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Готовност на подкрепящата среда (учители) за приобщаващо образование на ученици със специални образователни потребности в общообразователното училище

Author(s): Gencho Valchev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2019

Socialization of children with special educational needs is a multidimensional process with variable dynamics and constantly changing environment, determined not only by objective circumstances but rather by the individual characteristics of the subjects of the socialization and education process. The article presents the results of a pilot study of teachers in order to identify their attitudes and readiness to be actively involved in the process of inclusive education. The main survey method is the survey. The developed survey explores both the theoretical orientation of the problem and the motivational attitudes and the practical readiness of the teachers as the main substructure of the inclusive environment to participate in the process. The purpose of the study is also related to the intention to identify existing deficits in the planning and organization of the inclusive process on the one hand and the additional qualification of pedagogical staff on the other.

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O nienaukowym umiłowaniu języka:

Author(s): Krzysztof Ozga / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2021

Celem artykułu jest analiza treści (postów, memów) publikowanych przez administratora społeczności wirtualnej „The Language Nerds” w serwisie społecznościowym Instagram, a także wybranych, powiązanych z nimi komentarzy zamieszczanych przez członków społeczności zarówno na Instagramie jak i Facebooku. Badanie jest próbą odpowiedzi na pytanie, jakiego typu treści stanowią zasadnicze spoiwo grupy. W tym celu dokonana została klasyfikacja postów w oparciu o wyróżnione w procesie ich kreowania dominanty funkcjonalne. Wyodrębniono sześć zasadniczych klas: 1. memy o dominującej funkcji humorystycznej, 2. zagadki logicznojęzykowe, 3. posty kreowane w oparciu o specyfikę obrazowania pojęć w danym języku (językowy obraz świata), 4. posty o dominującej funkcji metajęzykowej, 5. posty o dominującej funkcji prezentatywnej (charakteryzujące prototypowego członka grupy własnej), 6. posty o charakterze wypowiedzi argumentacyjnych. Następnie każda z klas została szczegółowo opisana i zilustrowana wybranymi przykładami spośród 220 przebadanych postów. Zawartość treściowa wszystkich wyróżnionych klas wskazuje, że zasadniczym czynnikiem integrującym społeczność jest język, przy czym istotna jest wykazana w badaniu różnorodność perspektyw jego wykorzystania jako narzędzia konstruowania tożsamości członków społeczności. W świetle przeprowadzonej analizy statystycznej największą rolę w generowaniu homogeniczności grupy odgrywa humor językowy. // The aim of the article is to analyse the content (posts, memes) published by the administrator of the virtual community „The Language Nerds” on the social networking service Instagram and also selected related comments posted by the members of the community on both Instagram and Facebook. The study addresses the issue of what kind of content serves to build up the integrity of the group. For this purpose a classification of posts was made with regard to the functions dominating in the process of their creation. Six major classes were identified: 1. memes with humour as the dominant feature, 2. logico-linguistic puzzles, 3. posts created on the basis of how notions are conceptualized in a particular language (Linguistic Worldview), 4. posts with a dominant metalinguistic function, 5. posts in which the function characterizing a prototypical member of the ingroup prevails, 6. posts fashioned as argumentative statements. Subsequently, each class was described in detail and illustrated with examples selected from the set of all of the 220 analysed posts. The content of all the classes distinguished in the research indicates that language is the central factor integrating the community, but – as shown in the study – no less significant is the diversity of focus on the particular aspects of language and its use that serves as a tool for constructing the social identity of the community members. The statistics obtained indicate that it is linguistic humour that plays the most important role in generating group homogeneity.

