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"Chvála básnického umenia" (Laudes artis poeticae, 1461) z pera Levočana Christophora Petschmessingsloera

Author(s): Mária Novacká / Language(s): Slovak / Issue: 2/2008

The article deals with the activities of an important fraternity of pastors from Spiš (Szepes, Zips) region founded in 1204 who resided in Levoča (Lőcse, Leutschau), especially with the work of one of its members, Christoph Petschmessingsloer. In addition to providing information on the life of the author of The Praise for the Art of Poetry (Laudes artis poeticae) from 1461, the study describes the circumstances of the origin of this work. The greatest attention is paid to an analysis of the text of this lecture on the art of poetry and an assessment of its rhetorical characteristics that represented an introduction to Satires by the Roman satirist Decimus Junius Juvenalis. For its first part, the poetic praise of art and poetry is characteristic; the second part speaks of rhetorical and poetic technique, verse forms together with terms of poetic expression. The work is concluded with a mythological story inspired by Ovid's Metamorphoses about nine muses that represent nine human activities and methods of the acquisition of knowledge.

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(Ne)moć reči

Author(s): Slaviša Orlovic / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 3-4/2016

Počev od 2009. godine u Ivanjici se svake godine krajem avgusta održava Nušićijada. Reč je o kolaž festivalu satkanom od muzičkih koncerata, pozorišnih predstava, sportskih događaja, performanasa, izložbi i filmskih projekcija, začinjen ceremonijama i paradom kostimiranih građana kao svojim zaštitnim znakom. Ona predstavlja spoj kulture i zabave, tradicionalnog i modernog, mladosti i iskustva, individualnog i kolektivnog. Poznato je da je Branislav Nušić bio odličan besednik i da je napisao jedan od najboljih priručnika za retoriku na srpskom jeziku Retorika – nauku o besedništvu. Imajući to u vidu u okviru Nušićijade u Ivanjici počev od 2012. godine organizuje se Besedničko veče: „NUŠIĆ I REČ“. Ono se sastoji iz dva dela. U prvom delu ugledna ličnost iz javnog života po pozivu govori „Besedu o Nušiću“ na temu o Branislavu Nušiću kao besedniku i teoretičaru retorike. U drugom delu „U slavu reči“, nastupaju revijalno najuspešniji takmičari u besedništvu u Srbiji u tekućoj godini. U ovoj rubrici Hereticusa objavljujemo besede dr Slaviše Orlovića, redovnog profesora Fakulteta političkih nauka Univerziteta u Beogradu i studenata Olivere Ševo, Stefana Dragićevića i Bojane Petrović, koje su održane 27. avgusta 2016. u Ivanjici. Na kraju je beseda dr Đorđa Sibinovića notarima Srbije. [...]

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“An honest tale speeds best being plainly told”: Art, Truth and Rhetorical Supremacy in Richard III

Author(s): Sila SENLEN GÜVENÇ / Language(s): English / Issue: 169/2018

The relationship between ‘rhetoric’ and ‘truth’ has long been questioned and discussed, especially by ancient philosophers or instructors of rhetoric such as Plato, Aristotle, Cicero and Quintilian. Since rhetoric is associated with persuasive speech and is available to the service of both good and evil, the general tendency has been to foreground its power and emphasize that the goal of rhetoric should be to seek the truth. In the second wooing scene of Shakespeare’s Richard III, King Richard –after having ordered the murder of her two sonsasks Queen Elizabeth to be “eloquent” on his behalf while persuading her daughter Young Elizabeth to marry him. To this, she replies “An honest tale speeds best being plainly told” emphasizing not only that ‘truth’ does not need eloquence but also the danger of rhetoric. In this English history play that has been constructed on dialogue rather than action, rhetorical skill is equivalent to power. Even though almost all of the characters employ a rhetorical style up to a certain point, they do not even come close to the effect produced by Queen Margaret, Richard, and Richmond. Although they all make extensive use of all types of rhetoric (‘deliberative’, ‘judicial’, and ‘demonstrative’), it seems that Queen Margaret represents the past, Richard the present and Richmond the future. Queen Margaret commands the ‘heavens’ to bring forth violence upon her enemies through her rhetorical power while Richard uses his rhetorical competence to remove his opponents and gain the English throne. It is only Richmond, however, who combines rhetorical skill with ‘truth’ to gain the throne and restore order in England. In this respect, the aim of this study is to foreground the importance of the balance between ‘truth’ and ‘rhetoric’ in gaining supremacy in Richard III.

