"Chvála básnického umenia" (Laudes artis poeticae, 1461) z pera Levočana Christophora Petschmessingsloera

Author(s): Mária Novacká / Language(s): Slovak / Issue: 2/2008

The article deals with the activities of an important fraternity of pastors from Spiš (Szepes, Zips) region founded in 1204 who resided in Levoča (Lőcse, Leutschau), especially with the work of one of its members, Christoph Petschmessingsloer. In addition to providing information on the life of the author of The Praise for the Art of Poetry (Laudes artis poeticae) from 1461, the study describes the circumstances of the origin of this work. The greatest attention is paid to an analysis of the text of this lecture on the art of poetry and an assessment of its rhetorical characteristics that represented an introduction to Satires by the Roman satirist Decimus Junius Juvenalis. For its first part, the poetic praise of art and poetry is characteristic; the second part speaks of rhetorical and poetic technique, verse forms together with terms of poetic expression. The work is concluded with a mythological story inspired by Ovid's Metamorphoses about nine muses that represent nine human activities and methods of the acquisition of knowledge.

A RETORIKA ÉS AZ ÉRVELŐ ESSZÉ TANíTÁSA

Author(s): Ildiko Csaszi Nagy / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 1/2017

Nowadays it is becoming increasingly important to convince others, to acquire the skill of debating in a cultured way, and this issue has to be met in school. In this study the author presents the importance of rhetoric, gives a short historical account of public speakers and researchers of different ages, then summarizes the rhetorical knowledge present in today’s education, focusing mainly on the presentation of preparing for one of the tasks of the graduation exam, that is the argumentative essay.

Affectivity, Hypochondria, and Piles. Biological Reasoning and Metaphors of Illness in the Hungarian History of Ideas

Author(s): Béla Mester / Language(s): English / Issue: 57supl./2012

“Illness as metaphor” has become a widespread expression used in writings of history of ideas, since its first appearance in the essay of Susan Sontag. The present paper offers an analysis of its use in the 19th-century Hungarian culture. At first, it is distinguished the use of diseases and bodily conditions as a cause of the author’s ideas in interpretations, from the illness-metaphors of S. Sontag, and from the body-metaphors of the early modernity. In the second part it is detailed the bodily self-reflection of the 19th-century Hungarian authors in context of the ideas incarnated in their works, and the images of their contemporaries, described by them, using bodily symptoms as causes of the ideas of their reviewed books. In the focus of the analysis are the memoirs of Gusztáv Szontagh, a distinguished critic of the second quarter of 19th century, edited by the author of this article for publication. Szontagh has used the patterns of the bodily determination of the ideas describing a large scale of authors, creating a New World made of words, only, in literature, philosophy, and politics. This complex system of ideas has lost its connections with the theory, and had become an element of the political rhetoric in the second half of the 19th century, and in the first half of the 20th century. An outlook for this afterlife is the topic of the epilogue of the present article.

ANALIZA RELACJI GAZETY WYBORCZEJ I RZECZPOSPOLITEJ DOTYCZĄCYCH PRZEWROTU POLITYCZNEGO NA UKRAINIE W 2014 ROKU

Author(s): Maciej STOPA / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2017

The aim of the paper is to analyse reports of Gazeta Wyborcza and Rzeczpospolita on the Ukrainian 2014 political upheaval according to cognitive and rhetoric methods. There are 197 articles analysed from eighteen releases of the newspapers from the days connected with the most important events of the whole process that took place in Ukraine. Texts have been analysed in a two-steps process: firstly, the whole material has been perused, and later, two pairs of texts describing the same facts in completely different ways have been analysed by following cognitive and rhetoric sciences’ tools: the Burke’s Pentad, the Karpman drama triangle, a reference point, and the others.

Analogická argumentácia Mary Wollstonecraft v „Obhajobe práv ženy“

Author(s): Lubica Kobová / Language(s): Slovak / Issue: 2/2018

The article focuses on the analogical argumentation used by Mary Wollstonecraft in her Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792). Although Wollstonecraft clearly posits principles which may serve as points of departure for deductive reasoning, deduction does not suffice for her aims. Self-reflexive referencing to argument by analogy serves the purpose of restating the author’s neutrality, to which she strived to adhere. Analogies between women and flowers derive their argumentative power from natural history and convey the notion of the natural growth of a human being. Analogies between women and slaves need to be decoded by looking into their historical counterparts – i. e. emancipatory struggles of slaves in colonies. These analogies refer to the possibility of collective political action of women only implicitly, and at the same time they contradict the liberal understanding of analogy as means of argumentation providing a measured approach between traditionalism and utopianism.