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Senior Citizens as an Underresearched Age Group of Audiovisual Translation Users

Author(s): Sonia Szkriba / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

In recent years, approaches to audiovisual translation and media accessibility services have shifted from serving one group of viewers only towards a more universal design that takes into account a wider range of users. In line with that approach, some scholars point out, for example, that subtitling for the deaf and hard of hearing (SDH) or accessibility applications created with the blind and partially-sighted in mind could prove beneficial to senior citizens. This group of viewers is likely to experience age-related sensori-motor and cognitive decline, which may significantly influence their film-watching experience as well as their preference for an AVT method. As populations in many countries are aging, senior citizens might be considered an important part of potential cinema clientele. Unfortunately, since studies in AVT have concentrated on younger audiences, little is known about senior citizens’ specific preferences concerning audiovisual translation. The objective of this article is to briefly characterise senior citizens as recipients of audiovisual translation and discuss the possibilities for future studies on the subject.

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Dame Edna and ‘the help’:

Author(s): Adrian Hale / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2021

‘Dame Edna Everage’, a persona originally created by the Australian comedian Barry Humphries in 1955, is a character designed to simultaneously shock and amuse. Dame Edna voices (and satirizes) the discourse of ‘average’, older, politically conservative Anglo- Australians who feel compelled to ‘tell it like it is’ – no matter how offensive their opinions might be. In the Anglosphere, Edna’s humour is well understood and sustained international success has followed Edna for more than 60 years in Britain, Canada, the US and Australia. However, Edna occasionally misfires. In 2003, for instance, Edna’s satire outraged Latinos across the USA, in fulfilment of Poe’s Law (Aikin, 2009). Simply put, Latinos assumed that Edna’s comments satirising negative mainstream attitudes towards them were expressive of Edna’s authentic racism. This paper investigates the Edna joke in the overall context of failed humour and then specifically for the offensiveness it generated amongst the Latino minority in the United States. It then tests whether this reaction was the result of a discursive frame specific to the US context, by conducting an exploratory study amongst a small sample of highly educated Australian bilingual Latin American immigrants and their adult children, to see whether they thought Edna’s joke was funny. These Australian individuals of Latin American heritage responded via an online questionnaire, and an analysis of their responses is presented here. The study’s main finding is that while these individuals generally demonstrated a high comedic literacy across both English and Spanish, including a prior awareness of Edna’s and Australian humour, they overall rejected the intention and humour of Edna’s joke. This paper asserts that, when it comes to humour, some transnational migrant speech community loyalties transcend other notions of identity and language competence.

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Origins of Bosnian humour and its role during the siege of Sarajevo

Author(s): David Orlov / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2021

This article presents an ethnographic study of Bosnian humour during the siege of Sarajevo. The siege of Sarajevo, which followed the collapse of Yugoslavia, lasted four years. Despite the atrocities and war crimes committed against the residents of Sarajevo during this period, they are known for the spirit they demonstrated, and humour was a crucial element of this spirit. On the basis of two-month fieldwork in Sarajevo, I demonstrate how Bosnians employed humour to comment on this traumatic event, made sense of it, and coped with the experience. Although humour under extreme conditions is mainly viewed as a coping mechanism, by exploring the origins of Bosnian humour and stereotypes about Bosnians, I demonstrate that a notable humorous response to the traumatic events of the 1990s was more than a coping mechanism or just a response to this particular war. As I argue, a humorous attitude toward life in Bosnia belongs to people’s identity; it has developed historically as a response to the sufferings of a peripheral group in the region and, as a result, has become a cultural artifact belonging to Bosnians’ ethnic consciousness. In their attempt to preserve a sense of normalcy and restore dignity during the siege, Sarajevans continued to engage in their traditional humour, as doing otherwise would mean they had lost control over who they were.

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Reality in a Microcosm: Railway Modeling in Bulgaria – Narratives, Images, Discourses

Author(s): Angelina Ilieva / Language(s): English Issue: Special 2/2020

The article is a culturological and anthropological study of railway modeling in Bulgaria. The history, the social organization, and the cultural practices of the Bulgarian modelists are represented through the prism of their personal narratives and discourses shared in the public space. At the same time, railway modeling is conceptualized as a cultural microcosm with specific artistic “poetics”. The author also outlines some basic themes within the verbal and visual discourse: the aesthetics of the models, their technical precision, the image of the modelist as a creator, as well as the attitude towards Bulgarian railroads as cultural heritage.