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A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF KEYWORDS IN ENGLISH-LANGUAGE CORPORATE PRESS RELEASES FROM EUROPEAN COMPANIES: INSIGHTS INTO DISCURSIVE PRACTICES

Author(s): Hanna Teresa Skorczynska Sznajder / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2016

This study provides insights into discursive practices through a comparative study of keywords in English-language press releases from British, Spanish and Polish energy companies. Even though corporate press releases have been extensively researched, there is a lack of cross-cultural and corpus-based studies in this field. In the present research three corpora of approximately 120,000 words each, containing English-language press releases from British, Spanish and Polish energy companies, were used. The keywords were identified with the Wmatrix tool (Rayson 2009) and the reference corpus consisted of business periodical articles. The analysis of corpus keywords usually provides insights that would be difficult to gain by means of manual analyses of texts or qualitative approaches. The results obtained in this study show notable differences between the corpora with regard to the keywords identified. The use of more general meaning keywords by British companies or more technical keywords by Polish companies suggest that lexical choices might be indicative of different discursive practices used to reach stakeholders and the general public.

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A Quest for Originality in Latin Poetry of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania Observed in Manuscripts of the Seventeenth-Eighteenth Centuries

Author(s): Živile Nedzinskaite / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2018

The seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were the time when literature in Latin written by professors and students of Jesuit colleges flourished in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. This trend was the outcome of the Jesuit educational model. The main disciplines in colleges were poetics and rhetoric. The classes of these two disciplines not only aimed at teaching theoretical rules, acquainting the students with the prevailing literary canon, and pointing out the differences between genres, but also encouraged students’ individual creative work, as it was independent writing that was a proof of students’ ability to apply theory in practice. Student writing was strongly influenced by the theory of imitation, which was very popular at the time. Resorting to manuscript material from the colleges of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the article focuses on varying degrees of influence of the imitation theory on students’ individual creative work: it shows the relation between imitation and the literary tradition, the rules of rhetoric, and imitation of canonical authors; it also places emphasis on the quest for individual expression. The author observes that some texts composed by students are on a par with the best poetic works of the well-known poets of that time.

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A RETORIKA ÉS AZ ÉRVELŐ ESSZÉ TANíTÁSA

Author(s): Ildiko Csaszi Nagy / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 1/2017

Nowadays it is becoming increasingly important to convince others, to acquire the skill of debating in a cultured way, and this issue has to be met in school. In this study the author presents the importance of rhetoric, gives a short historical account of public speakers and researchers of different ages, then summarizes the rhetorical knowledge present in today’s education, focusing mainly on the presentation of preparing for one of the tasks of the graduation exam, that is the argumentative essay.

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A Steep and Rocky Path to Brexit: Creative Metaphors in British Political Discourse on Brexit

Author(s): Lejla Aljukic / Language(s): English / Issue: 8/2019

This paper examines the emergence of metaphorical creativity from the creative elaboration of the single walking journey metaphor, which is used in British political discourse for the conceptualisation of Brexit. Using the cognitive linguistic theory of conceptual metaphor, three instances of creative metaphors are analysed at the level of conceptual domains and metaphor scenarios, as well as metaphorical stories activated by those metaphors, which, according to Ritchie (2017), seem to be crucial for the complete comprehension of creative metaphors. Special attention is given to contextual factors that motivate the emergence of creative instances of the walking journey metaphor, as well as the rhetorical force with which they shape political reality.

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A TOUCHY SUBJECT: THE TACTILE METAPHOR OF TOUCH

Author(s): Mirt Komel / Language(s): English / Issue: 82/2016

The article proposes an interpretation of metaphors and metaphoric discourse through the perspective of touch. The article first deals with metaphors of touch in the history of western philosophy (especially traditional metaphysics from Plato to Hegel) in order to produce an operative category of touch that will allow, in the second step, to grasp the tactile quality of the metaphors. If metaphors are usually (rhetorics, politics, literature) regarded as a specific form of language able to not only touch the subject matter in the most suitable way but also touch on the target subject (listener/reader), then it is precisely because there is a certain haptic quality involved in language itself, discernible especially in the discourse of those who know how to best exploit metaphors in their endeavours.

