, otóż „periodyzacja” jest pojęciem „klasycznym” lub „modernistycznym”. „Postmodernistyczny” oznacza po prostu stan duszy lub — lepiej — stan umysłu. Można by rzec, że chodzi tutaj o zmianę stosunku do problemu znaczenia: powiedziałbym, znacząco upraszczając, że nowoczesność oznacza świadomość braku wartości w wielu działaniach. Jeśli pragniemy tego, co nowoczesne, oznacza to, iż niemożliwe staje się udzielenie odpowiedzi na pytania o sens. Romantyzm, jako brak sensu i świadomość tego braku, jest modernistyczny, a także coś takiego jak dandyzm, czy to, co Friedrich Nietzsche nazywa „aktywnym nihilizmem”, który jest nie tylko świadomością utraty sensu, ale i ożywieniem tej straty.

Uwagi o manipulowaniu znaczeniami słów

Author(s): Beata Polanowska-Sygulska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2019

The strategy of distorting the meaning of concepts in order to redirect people’s attitudes has been put in practice by ideologists and politicians for years. The paper focuses on the reflections of selected thinkers and men of letters on this phenomenon. Intellectual contributions of Isaiah Berlin, Friedrich A. Hayek, Leszek Kołakowski and Charles L. Stevenson on the one hand, and the considerations of George Orwell, Aldous Huxley, Ayn Rand, Sławomir Mrożek and Małgorzata Musierowicz on the other hand are analysed. Some recent incarnations of the tactics of perverting the meaning of words in recent political discourse in Poland are critically examined. Special attention is given to the manipulating the meaning of “paedophilia” in the context of the nationwide discussion on child sexual abuse in the Catholic Church. It is concluded that the dishonourable practice of verbal misrepresentation used under Communism is at work again, this time in even more sophisticated form.

RHETORIC AND ARGUMENTATION IN POLITICAL DISCOURSE

Author(s): Daniela Dunca / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 31/2022

The totalitarian discourse, as an instrument of terror, had the purpose of excluding otherness. Alterity, never innocent, was conceived as an adversary, an enemy, who had to be identified, unmasked and eliminated. Excitatory, the totalitarian discourse appeals through its rhetoric to a certain kind of pathos, which by its negativity, induces in public the installation of emotions of a destructive character. The totalitarian communist propaganda, both in Romania and in other countries of the former bloc of "popular democracies", built its rhetorical discourse of domination on this pathos, having as double purpose the induction of contempt and hatred towards adversaries, and then the emotional support, from the public, of the illegitimate acts that the regime wanted to impose.

Комунистическата и посткомунистическата политически реторики

Author(s): Georgi Fotev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/1998

Реторика на обещанието

Author(s): Jana Damianova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/1998

След кризата: език, политическа реалност и рационалност

Author(s): Vladimir Nikolaev Gradev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/1998

DISCOURSE STRUCTURE. A RETHORICAL PERSPECTIVE ON THE CURRENT ROMANIAN EDITORIAL

Author(s): Roxana Prisacaru / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 33/2023

The old rhetoric of Quintilian considers that the perfect discourse of oratory includes five parts: inventio, dispositio, elocutio, memoria, actio. This article first describes these parts and highlights the features that are important for the editorial, as a journalistic and also an epideictic discourse. Thereafter, some examples from the contemporary journalistic editorial will define the main rhetorical strategies that occur in inventio, dispositio and elocutio, describing the specific features that are congruent or different from the old rhetoric. Therefore, this paper presents specific rhetorical structural features of the contemporary Romanian editorial.

The Rhetoric of Indoctrination: Cultural Marxist Propaganda in American Schools

Author(s): Curtis L. Hancock / Language(s): English Issue: 31/2/2021

The author of this article argues that the last few generations in American universities have been subjected to a not-so-silent form of cultural Marxism. This practice was in line with Antonio Gramsci's early twentieth century call to undertake a "long march through institutions." Rather than encouraging outright, violent revolution (á la the Bolshevik uprising of 1917), he proposed a gradual takeover of political, cultural, and economic institutions. The university, because of its power to educate and influence future professionals, is a key tool for this transformation of society, a transformation that first seeks to change the civil society, customs, traditions, and habits of people who are historically unregulated by government. This generally sets the pattern by which much of the education in the classroom follows. First, the professor encourages students to doubt the values they have received from their parents and the rest of civil society, and second, the professor deconstructs Western Civilization. The author shows what role propaganda plays in these actions.