Apokaliptyczny gniew Boga i jego miejsce w Ewangelii Pawła (Rz 1,18-32)

Author(s): Marcin Kowalski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 33/2018

The article analyzes the motif of divine wrath in Rom 1:18-32. The author starts with a survey of the recent proponents of the “apocalyptic Paul” (Albert Schweitzer, Ernst Käsemann, J. Christiaan Beker, Douglas Campbell, N.T. Wright et al.). Next, the basic elements of the apocalyptic language in Rom 1:18-32 are scrutinized: the idea of revelation (ἀποκαλύπτ-), God’s sovereign rule over the world (παραδίδωμι), and God’s saving wrath (ὀργή). The author then demonstrates the place and the dynamics of Rom 1:18-32 within the context of the Pauline argumentation of Rom 1–4. The paper concludes with aconcise presentation of the idea of divine wrath as found in the Old Testament and in Jewish and Greco-Roman literature, which allows us to appreciate the novelty and apocalyptic dimension of God’s wrath in Paul.

Argomentazione: idee, problemi, interrogativi

Author(s): Artur Galkowski / Language(s): Italian / Issue: 43/2005

Artykuł jest głosem w dyskusji na temat znaczenia i zasięgu zjawisk związanych z procesem argumentacji w komunikacji językowej oraz wkładu tego procesu d o ogólnej charakterystyki dyskursu. Wyjście od założeń starożytnej myśli retorycznej, w szczególnym stopniu odnoszącej się do arystotelesowskiej sztuki mówienia, skłania do przybliżenia, a nawet włączenia teorii argumentacji do programu badawczego lingwistyki tekstu, której genotyp niewątpliwie zawiera klasyczne źródła. Stąd też teza o charakterystycznej koncepcji tekstualizacji korzystającej z technik argumentowania w wypowiedzi ustnej i/lub pisemnej oraz stanowiącej rodzaj dyskursu argumentacyjnego. Proces powstawania, emisji i odbioru tekstu o charakterze argumentacyjnym wpisuje się w szeroki plan zachowań społecznych. Argumentacja, podobnie jak retoryka klasyczna, zapewnia przekazywanej informacji głęboką i skuteczną logiczność, co przyczynia się do osiągnięcia pragmatycznego celu założonego przez twórcę/uczestnika aktu argumentacji. Charakter społeczny argumentacji sprawia, że większość praktyk językowych można rozpatrywać w kontekście ich funkcji argumentacyjnej lub metaargumentacyjnej. Funkcjonalność technik argumentowania gwarantuje w wielu sytuacjach zamierzony przebieg aktu mowy w planie illokucyjnym i perlokucyjnym. Argumentacja okazuje się wreszcie wyznacznikiem intencjonalności wypowiedzi, będąc tym samym jednym z ważniejszych elementów, które pozwalają się prefigurować i realizować w komunikacji językowej.

Argumentace v jazykové interakci

Author(s): Jakub Kopecký / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 4/2018

The article aims to introduce the fundamental features of the communicative conception of argumentation based on rhetorical and pragmalinguistic argumentation theories. Argumentation is defined as (linguistic) action grounded in accounting for a controversial position with the purpose of convincing listeners of its acceptability or in order to defend it when it is challenged. The basic form of the argumentation process is described using a three-component model which consists of the argument itself, the justified opinion and the warrant represented by the relationship between the previous components allowing the “plausibility transfer” from the argument to the disputed opinion (cf. Toulmin 2003). The article also deals with the conditions that must be met by convincing arguments, with stable content schemes of argumentation (topoi), and it seeks to answer the question of what the rationality of argumentation is based on, i.e. what the sources of its plausibility are.

Ars bene dicendi w „Mowie na nabożeństwie żałobnym za ś.p. Henryka Sienkiewicza” wygłoszonej przez ks. Bolesława Wróblewskiego w kościele farnym w Wieluniu 27 XI 1916 r.