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Wolność religijna w kontekście chrześcijańskich mniejszości religijnych w regionie MENA

Author(s): Justyna Salamon / Language(s): Polish Issue: 37/2021

The aim of this article is to analyse the religious, social, and political situation of Christians in Muslim countries in the MENA region (North Africa and the Middle East). The first part of this article presents considerations and definitions. In addition to the historical outline, information relating to the contemporary situation during the COVID-19 pandemic is presented. The focus of the research was to answer the question of how the situation of Christians has changed. Did the restrictions introduced affect the celebration of religious practices? Were Christians discriminated against in accessing health care and social assistance? Attention was also paid to the statistical data published both by the Christian non-profit organisation “Open Doors” and by the American non-profit organisation “Freedom House.” This article uses the historical method, also known as the genetic method. Its main purpose is a chronological description of the evolution of the status of religious minorities in Muslim countries. A comparative method devised by Arendt Lijphart was also used. Romanian religious scholar Mircea Eliade was also a proponent of combining the comparative and historical methods. Eliade believed that religious studies should use two mutually complementary methods: the phenomenological description of religious structures and the historical-comparative method – a holistic approach to religion. In the context of research, the general concept of man, according to which he is a religious being (“homo religiosus”), is relevant. Reference was made to relevant Spanish-language. The last part of the article compares the persecution of Christians with the phenomenon of Islamophobia to show the similarities or differences between the two negative phenomena.

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Рефлексивният подход при формиране на личностни и социални компетентности чрез учебно съдържание в контекста на бежанската проблематика

Author(s): Siyka Chavdarova-Kostova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2022

A contemporary challenge for Bulgarian teachers is the presentation of learning content related to the refugee flows and the formation of personal and social competences in the context of intercultural education, aiming at awareness of the importance of the topic of migration in individual, community, national and international context. The reflective approach seems to be extremely appropriate for understanding the importance of this type of knowledge in terms of global migration processes, not only by students but also by teachers who have a wealth of opportunities to inform children and develop attitudes towards the issue within class activity, hour of class, extracurricular and out-of-school activities.

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The Image of the Other in the Cultural Practices of the Modernity

Author(s): Serhii Vytkalov,Lesia Smyrna,Iryna Petrova,Adriana Skoryk,Olena Mykolayivna Goncharova / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

The cultural diversity and the culture of plural coexistence becomes the global problem of existence. Mutual penetration and leveling of the boundary having divided the world into Other and Own is relevant, as it challenges identity in the conditions of openness and unification. Own culture is able to reveal its potential and present its essential features and original character only in the context of a different cultural dimension. The complex intertwinings, connections, influences of the cultures of different peoples and their worldviews in a single world cultural space are illuminated by the dialogue. Dialogue determines the nourishing interaction, which allows to get richer by knowing the unique, valuable experience of the Other, to expand the horizons of one’s own existence. The atmosphere created by the dialogue is marked by humanism, implies the dignity and the right of each participant to argue their own point of view, therefore, to use their own intellectual abilities, knowledge and values.

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Връзки на заучената безпомощност и самосаботирането с психичното благополучие

Author(s): Margarita Bakracheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2022

Learned helplessness and self-handicapping are considered self-defenses in situations of perceived lack of control аnd insecurity. The research purpose was to study their effect on well-being. 325 respondents of the convenient sample completed seven scales: on learned helplessness, self-handicapping, self-esteem, life meaning, mindfulness, optimism, and flourishing. Results reveal that flourishing decreases in result of self-handicapping, but this effect is fully mediated by the lack of perceived control and self-esteem and partially mediated by life meaning and the mindfulness. Learned helplessness also reduces experienced well-being, but this effect is fully mediated by self-esteem and partially mediated by and optimism, life meaning, and mindfulness. This suggests that learned helplessness and self-handicapping can be considered reactive or preventive situational responses, mediated by self-esteem, optimism and active reflection of situations and opportunities, and life meaning, being pathways, counter-balancing self-defenses.