RHETORICAL ARGUMENTATION AS A PUBLIC ACTION: THE CASE OF VOLODYMYR ZELENSKYY’S PRESIDENTIAL RHETORIC

Author(s): Vadym Zheltovskyy,Anatoliy KHUDOLIY / Language(s): English Issue: 42/2023

The article examines speeches delivered by Volodymyr Zelenskyy and focuses on analysis of rhetorical strategies implemented by the current Ukrainian President in the aftermath of Russia’s full-scale military invasion of Ukraine. The authors drew attention to the usage of political correctness and political incorrectness as tools of rhetorical argumentation identified in speeches of Ukrainian President. To illuminate this area, they made an attempt to assess the efficiency of Volodymyr Zelenskyy’s „going public” strategy in terms of the rhetoric efficiency in order to state and promote official position of Ukrainian authorities on the international arena.

„Najbardziej elokwentni z Ojców” a metoda przepowiadania w Kościele przełomu IV i V wieku

Author(s): Jarosław Nowaszczuk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 85/2023

Gregory of Nazianzus and John Chrysostom were recognized by posterity as the greatest preachers of the Church in the East. The purpose of the present article is to show that they differed in the way of preparing the texts of public speeches, which implies the need for a separate approach to their output. Both Fathers wrote at a time when rhetoric was used more for entertainment than for the transmission of knowledge, and sophists, known for their oratory proficiency, were considered corrupt and depraved. Over the course of one generation, this led the Church to reject the rhetorical workshop in favor of a genre that is more accessible in terms of form and language – the homily.

Giving Voice to the Psalms in the Alfredian Metre 4 of Boethius

Author(s): Tatyana Solomonik-Pankrashova / Language(s): English Issue: 115/2023

This article will read the Alfredian Boethius Metre 4 as a lamentation, spoken in the voice of Mod (Mind) and recited by the inner voice of the reader. The voice of Mod is mingled with the Alfredian voice, which is given a further authority by the voices of king David and the Psalter itself. The aim of this article is to highlight the echoes of Old English Psalms in the thought and rhetoric of the Alfredian Boethius Metre 4. The Old English translation of the Psalms embraces the Old English Prose Psalms (represented by Psalms 1–50) and the Old English Metrical Psalms (represented by Psalms 51–150). The Old English translation of the Prose Psalms traditionally ascribed to King Alfred the Great of Wessex (c. 871–899) is of particular interest for the present study. Yet, the inner space of Metre 4 is redolent of the vernacular voice of the selected Old English Psalms both in prose and verse.

Rhetorical structure and linguistic features of research article abstracts in the humanities: the case of Lithuanian, English, and Russian

Author(s): Erika Gobekci / Language(s): English Issue: 19/2023

Over the past few decades, research article abstracts have been receiving increased attention of scholars. While abstracts in English have been extensively researched, there are few studies on abstracts in Russian and no studies on abstracts in Lithuanian. This study investigates the rhetorical structure and linguistic features of research article abstracts across different humanities disciplines in Lithuanian, English and Russian. My aim is to detect similarities and differences in abstract structure and corresponding linguistic features within the three different academic writing traditions. I seek to answer the question which writing tradition, the Anglo-Saxon or the Continental, is closer to Lithuanian academic writing. This study employs contrastive qualitative and quantitative analysis and corpus-based methodology. The results highlight aspects of abstract writing that may be relevant for researchers while preparing abstracts of their research articles in these three languages.