Author(s): Grzegorz Majkowski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 14/2014

W artykule ukazano retoryczne mechanizmy treści w Mowie na nabożeństwie żałobnym za ś. p. Henryka Sienkiewicza. Tekst ten został wygłoszony przez ks. Bolesława Wróblewskiego w kościele farnym w Wieluniu 27 XI 1916 r., w czasie trwania I wojny światowej. Nadawca odwołuje się do wartości narodowych i chrześcijańskich. Retoryczne mechanizmy treści ujawnione w tekście, to wspólnota świata, emocjonalność odbioru, uproszczone wartościowanie, bezalternatywność wyboru. W tekście perswazja dominuje nad informacją. Mowa na nabożeństwie żałobnym… jest nie tylko hołdem złożonym wybitnemu polskiemu pisarzowi – Henrykowi Sienkiewiczowi, ale także manifestacją uczuć patriotycznych. Jest tekstem, który należy do dyskursu żałobnego i jednocześnie w pełni wpisuje się w dyskurs religijno-patriotyczny. Decyduje o tym kontekst sytuacyjny (pierwsza wojna światowa) i społeczno-kulturowy.

Arystotelesowska definicja tragedii a definicja Gorgiasza w kontekście relacji dramaturg – widz

Author(s): Krystyna Tuszynska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 62/2017

The aim of my article is to compare two definitions of tragedy surviving in Ancient Greek sources, i.e. the definition formulated by the sophist Gorgias from Leontinoi with the famous definition of tragedy from Aristotle’s Poetics. The matter of my analysis in the first case is an aphoristic fragmentary text ascribed to Gorgias (DK 82 B 23) which should be considered together with his rhetorical piece titled Encomium of Helen, an epideictic speech, an apology and a laudatory discourse at the same time, full of verbal virtuosity. In both of these sources we deal with the term APATE, “deception” and apatetheis, “deceived” or apathesas, “deceiver”. In the case of Aristotle I suggest reading his definition of tragedy, as we know it from the Poetics, together with his description and definitions of emotions in his Rhetoric and taking into consideration the famous Aristotelian trio ethos, pathos, logos in which emotions are equalized with the logical means of persuasion, logos. An orator begins his intellectual activity as early as on the level of invention (heuresis) and later, with every next step of his rhetorical composition, he ought to consider the emotions of the audience, proper to his persuasive aim. In both definitions there are used the same terms: mythos (the fable), and pathe, pathemata (emotions). I am going to prove that their understanding by Gorgias differs from their understanding by Aristotle. In the case of Gorgias our analysis will be somewhat more complicated because, on the one hand, Gorgias’ style is dependent on poetry, with its characteristic ornamental epithets and oppositional pairs of corresponding terms and, on the other hand, because his style is built on paradoxes, found also in his philosophical treatise Peri tou me ontos. In my opinion, although belonging to ‘written culture’, Gorgias represents the kind of thinking about the logos which is characteristic of ‘oral culture’ and its power of poetic words. In my analysis I concentrate my attention on the ‘peculiar experience’ (idion ti pathema) of the listener. My conclusion is that the best effect of tragedy occurs in the situation when the emotions ‘planned’ by the tragedy writer correspond with the ‘peculiar experience’ of the spectator. And the term mythos is, in my opinion, nothing more than ‘literary fiction’, as fictional are the heroes of Gorgias’ epideictic speeches, Helen and Palamedes. In the case of the Aristotelian definition I stand on the position that emotions are not contradictory to the process of rationalization in the conception of the philosopher. It is obvious in many works by Aristotle in which man is portrayed as a zoon politikon and the process of rationalization goes hand in hand with human psychology. As far as mythos is concerned, I think that the most important in explaining its structure is hamartia, ‘tragic guilt’, ‘bad shot’, ‘error’, because thanks to it the spectator is given ‘proper pleasure’, oikeia hedone as the aim of mimetic art. We can compare the function of hamartia with the contemporary term ‘suspense’ in thriller movies. As Gorgias is dependent on oral culture in his conception of logos, Aristotle is a typical product of ‘written culture’ which would not have been possible without the Socratic definitions.