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SOFIA AS A SACRED SPACE FOR ESOTERIC SOCIETIES (END OF THE 19th – FIRST HALF OF THE 20th CENTURY)

Author(s): Georgeta Nazarska / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

The article studies the connection between structuring of the Sofia urban space from the end of the 19th to the middle of the 20th century and esoteric communities in the capital (spiritualist, theosophical, anthroposophical, Rosicrucian, freemasonic, co-freemasonic, including some of the NRM). A “case study” of present districts of Krasno Selo, Pavlovo and Ovcha Kupel is made with historical and cultural studies approach. Both the processes of their emergence, settlement, planning, and the socio-cultural profile of their inhabitants, some of whom were associated with occult societies, are explored.

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STAGE INCARNATIONS OF TOTALITARIAN MYTHOLOGEMS IN THE BULGARIAN THEATRE

Author(s): Joanna Spassova-Dikova / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

The presentation addresses issues related to the construction of the socialist canon in the Bulgarian theatre on the basis of certain postulates and ideologemes that provoked the creation of new totalitarian mythologems (Jung, Kerényi). By its very nature, European totalitarianism of the 20th century did not tolerate gods other than those whom it had named itself. Rejecting the centuries-old faith in the Christian god, the system had to elevate its idols. Here the magic that art and artistic image possess was put into reconsideration. Totalitarian culture and art incorporated the powerful tradition of esoteric notions of image in order to create a new religion with new rituals that affect consciousness through the archetypal in a grand spectacle (Debord). In this theatre, the stage incarnations of totalitarian mythologems about the party leader, the positive hero, the youth, the masses, etc. became the main means of forming the type of socio-political thinking necessary for the power.

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Romanian migration reflected in recent Portuguese literature: the Roma ethnicity as a case in point

Author(s): Catalina Iliescu-Gheorghiu / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

This article focuses on three contemporary Portuguese literary works that feature Roma characters and culture-specific elements within a wider selection of authors who mention or delve into past and present Romanian realities. This selection was aimed at determining which are the themes, historical events, lived or narrated memories, symbols, images, and ethnotypes that interest contemporary Portuguese authors in relation with the Romanian immigrant segment, a population fairly representative in Portugal (ninth largest minority group, with some 31,000 residents and an annual immigration rate of 2,000 new arrivals). My exploration (through several channels: library catalogues, oral sources, databases) revealed ten literary works which tackle elements related to: the Roma ethnic group and the negative ethnotype of prostitution, crime and begging; the former elite (aristocracy, intelligentsia), above all, temporally anchored in the early years of the 20th century; and the Communist regime, its apparatus (party and secret police) and its fall at the end of the eighth decade of the 20th century. In this article I shall focus on the analysis of the first group, basing this on the concept of “ethnotype”, observing how the image of a given immigrant population is constructed, and how this image affects its members in the public and private spheres.This article focuses on three contemporary Portuguese literary works that feature Roma characters and culture-specific elements within a wider selection of authors who mention or delve into past and present Romanian realities. This selection was aimed at determining which are the themes, historical events, lived or narrated memories, symbols, images, and ethnotypes that interest contemporary Portuguese authors in relation with the Romanian immigrant segment, a population fairly representative in Portugal (ninth largest minority group, with some 31,000 residents and an annual immigration rate of 2,000 new arrivals). My exploration (through several channels: library catalogues, oral sources, databases) revealed ten literary works which tackle elements related to: the Roma ethnic group and the negative ethnotype of prostitution, crime and begging; the former elite (aristocracy, intelligentsia), above all, temporally anchored in the early years of the 20th century; and the Communist regime, its apparatus (party and secret police) and its fall at the end of the eighth decade of the 20th century. In this article I shall focus on the analysis of the first group, basing this on the concept of “ethnotype”, observing how the image of a given immigrant population is constructed, and how this image affects its members in the public and private spheres.