Biographical Narratives and Routines of Putin's Russia in the Context of the Ukraine Crisis

Author(s): Ayşe Kavuncu,Malang Faye / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The article argues that Russia's decision to initiate an attack on Ukraine in February 2022 was an inevitable move for both its material and ontological security. By adopting an offensive stance and directly engaging in a conflict with a former Soviet country, Russia transformed the ongoing tension with the West into a full-fledged confrontation. At this juncture, the article primarily emphasizes that Russia's assault on Ukraine has solidified its "anti-Western" rhetoric, which serves as a crucial pillar of its ontological security. However, it asserts that while this aggression bolstered the anti-Western discourse to some extent, it also harmed Russia's ontological security in terms of other biographical narratives and routines. In essence, the article examines the historical development of Russia's invasion of Ukraine and delves beyond the concrete steps taken, exploring the dangers posed by such aggressive behavior to Russia's ontological security, particularly with regard to its biographical narratives and routines. Within this framework, the article posits that Russia's ontological security relies on contemporary biographical narratives and routines rooted in the discourse of the “continuing state”, "strong state", sovereign democracy," "anti-Westernism," "anti-globalism," and "neo-Eurasianism.".

THE WORD AS A WEAPON (ABOUT NEOLOGISMS BEING A LINGUISTIC REFLECTION OF THE RUSSIA-UKRAINE WAR)

Author(s): Alla Tkach,Maksym TKACH / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

Функціювання української мови набуває особливого значення в умовах повномасштабної російсько-української війни. Мова – це важливий складник національної ідентичності, потужний продуктивний засіб, завдяки якому утверджується народ, збагачується національна культура. Мета статті – описати та систематизувати інноваційні процеси в сучасній національній лексичній системі української мови, що розвивається під час російсько-української війни. У статті представлено нові ресурси мовомислення – неологізми й оказіоналізми, що вербалізують нинішні події воєнного часу в Україні і нагадують про тісний зв’язок історії та мови. Зроблено екскурс лінгвістичних напрацювань про мову як зброю; обґрунтовано необхідність нової номінації; розглянуто приклади й визначено основні функції неолексем; відзначено емоційно-експресивний складник у такому словотворенні; закцентовано увагу на активному функціонуванні неологізмів у мові; окреслено перспективи вивчення неологізмів на тлі сучасних подій в українському суспільстві та світі. Методи дослідження. Для наукової інтерпретації фактичного матеріалу послуговуємося такими загальнонауковими методами, як спостереження й аналіз мовного матеріалу. Використовуємо описовий метод, прийоми компонентного і лінгвостилістичного аналізів. Висновки. Фактичний матеріал статті засвідчує, що слово є особливою зброєю на мовному фронті. Утворення й активне функціонування нових лексичних одиниць у воєнному дискурсі – це своєрідне віддзеркалення подій сучасності; яскравий вияв словникового багатства української мови і високий інтелектуальний потенціал українського народу; засвідчення динамічності, безперервності й унікальності мови як живого організму.

„VILIA MUNERA” KARYNCKIEGO ASESORA DLA ARCYBISKUPA SALZBURGA LEONHARDA VON KEUTSCHACHA (BK 2674)

Author(s): Miłosz Sosnowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 37/2020

The holdings of the Kórnik Library include a small parchment manuscript produced in 1495/6 as a gift from an assessor in the Carinthian bishopric of Gurk, Georg Unterburger, a doctor of both laws, for the newly elected archbishop of Salzburg, Leonhard von Keutschach. Th e codex is relatively richly ornamented – with gilding – and comprises three short works by the donator: Laudatory oration for the Inauguration of the Pontifi cate [Oratio demonstrativa], A Treaty on Sacraments [Traktat o sakramentach] with a short prologue, and a Poem [Carmen] in praise of the new archbishop. With his gift , Unterburger – as he openly announces – wanted to establish a client-patron relationship with the new archbishop. Th e paper briefl y presents both these fi gures against the background of the history of the Salzburg archdiocese analyses the Oration as an example of late-Medieval humanist rhetoric and, on the basis of the subsequent history of the manuscript, refl ects on whether Unterburger managed to achieve his goal. Th e paper is accompanied by the annotated edition of Oration, prologue of the Treaty and the Poem.

La bibliothèque mélancolique (Fragment d’un discours postmodeme)

Author(s): Radu G. Ţeposu / Language(s): French Issue: 04/1992

Le blason du postmodernisme est le fragment. Et sur les fragments on ne peut écrire qu’en miettes. On peut écrire des fragments d’un discours postmodeme, où l’obsession de l’unité est subvertie par le scepticisme logique et moral. Un théoricien du roman, Antonio Blanch, remarquait au cours du symposium « Roman 87 » de Bratislava: « le discours postmoderne accepte plus que jamais les jeux de la pensée et du langage, dévoilant aussi les grandes pulsions du désir qu’impliquent ces modes d’expression».