Belâgat Kitaplarinda İstitbâ / İdmâc Sanatinin Tarif ve Tasnifi

Author(s): Muhittin Eliaçik / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 10/2017

In the rhetoric books are described literary arts under the ‘muhassinat-i lafziye and manewiya’ called with examples. In the section of bedi of this books literary arts has been described. In this books metonymy, metaphor, simile, allusion is described in the beyan part. Consisting of bedi, beyan, meani sections in the number of rhetoric books there has been a significant increase after the Tanzimat. The source of rhetoric books Siracuddin-i Sekkaki's Miftah and its summaries and commentaries has been. However, many new art are included in Miftah's commentaries and summaries. Although some rhetoric books have attempted to present their own descriptions and classifications, they have not usually gone beyond the main source. One of the literary arts located in rhetoric books also is istitba. This art has with this name in the Miftah and in its commentaries; however in some books has with name idmac. The fact that this art is included in only two of the Ottoman rhetoric books causes it to be regarded as an art that is not considered very much. In this article art of istitba will be examined in comparative form in the books of rhetoric.

Biblijne wzory osobowe jako tworzywo homiletyczne

Author(s): Ignacy Kosmana / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 15/2010

The article based on the studies of three authors (Benedict XVI, M. Baranowski (OFMConv), G. Ravasi) presents selected Biblical personal examples and shows how to use them as homiletic material. The selection is extended by the author’s personal reflection and gives some suggestions of topics. It also encourages the preachers to enhance spreading God’s word based on the splendid examples of Biblical figures. There is an abundant and illuminating pageant of figures.

Blends and connective modeling in mathematics

Author(s): Marcel Danesi,Mariana Bockarova / Language(s): English / Issue: 14/2014

As mentioned briefly in the opening chapter, it was Max Black (1962) who put forward the notion that scientific models are basically metaphors or the result of metaphorical thinking. Science, as Black elaborated, is essentially an attempt to render visible those things we can never see with our eye – atoms, sound waves, gravitational forces, magnetic fields, etc. The trace to this “inner vision” is metaphor. This is why sound waves are said to undulate through empty space like water waves ripple through a still pond; atoms to leap from one quantum state to another; electrons to travel in circles around an atomic nucleus; and so on.

Blogųjų naujienų diskursas Lietuvos sovietmečio spaudoje

Author(s): Dalia Gedzeviciene / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 34 (39)/2018

The rhetoric and the stylistics – the choice of text style, genre, and rhetorical devices – of Soviet badnews discourse is analysed in this paper. This discourse is represented by 193 reports regarding disasters,crimes, and violation of socialistic moral which were published in the daily paper Komjaunimo tiesa (eng.The Truth of the Komsomol) in 1970–1973. It was found that the bad news in the selection of official texts of this period distinguishes by a much lower register of Newspeak – unlike as in the articles of first pages, there is almost no pathos here, the militaristic metaphors are used in the text of the article only, but they cannot be seen in the headings. One of the main rhetorical devices is an irony, which is created by using phraseology, jargon, famous quotes, dialogues, etc., – everything, which looks like a daily colloquial language. The choice of text form which is more related to fiction than to journalism (essay, satire) may be treated as one of the pretexts which justify in the eyes of the readers an idea of an author to write in a different language than it was ordinary in the context of ideologized press language of that period. By using the corresponding rhetoric, they believed to accomplish the propagandistic aim of these texts more efficiently – to suggest an image of more safe, democratic, successful, and self-critical country than it really was.

Boska komedia, Dante Alighieri

Author(s): Marek Bozykowski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 28/2017

Dante wskazuje w powyższym fragmencie na dwa typy dóbr i dwa typy postaw, będące konsekwencją ich cech. Pierwszym rodzajem są dobra „ziemskie” o charakterze wykluczającym – otrzymanie tego dobra przez jakąś osobę ogranicza możliwość pozyskania takiego dobra przez pozostałe osoby lub zgoła je uniemożliwia. Warunkiem uzyskania jak największej ilości dóbr jest doprowadzenie pozostałych do otrzymania przez nich możliwie jak najmniej. W konsekwencji ludzie stają się dla siebie nawzajem rywalami i zazdroszczą sobie wzajemnie dóbr, gdyż wiedzą, że im więcej mają inni, tym mniej zostanie dla nich samych.

Bułgarski język religijny / bułgarskie języki religijne? Zarys problemu

Author(s): Mariola Walczak-Mikolajczakowa / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2015

The article shows a complicated religious situation in Bulgaria. In analytical part, the attention is drawn to characterization of Orthodox tradition of literary activity, so it can be compared to attempt of normalization of language (based on dialect so-called Paulicjanie), which was taken by Catholics in the turn of the XVIII and XIX century. Analyses of language which is used in our times by both Christian denominations indicate that nowadays the main difference between discourse, within Orthodox and Catholicism, depends on different, rhetorical orderliness of the text.