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The Culture of a Modernizing Traditional Society (Ethnical Aspect)

Author(s): Anzhelina A. Koriakina / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

The intensification of world processes has acutely raised the problem of transitional or modernizing societies and cultures. In this regard, the question of the culture of a modernizing society is actualized. In the article, the concept of “culture of a modernizing society” through the prism of modernization of a traditional society and ethnical aspect is analyzed. The explanatory cultural concept of the present day is developed. In this context, the main characteristic of a modernizing society is culture. It is revealed that culture of a modernizing society is quite plastic, multicomponent, and includes both traditional and innovative (modern) components. The Yakut culture at the modern stage is observed and it is cleared that the Yakut people are going through the final process of acculturation of the Yakut ethnos and the cultural assimilation of its large part.

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СРБИ У ПОМОРИШЈУ: ИЗМЕЂУ СЕЛА И ГРАДА

Author(s): Biljana Sikimić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 7/2021

Based on the fieldwork research of Serbs in Arad county (Romania) done in 2013–2015, the paper analyzes narratives about personal relocation to the city of Arad and elements of biographical stories given in the form of digressions in narratives covering the themes of traditional Serbian culture. Collected material comes from the settlements of Nadjfala/Satu Mare, Felnak/Felnac, Monoštor/Mănăştur Munara/Munar, Tornja/Turnu, town of Arad, as well as from published memories of the victims of communism. The time period covered in the narratives starts from the period of communism, through the Revolution of 1989, all the way to the modern, parallel world and double life in the villages and Arad at the same time. The narratives are divided into five thematic units that cover the current situation in the settlement, memories of the Felnac tamburitza orchestra, trips to Arad from a children’s perspective, fragments about everyday life in Arad and today’s situation of emotional division between the village and the city. The attached transcripts are verbatim and reflect the different degrees of preservation of the Serbian language (Šumadija-Vojvodina dialect) and the corresponding influence of the Romanian language in each individual participant.

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The role of laughter in establishing solidarity and status

Author(s): Angus McLachlan / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

Drawing on a range of American, Australian, British and Scandinavian research into laughter,the current paper will use the form of pragmatic analysis typically found in qualitative researchand apply it to data produced by the quantitative methodology common in the author’s owndiscipline of psychology. Laughter will be examined as an indexical that serves both a discoursedeictic function, designating the utterance in which it occurs as non-serious, and a social deicticfunction, marking the laughing person’s preference for social proximity with fellowinterlocutors. The paper will then analyse examples and data pertaining to three types oflaughter bout derived from taking laughter as an indexical. First, solitary listener laughter willbe argued to signify a deferential acknowledgement of continued solidarity with the speaker.Second, solitary speaker laughter will be suggested to mark a simple preference for solidarity.Third, joint laughter will be accepted as a signifier of actual solidarity that may also be used tomark status depending on which party typically initiates the joint laughter. Joint laughter thusacts in a manner closely analogous to the exchange of another set of indexicals, the T and Vversions of second person pronouns in European languages. Finally, the paper will concludeby examining the problematic case of laughing at another interlocutor, before brieflyconsidering the implications of this pragmatic perspective for traditional accounts of laughteras well as for future research.

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The idea of national humour and Americanisation in Australia and Britain

Author(s): Mark John Rolfe / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

The widespread notion of a unique national humour involves an impulse to apply thecommonplace assumptions of national identity that demand uniqueness of identity, history,language and culture for a political society. What is deemed true and distinctive of the nationmust be also be true and distinctive of its national humour, goes the thinking.However, such cultural exclusivity has not been reconciled with cultural exchangesbetween nations. Paradoxically, conceptions of national humour have been formulated indynamic tension with such exchanges during the various phases of globalization that havetaken place since the 19th century. The Americanisation of humour, in particular, has been animportant component of such transmissions and resulted from the commercial popular culturedominated by America since the nineteenth century. Australia is a prime example examinedhere along with examples from Britain. To complicate matters of transmission,Americanisation sometimes arrived in Australia via Britain as well as directly from Americaitself.Australians and Britons periodically reacted against American culture, includinghumour, as a threat to national identity. But this was part of a dynamic tension played outbetween modern and traditional, imported and local in their selections and adaptations ofhumour imports from America.There is a huge and historic complexity of cultural anxiety and cultural transfer lyingbehind the apparent cultural comforts of belonging to a nation-state. Moreover, humour hasplayed its part in the continual discursive recreation of the nation in the form of constantsearches for the unique national humour of a people.