La création d’une communauté discursive sublime La propagande post-djihadiste de Boko Haram

Author(s): Michael Rinn / Language(s): French Issue: 20/2023

The article raises the question of the relationship between rhetoric as a tool for argumentation and negotiation used by a discursive community to safeguard its norms and rules of life, particularly in a crisis situation and the use of the sublime abject put in use by terrorist propaganda aimed at crushing the speakers through the spectacle of extreme violence. As if this violence were capable of transforming the very body of language, the latter being the necessary condition for making society. The analysis focuses on the post-jihadist propaganda discourse held by “Boko Haram”, a terrorist group which has also been involved in banditry in many countries of sub-Saharan Africa since 2015. After having noted the multiple and complex issues of the socio-historical context necessary to understand the acts of terrorist language, the article highlights the linguistic functioning of this type of discourse, the purpose of which is not only to put civilian populations under the yoke of fear, but to produce a sublime discursive community entirely given over to single thought.

Rhetoric of the image: contributions to a philosophy of photography

Author(s): Paulo M. Barroso / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

Photography is a peculiar and powerful medium, based on an inherent rhetoric of the image capable of influencing the viewers. This article conceptualizes and problematizes such power of the image, addressing to a critical and reflexive perspective on the visual rhetoric language of photography. Following a theoretical and conceptual approach in the framework of a philosophy of photography, the purpose of this article is a) to argue the relevance and the practical and social effects of visual rhetoric and its relation to press photographs, i.e. understand visual rhetoric applied to photographic images in journalism; and b) to understand the repercussions of this approach on visual communication to the relevant and emergent perspective of a philosophy of photography, when the cultures are more and more visual in a civilization of the image, which is mixed with the social phenomenon of misinformation in a digital age.

Philosophy of Shared Society

Author(s): Albena Taneva,Kaloyan Simeonov,Vanya Kashukeeva-Nusheva,Denitsa Hinkova,Melanie Hussak / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

Insights on shared society reflect the nexus between collective actions and durable policy for the common good. The study’s core subject is the deeper understanding of the shared society in theory and practice. It helps overcome conflicting perceptions and divides. The main focus is on reasoning challenged by dynamics in democratic societies. The article aims to highlight its framework avoiding simplistic variations of main theses, but presenting new insights into the applications of this theory. It examines the ontological essence within cross-cutting varieties and dimensions of its profile. The philosophy of shared society is also represented in several practical perspectives. These vectors reflect various motivations and perils as links to practice. These links are: reflections on conflict resolution at municipal level in Germany, electoral participation and vote-buying practices in Bulgaria, EU economic integration and reforms to promote a shared and cohesive living.

THE ROLE OF RHETORIC IN TEACHER VIRTUAL EXCHANGES: NAVIGATING DIGITAL COMMUNICATION IN EDUCATIONAL CONTEXTS

Author(s): Maja Kerneža,Metka Kordigel Aberšek / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

Educators’ rhetorical skills are pivotal in virtual collaboration between teachers and parents, enhancing communication clarity and overcoming cultural barriers, thereby enriching educational experience and fostering intercultural understanding. A review of scientific databases such as Academic Search Complete, ERIC, SCOPUS, and Web of Science, was conducted to identify peer-reviewed articles from 2018 onwards that explore the role of rhetoric in teacher virtual exchanges. Articles were analysed for themes, findings, biases, and research gaps. A notable finding is the lack of research on rhetoric in virtual teacher exchanges, despite its potential to overcome cultural barriers and enhance collaboration. The study reveals that effective rhetorical techniques can improve clarity, persuasiveness, and intercultural understanding in virtual exchanges, indicating a need for more research and educational programs in this area. Furthermore, the study extends to virtual communication between teachers and parents, especially with non-native speakers or those with limited proficiency in the official language. This highlights the need for teachers to use sophisticated rhetorical strategies in diverse linguistic situations to improve understanding and involvement. In summary, the research underscores the significant impact of rhetorical skills in virtual teacher exchanges, with broader implications for global collaboration and intercultural understanding in the educational sphere.