Color jako termin retoryczny

Author(s): Piotr Osinski / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

This article briefly discusses the concept of color as a rhetorical term in Roman rhetorical literature. The term had several meanings: the style and character of work or speech, the stylistic device, the ornamentation or excuse and mitigating circumstance. A number of examples excerpted from Roman rhetoricians (especially from Cicero and Quintilian) and other authors which illustrate the above-mentioned meanings of this concept are quoted. Most attention, however, is devoted to the meaning of the term color in a type of declamation called controversia, in which it acquires the most technical sense: a brilliant turn in argumentation which, thanks to a skilful interpretation of facts, reduces or highlights the blame of an accused person. The term conceived in that way is usually associated with Seneca the Elder, the author of the work entitled „Oratorum et rhetorum sententiae, divisiones, colores”. Seneca not only lists examples of colores, excerpted from the other rhetorician's speeches, but also classifies and evaluates them, thus he becomes an important theoretician of the concept in question.

Cultures of Communication – Cultures de la communication

Frequency: 1 issues / Country: Romania

Our creed

Cultures de la Communication / Cultures of communication reflects the constant concerns of the Department of Communication Studies, Faculty of Letters, University of Bucharest: to study in detail the structures, the functioning and the forms of communication, to participate in the international scientific movement which shares the results of research in the field of communication.

The very title of the journal proves that its editors, focusing their attention on the specificity of communication in different fields of the social practice, consider that only the diversity of points of view in their apprehension can lead to a general image of the matters in the respective fields. That is why they intend to bring in the journal’s pages researches on the theory of communication, researches on the different forms of communication, researches on historical manifestations of communication, etc., all of them from various perspectives.

Cultures de la Communication / Cultures of communication is therefore interested in publishing studies, chapters from doctoral theses, reviews, etc. coming from different cultures of the world having elaborated different cultures of communication; according to the journal, teaching is continually mutual.

Notre crédo

La revue Cultures de la Communication / Cultures of communication reflète des préoccupations constantes dans le Département des Sciences de la Communication de la Faculté des Lettres, Université de Bucarest: étudier en détail les structures, le fonctionnement et les formes de la communication, participer au mouvement scientifique international dans le domaine de la communication.

Le titre même de la revue montre que ses initiateurs, en prêtant attention aux spécificités des processus de communication dans divers champs de la pratique sociale, estiment que seule la diversité des points de vue puisse fournir une image appropriée des problématiques attachées aux domaines respectifs. C’est pourquoi ils se proposent d’attirer dans les pages de la revue des contributions en théorie de la communication, portant sur les diverses manières de communiquer, sur diverses hypostases historiques de la communication, etc.

La revue est intéressée à publier des études, chapitres de thèses de doctorat, comptes rendus, etc. témoignant de la diversité culturelle des approches de la communication et réalisés dans diverses cultures du monde ayant élaboré une diversité de cultures de la communication; d’après la revue, chacune peut offrir des enseignements à toutes les autres.

Dyskredytowanie oponentów politycznych za pomocą benefaktywnych aktów mowy – na podstawie analizy wystąpień posła w polskim parlamencie

Author(s): Magdalena Jurewicz / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 2/2015

The article presents methods of expressing put-downs in parliamentary speech in which the speaker uses so-called benefactive speech acts, including, among others, wishes. Based on an ironic statement by an opposition MP in the Polish parliament, it shows how an initially benefactive speech act can be changed into criticism of a political opponent, leading to a put down. The article also presents discussions from selected research papers by Polish academics containing definitions of wishes and problems with systematising these speech acts. Finally, a comparison is made of speeches in the Polish and German parliaments where, in material previously researched by the author, no instances of the ironic use of wishes to put down a political opponent were noted.

Dyskusja racjonalna i dyskusja retoryczna w dyskursie prawniczym

Author(s): Michal Budny / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 37/2018

The article concerns a subject of legal dialogue. At first, a definition of discussion is explained. Then a rational discussion is described the aim of which is to strive the truth. Afterwards, a rhetorical discussion is defined whose the main purpose is to win a dispute. These two types of discussion are compared with the legal dialogue both the scientific and the practical one. This text points out the main features of the rational and rhetorical discussion. It pays attention on some differences as well. The issue of disloyal eristic tricks is also marked with an assessment of their using. In conclusion, the assessment of both types of discussion and their usefulness in scientific and practical discourse were indicated.