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Affectivity, Hypochondria, and Piles. Biological Reasoning and Metaphors of Illness in the Hungarian History of Ideas

Author(s): Béla Mester / Language(s): English / Issue: 57supl./2012

“Illness as metaphor” has become a widespread expression used in writings of history of ideas, since its first appearance in the essay of Susan Sontag. The present paper offers an analysis of its use in the 19th-century Hungarian culture. At first, it is distinguished the use of diseases and bodily conditions as a cause of the author’s ideas in interpretations, from the illness-metaphors of S. Sontag, and from the body-metaphors of the early modernity. In the second part it is detailed the bodily self-reflection of the 19th-century Hungarian authors in context of the ideas incarnated in their works, and the images of their contemporaries, described by them, using bodily symptoms as causes of the ideas of their reviewed books. In the focus of the analysis are the memoirs of Gusztáv Szontagh, a distinguished critic of the second quarter of 19th century, edited by the author of this article for publication. Szontagh has used the patterns of the bodily determination of the ideas describing a large scale of authors, creating a New World made of words, only, in literature, philosophy, and politics. This complex system of ideas has lost its connections with the theory, and had become an element of the political rhetoric in the second half of the 19th century, and in the first half of the 20th century. An outlook for this afterlife is the topic of the epilogue of the present article.

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Aktuelnost Nušićeve retorike

Author(s): Jovica Trkulja / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 3-4/2014

Branislav Nušić belongs a small group of intellectuals in Serbia who were committed in their work on oratory and rhetoric. The result of that work is his book Retorika (Rhetoric) published in 1933. The author analyses in this paper 1) the place of Nušić’s Rhetoric in Serbian scholarship on oratory; 2) Effectiveness of Nušić’s combination of classical rhetoric and experiences of new applied rhetoric; 3) Topicality and relevance on Nušić’s rhetoric. Analysing virtue and disadvantages of Nušić’s book, the is the first modern textbook of rhetoric in Serbian language, that it has obtained numerous supporters in public opinion, and that it has remained the best-read handbook of applied rhetoric. With the book Nušić has left a lasting mark which is deep and relevant at the same time. He believes that his contribution to rhetoric is equal to his contribution to Serbian literature and theatre. In spite of some of its shortcomings and limits it has made an educative mission in Serbia. At the end the author points out that Nušić has very much contributed that rhetoric, as a skill of public appearance and ability of persuasion, becomes a foundation of ever increasing contemporary skills aiming at transmitting certain messages (adds), at making bridges of co-operation between different cultures, and at cultivating language and style of everyday life and public appearance (speech culture).

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ALEXANDRU PHILIPPIDE AND THE TYPOLOGY OF RHETORIC FIGURES

Author(s): Gabriela Craciun / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 10/2017

The study focuses on classifying the rhetoric figures that appear in Alexandru Philippide’s poetry. The figures are defined, placed in a time context and eventually exemplified. Each rhetoric figure is shaped according to the poet’s thoughts and beliefs. The rhetoric figures are a mark of the poet’s style.

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Aliens in Love: Testing Bloom’s Theory of the Anxiety of Influence

Author(s): Tõnis Parksepp / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2018

The article aims to test the universality of Harold Bloom’s theory of the anxiety of influence. Underneath Bloom’s favourite tropes (Kabbalistic, psychoanalytic, Shakespearean, Miltonian, Blakean etc.) lies a diachronic system of misreading, which can be useful in analysing texts without any direct connections between them. By comparing two culturally distant but rhetorically similar prose texts, Friedebert Tuglas’s short story At the End of the World (1915) and Stanisław Lem’s novel Solaris (1961), this article suggests that it is possible to overcome the accustomed boundaries of national literary histories. Both of these stories depict a communication error when humans are confronted with the unknown other. The texts have alternative figures describing the alien and similar tropes presenting the human. To explore the potentiality of figurative kinship between the two authors who are strangers to each other is not an ill-fated quest, but a search, which would eventually allow us to see some hidden patterns that literary studies usually miss.

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Anaforički potencijal nekih lingvističkih sredstava u savremenom srpskohrvatskom jeziku

Author(s): Snežana Bilbija / Language(s): Croatian,Serbian / Issue: 2/1984

The central purpose of this article is to present some anaphoric processes in contemporary Serbo-Croat. The processes discussed are viewed only with respect to the linguistic context in which they are carried out either by means of proforms or null proforms. The term proform is used to cover such linguistic expressions as third person pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, certain adverbs etc. Null proforms are divided into two subtypes: the first includes cases arising from ellipsis under the condition of superficial identity between the antecedent segment and the segment to be anaphorized: the second covers cases which result from the deletion of constituents retrievable from the context. The possibility of free variation between some proforms and some null proforms is also mentioned in this article.

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ANALIZA RELACJI GAZETY WYBORCZEJ I RZECZPOSPOLITEJ DOTYCZĄCYCH PRZEWROTU POLITYCZNEGO NA UKRAINIE W 2014 ROKU

Author(s): Maciej STOPA / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4 (232)/2017

The aim of the paper is to analyse reports of Gazeta Wyborcza and Rzeczpospolita on the Ukrainian 2014 political upheaval according to cognitive and rhetoric methods. There are 197 articles analysed from eighteen releases of the newspapers from the days connected with the most important events of the whole process that took place in Ukraine. Texts have been analysed in a two-steps process: firstly, the whole material has been perused, and later, two pairs of texts describing the same facts in completely different ways have been analysed by following cognitive and rhetoric sciences’ tools: the Burke’s Pentad, the Karpman drama triangle, a reference point, and the others.

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Analogická argumentácia Mary Wollstonecraft v „Obhajobe práv ženy“

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Analogická argumentácia Mary Wollstonecraft v „Obhajobe práv ženy“

Author(s): Lubica Kobová / Language(s): Slovak / Issue: 2/2018

The article focuses on the analogical argumentation used by Mary Wollstonecraft in her Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792). Although Wollstonecraft clearly posits principles which may serve as points of departure for deductive reasoning, deduction does not suffice for her aims. Self-reflexive referencing to argument by analogy serves the purpose of restating the author’s neutrality, to which she strived to adhere. Analogies between women and flowers derive their argumentative power from natural history and convey the notion of the natural growth of a human being. Analogies between women and slaves need to be decoded by looking into their historical counterparts – i. e. emancipatory struggles of slaves in colonies. These analogies refer to the possibility of collective political action of women only implicitly, and at the same time they contradict the liberal understanding of analogy as means of argumentation providing a measured approach between traditionalism and utopianism.

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Apokaliptyczny gniew Boga i jego miejsce w Ewangelii Pawła (Rz 1,18-32)

Author(s): Marcin Kowalski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 33/2018

The article analyzes the motif of divine wrath in Rom 1:18-32. The author starts with a survey of the recent proponents of the “apocalyptic Paul” (Albert Schweitzer, Ernst Käsemann, J. Christiaan Beker, Douglas Campbell, N.T. Wright et al.). Next, the basic elements of the apocalyptic language in Rom 1:18-32 are scrutinized: the idea of revelation (ἀποκαλύπτ-), God’s sovereign rule over the world (παραδίδωμι), and God’s saving wrath (ὀργή). The author then demonstrates the place and the dynamics of Rom 1:18-32 within the context of the Pauline argumentation of Rom 1–4. The paper concludes with aconcise presentation of the idea of divine wrath as found in the Old Testament and in Jewish and Greco-Roman literature, which allows us to appreciate the novelty and apocalyptic dimension of God’s wrath in Paul.

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Argomentazione: idee, problemi, interrogativi

Author(s): Artur Galkowski / Language(s): Italian / Issue: 43/2005

Artykuł jest głosem w dyskusji na temat znaczenia i zasięgu zjawisk związanych z procesem argumentacji w komunikacji językowej oraz wkładu tego procesu d o ogólnej charakterystyki dyskursu. Wyjście od założeń starożytnej myśli retorycznej, w szczególnym stopniu odnoszącej się do arystotelesowskiej sztuki mówienia, skłania do przybliżenia, a nawet włączenia teorii argumentacji do programu badawczego lingwistyki tekstu, której genotyp niewątpliwie zawiera klasyczne źródła. Stąd też teza o charakterystycznej koncepcji tekstualizacji korzystającej z technik argumentowania w wypowiedzi ustnej i/lub pisemnej oraz stanowiącej rodzaj dyskursu argumentacyjnego. Proces powstawania, emisji i odbioru tekstu o charakterze argumentacyjnym wpisuje się w szeroki plan zachowań społecznych. Argumentacja, podobnie jak retoryka klasyczna, zapewnia przekazywanej informacji głęboką i skuteczną logiczność, co przyczynia się do osiągnięcia pragmatycznego celu założonego przez twórcę/uczestnika aktu argumentacji. Charakter społeczny argumentacji sprawia, że większość praktyk językowych można rozpatrywać w kontekście ich funkcji argumentacyjnej lub metaargumentacyjnej. Funkcjonalność technik argumentowania gwarantuje w wielu sytuacjach zamierzony przebieg aktu mowy w planie illokucyjnym i perlokucyjnym. Argumentacja okazuje się wreszcie wyznacznikiem intencjonalności wypowiedzi, będąc tym samym jednym z ważniejszych elementów, które pozwalają się prefigurować i realizować w komunikacji językowej.

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Argumentace v jazykové interakci

Author(s): Jakub Kopecký / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 4/2018

The article aims to introduce the fundamental features of the communicative conception of argumentation based on rhetorical and pragmalinguistic argumentation theories. Argumentation is defined as (linguistic) action grounded in accounting for a controversial position with the purpose of convincing listeners of its acceptability or in order to defend it when it is challenged. The basic form of the argumentation process is described using a three-component model which consists of the argument itself, the justified opinion and the warrant represented by the relationship between the previous components allowing the “plausibility transfer” from the argument to the disputed opinion (cf. Toulmin 2003). The article also deals with the conditions that must be met by convincing arguments, with stable content schemes of argumentation (topoi), and it seeks to answer the question of what the rationality of argumentation is based on, i.e. what the sources of its plausibility are.

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ARGUMENTAREA VECHILOR SOFIŞTI, UN PRIM MODEL AL DISCURSULUI MANIPULATOR

Author(s): Marius Dobre / Language(s): Romanian,Moldavian / Issue: 1/2017

Following Plato, as well as Aristotle, the first known important thinkers ofthe manipulative discourse were the sophists. The sophist way of argumentation showsthis fact. The principle of the sophists’ argumentation can be described by Protagoras’sthesis “On any subject there can be two arguments contrary to one another”. We canassert with success a statement about a problem as well as its opposite, we can praise aswell as criticize the same thing (if the interest demands it), whereas any truth is relativeand no one holds an unshakeable truth.

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Ars bene dicendi w „Mowie na nabożeństwie żałobnym za ś.p. Henryka Sienkiewicza” wygłoszonej przez ks. Bolesława Wróblewskiego w kościele farnym w Wieluniu 27 XI 1916 r.

Author(s): Grzegorz Majkowski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 14/2014

W artykule ukazano retoryczne mechanizmy treści w Mowie na nabożeństwie żałobnym za ś. p. Henryka Sienkiewicza. Tekst ten został wygłoszony przez ks. Bolesława Wróblewskiego w kościele farnym w Wieluniu 27 XI 1916 r., w czasie trwania I wojny światowej. Nadawca odwołuje się do wartości narodowych i chrześcijańskich. Retoryczne mechanizmy treści ujawnione w tekście, to wspólnota świata, emocjonalność odbioru, uproszczone wartościowanie, bezalternatywność wyboru. W tekście perswazja dominuje nad informacją. Mowa na nabożeństwie żałobnym… jest nie tylko hołdem złożonym wybitnemu polskiemu pisarzowi – Henrykowi Sienkiewiczowi, ale także manifestacją uczuć patriotycznych. Jest tekstem, który należy do dyskursu żałobnego i jednocześnie w pełni wpisuje się w dyskurs religijno-patriotyczny. Decyduje o tym kontekst sytuacyjny (pierwsza wojna światowa) i społeczno-kulturowy.

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