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On the “Dark Side”:

Author(s): Kerry Mullan / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

This study examines the use of online humour in a subversive local community Facebook group set up in 2017 by disgruntled members banned from a similar group “in opposition to [the original group’s] arbitrarily-applied rules, [its] enforced happiness, and [its] suppression of any post that isn't about giving away lemons or asking to borrow small appliances”. The dissatisfaction with the guidelines and the administration of the original Facebook group provides rich material for humorous posts in the new group, many with varying degrees of aggression directed at the founder and certain members of the “Dark Side”, as the original group is frequently referred to. This article will demonstrate how the use of humour in this new rival Facebook group is used for the purposes of inclusion and exclusion, and how it contributes to a sense of belonging in this online community of practice (Lave & Wenger 1991) created by a small group of selfdeclared dissidents. It will be shown how the humour shapes the identity of the group through the members’ shared ideologies and beliefs (Tanskanen 2018), and how the humorous messages intended to denigrate and belittle the “Dark Side” reinforce unity among the group members, since the feeling of superiority over those being ridiculed coexists with a feeling of belonging (Billig 2005). Fifteen single comments or multi-post threads were chosen for analysis. These appeared during the first twenty months of this rival group’s existence, and included primarily affiliative and/or aggressive humour (Meyer 2015) directed at the original group. The analysis was carried out using elements of computer-mediated discourse analysis (Herring 2004), and an insider participant-observer online ethnographic approach. The examples chosen illustrate how the humour is used to unite the members of this subversive group by dividing them from the original one, to create the joking culture (Fine and de Soucey 2005) of the new group, and in so doing, creates and sustains the members’ shared identity as irreverent breakaway troublemakers.

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“It only hurts when I laugh”:

Author(s): Barbara Plester,Tim Bentley,Emily Brewer / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

Our study examines the impacts on workers when organisational humour is repeated,sustained, dominating, and potentially harmful, and thus can be considered to be bullying. Inan ethnographic study of an idiosyncratic New Zealand IT company, we observed humour thatwas sexualised, dominating, and perpetrated by the most powerful organizational members.We argue that the compelling need for belonging in this extreme organizational cultureinfluenced workers to accept bullying humour as just a joke and therefore acceptable andharmless even when it contravened societal workplace norms. Our contribution is inidentifying and extending the significant theoretical relationship between workplace humourand bullying that, to date, is not well-explored in organizational research.

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Laughing along?

Author(s): Meredith Marra / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

Successfully joining a new workplace community is demanding, especially when this involvescrossing national boundaries in addition to team boundaries. For outsiders, humour is anarea that arguably presents a challenge to full participation, particularly when localunderstandings are not shared, nor even recognized as distinctive. Newcomers face thechallenge of navigating the trajectory from legitimate peripheral member towards core status(adopting the terms of the Community of Practice model). This involves cooperating withothers in interaction, including engaging with humour and laughter as a way of indicatingbelonging. Here belonging is operationalized using the two dimensions proposed by Antonsich(2010), namely (1) a sense of belonging and (2) the politics of belonging as evidenced throughnegotiation with others. Applying an Interactional Sociolinguistic approach, I offer analysis ofnaturally occurring workplace interactions and reflections from skilled migrant interns in NewZealand workplaces. I discuss the place of laughter in attempts to demonstrate teammembership, arguing that these attempts at belonging require the cooperation andendorsement of insiders. The findings indicate that, however benevolently intentioned, thelocal colleagues’ use of humour, and their reactions to the humour and laughter produced bythe skilled migrant interns, often results in a sense of othering and exclusion. This is keenlyfelt by the interns who note the difficulties that taken for granted practices create in theiracceptance and progress. In many cases the result is laughing along, as an outward signal offit, rather than laughing with which suggests a deeper sense of belonging.

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