"A ZBORIŠ NAŠINSKI?" – O UPOTREBI GORANSKOG GOVORA U BEOGRADU

Author(s): Jadranka Đorđević Crnobrnja / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 2/2014

The research the results of which are partially presented in this paper is based on the notion that the Gorani idiom is one of the segments of Gorani culture. In other words, I perceive it as an identity question which is only one part of the larger ethnic issue. In that regard, I do not attribute more significance to the Gorani idiom than to other symbols/markers of this community, but in this paper it is in the focus of observation. By analysing language (idiom) and its communicational function it is possible to observe, trace, and explain different processes regarding ascription and description of the ethnic identity of individuals and community. Following this idea, I am trying to analyse and explain communicational function of the Gorani idiom in the context of rights of its usage and possibilities of realization of these rights in one multi-ethnic environment in which Serbian is the official and major language. The analysis of the communicational function of the Gorani idiom seemed very inspiring for research to me due to the fact that the Gorani are educated in Serbian schools in Serbian – which is the mother tongue within the educational curriculum, and besides this they use Serbian as a main language in the public sphere. In the environment (Belgrade) where the research was conducted Serbian is used in parallel with several dialects; members of different confessions and ethnic communities, cultures and subcultures live there – which overall implies various questions regarding the usage of the Gorani idiom and its symbolic role in the process of creation of Gorani`s ethnic identity. The analysis of the usage of ‘Nashinski’ among Gorani who live in Belgrade has led me to the conclusion that they use the Gorani idiom and Serbian in everyday communication, therewith Gorani idiom is present only within private sphere of communication (among family and relatives). Apart from this it is evident the appearance of mimicry of Gorani idiom and the attempt of increasing language competences in Serbian which might affect the decrease and an intensity of the usage of Gorani idiom within the private sphere of communication. Therefore, there is concern that the decreased scope and intensity of the usage of the Gorani idiom might negatively affect its reproduction and its existence. The state and its public policy do not undertake any attempts in order to provide organised and systematic conduction of care for Gorani idiom and Gorani ethnic community.

"Novi talas" u percepciji novih generacija

Author(s): Marija Ristivojević / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 4/2013

The paper represents an analysis of contemporary ideas about new wave music formed by generations born after 1980, in the "post-new wave" period. The ever more evident tendency to revitalize and re-actualize the new wave phenomenon at the local level, as well as the identities which stem from it, is indicative not only of the importance of this musical concept but its interdependence with the local community. The echoes of different contemporary narratives about this phenomenon influence the forming of a set of notions about, on the one hand, new wave itself, and on the other – notions about Belgrade of that time period, among generations which form their opinions and perceptions of it indirectly, and after the fact. The aim of the paper is to an- swer the question of the extent to which young people today are familiar with new wave and what the concept represents for them.

"Panslavizem, panslavizem, bi se kričalo od vseh strani!" K zgodovini slovanstva, slovenstva in nemškega strahu pred panslavizmom 1788-1861

Author(s): Marko Zajc / Language(s): Slovenian / Issue: 1/2009

The idea of Slavism is inseparably linked with the development of the Slovenian national thought. The use of wider, