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International Noel Baker - Pauling - Peccei Conference - Tolerance is the root of peace and human rights. Since the current international political situation is characterized by the expansion and intensification of wars, the only effective response to this crisis is tolerance. It is a necessary condition for advancing understanding among conflicting parties and points a way toward conflict resolution without recourse to war. War will not provide winners, all will be losers. Tolerance implies respect for human beings and their freedom. Tolerance implies respect and acceptance of other cultures.
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This Paper addresses the dichotomy between preemption and prevention and the inherent debates on the use of force pursuant to international law norms. Beyond the disputes on these concepts, what really counts is the use of both practices in the international arena, i.e. the practice of legality, legitimacy and effectiveness of intervention. Philosophy of preventive/ preemptive actions, although controversial, suggests the need to redefine the classical sovereignty based on its Westphalian coordinates, projecting this way a new strategic vision folded on the structural constants of the new strategic environment (weapons of mass destruction, terrorism, failed states).
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The article represents an estimate of the main terrorist deeds the United States confronted with prior to September 11, 2002, as well as the way the responsible American authorities reacted to those events. Leaving aside the psychological involvement and President Bush mighty rhetoric concerning the radical changes of the approach of the new threats against the American security, there is a continuity related both to terrorism development and to some principles connected to the terrorism approach that were reinforced in the US beginning with the ‘ 70, once carried out by the President Nixon’s “no concessions” policy.
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The recently signed Lisbon Treaty is the result of many years of common efforts by EU member states to build a common defense and security policy. The Lisbon Treaty inherited almost all the provisions of the former „constitutional” treaty which has been rejected by some member states and never entered into force. The author is especially interested in the so-called Petersberg tasks which, after Lisbon agreements, also includes disarmement, military advising and assistance, anti-terrorist fight.
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This paper analyzes the Obama administration’s vision towards a “nuclear-free world” and the global approach toward global nuclear arms control and disarmament, the nonproliferation regime, and the future role of nuclear weapons. It also makes case for why a successful 2009 Nuclear Posture Review (NPR) will heavily influence the implementation of Washington’s ambitious arms control and nonproliferation agenda, which includes negotiation of a Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START I) follow-on agreement as well as achievement of a Fissile Material Cutoff Treaty, ratification of the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT), and a favorable outcome at the 2010 review conference of the nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT).
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The concept of security evolved and diversified in accordance with the mutations suffered by the international environment in order to respond to an imperative necessity to adapt to new risks and threats. The classic realist vision on security is no longer sufficient to explain phenomenon as the new terrorism, here conceptualized through the analysis of the „new archaic violence”, and therefore no longer capable to offer solutions. Becoming able to understand what pushes the individuals in committing terrorist acts must be a priority for all the entities engaged in fighting this plague. The postructuralist authors strive to discover an alternative path and explain what escaped the realist understanding which rejects any possible rationality of the religious way of thinking. The study of the „new archaic violence” creates the necessary premises for a new and better adapted security strategy.
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The terrorist phenomenon is an old one, but after the Cold War a new paradigm of terrorist activities emerged, based on a radical interpretation of religious doctrines like Islam and the wish of the religious fanatics to destroy all their enemies, to transform the societies by eliminating democracy, tolerance and rule of law. The new terrorists use all the modern technological innovations that the West has produced and the suicidal strategies, as they hope to spill-over the „holy war” on behalf of Islam, in order to destabilize all the countries in their region and replace their political regimes with a Caliphate regrouping all the Muslims. The globalization of the terrorist threat requires a coordinated and plannified response from the international community.
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The author shows the main direction of the US foreign policy and explains the role and activities of US president, Woodrow Wilson is reshaping a better world after World War I. He considers Wilson as being as pragmatic as he was idealist and explains his main ideas concerning the international peace, the self-determination of the oppressed people and the democratization of states. In the end, he think that pure realism is not a good option because it favors a fixed, non-progressive world, but, on the other side, exacerbated idealism is also useless and tiring. The best solution is a mixture of both, and this is the intellectual inheritance of the Wilsonism.
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This paper focuses on one of the longest and most complicated conflict: Israel vs. The Palestinian Authority, within the enlarged context of the Arab world, as a whole. The purpose is the attempt to discover the reasons for this never-ending dispute. The conflict could be explained using the socio-constructivism approach, namely the strongly defined identities of the radical organisations, which live upon the continuation of the hostilities, or the reinterpretation of the religious beliefs. All participants, involved in the conflict, have their narratives and their very own realities, which provide motivation and legitimise their behavior. Transforming identities and undoing the radicalised perceptions must be done not only within and by the elite and the political leaders, but at a structural level, as well. Hence, a less traditional approach, alongside high-level talks and negotiations, could represent a starting point for a conflict transformation and a solid and thorough settlement.
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After it stayed for almost 50 years in the shadow of United States, Japan, due to the new threats to its security such as: the offensive nuclear program of North Korea and China’s remilitarization, as well as for the necessity of adapting to the new realities of contemporary international environment, have started to reconsider its security policy. By adopting a new legislation, the Japanese government allowed its SDF to engage in UN peacekeeping operations, to offer tactical support and fuel to the coalition forces in the war against terrorism from Afghanistan and even to participate to the human assistance and reconstruction of Irak. In the same time, through different stages of negociations, the US-Japan alliance acquired a new dimension through the expansion of the geographical areas and range of missions SDF can undertake. Also, by encouraging an active dialogue and security exchanges with its most important neighboroughs: China, South Korea and Russia, Japan tries to consolidate a safe regional environment in South-East Asia.
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The concept of war is one of the most significant in the international relations. The hegemonic war theory is one of the major theories when it comes to the causes of international war. This theory is used to explain the presence of war or its absence. In this article I focus primaly on how the hegemonic state will react when its power begins to decrease. I look at the causes of this war and at how the hegemon will use its power to maintain its role. The hegemonic war theory lacks the psychological dimension. It is only focused on the systemic level.
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The trial of anyone already labeled a terrorist cannot, by definition, be fair. But the first casualty of war is always logic. Here come the dilemmas on the international human rights domain related to the terrorist phenomenon. Individual criminal responsibility is new and its exponents must be given time to sort themselves out. A good job is being done so far with the jurisprudence but much less so with court management and procedure. This article does not show that fair trials for state terrorists are impossible, but rather that international justice is in its very early stages. Milosevic’s trial or Saddam Hussein’s trial, even so different by nature, are parts of a learning process and we have to admit that in the case of non-cooperative defendants fairness has its limits – or rather must be balanced by fairness to the victims of the alleged crimes who have rights as well, and by the imperative of upholding the rule of law.
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The purpose of this article is to investigate the ethical implications of civil anthropologists enrollment in the Army. American Anthropologists Association initiated in 2007 through the Network of Concerned Anthropologists a project directed against the enrolment of their members in the American Army. The Pentagon is relying on the organization of “Human Terrain System” (HTS) teams in Afghanistan and Iraq to gather and disseminate information on cultures living in the areas of war. Although enrolled in the HTS teams, anthropological researchers must do everything in their power to ensure that their research does not harm the safety, dignity, or privacy of the people with whom they work. This obligation stated in their Code of Ethics is almost impossible to follow in war situations. Therefore, the mission of anthropologists to help military forces to understand the cultural context and interpret correctly the gestures, actions and communication codes of the local population in the war theatres is not an easy one.
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The author states that many of the contemporary conflicts within the international arena have a religious ground, thus culture seems to be more important as an explaining factor than geopolitics and military balance in many circumstances. Religion by itself is not an engine of violent behavior, only its extremism forms and the tendencies of radical leaders to use it as a tool for their aspiration. Therefore, only moderate religious activities could ensure harmony and tolerance among nations.
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The paper examines the differences between the old charter of the Islamic Resistance Movement “Hamas” in 1988 and its political declaration document issued in 2017, titled “Principles and General Policies”. Which redefined the move-ment and its objectives and vision in concern of Palestine and its main issues, such as Jerusalem and the refugees. In addition, the charter redefined the main regional and international dimensions of the Palestinian cause and the move-ment’s view of Zionism and Israel, and its position on the Palestine Liberation Organization “PLO.” The study was based on in-depth analysis of Hamas-related documents and primary sources. The study is concluded with significant results that signify and highlight some important variables and changes in Hamas’ mod-erated charter; including, but not limited to, the changes of its objectives, and the use of modern language, best found in the movement redefining itself as a liberation movement.
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M.Hakan Yavuz, Bayram Balci „TURKEY ́S JULY 15TH COUP: WHAT HAPPENED AND WHY“The University of Utah Press, 2018
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Revived by the Bush administration after the 9/11 terrorist attacks, the anti-missile defense system, although controversial, appears to be more justified today than in the middle of the last century. This Paper targets an analysis of the reasons and complexity of international security environment that led to an effective systematization of the anti-missile defense concept and its unprecedented geographical extension. The last evolutions of missile defense in Europe are highlighted with a focus on the NATO’s support and the results of the NATO Summit in Bucharest where the allies agreed upon the nature of threat, as well as the feasibility of anti-missile defense and the principle of security indivisibility. The main conclusions of the Paper stress the unquestionable utility of such a system in a world characterized by an increasing nuclear proliferation phenomenon where countering nuclear terrorist attacks is the key of a secure and safe international order.
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This paper is focused on making a comparative analysis of the Conceptions of the national security of the Republic of Moldova, Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan, taking into account the influence of external and internal factors which all led to different or similar approaches in the realm of security. The comparative analysis takes into consideration the influence of those factors regarding the approaches on security visà-vis the so-called frozen conflicts (in Transnistria, Abkhazia, South Ossetia, and Nagorno-Karabakh).
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This presentation has been displayed during the Crisis Management and Conflict Prevention Seminar, Brașov, Romania, 13-17 May 2008. It expresses the author’s personal views and it does not imply the institution of which he is part of.
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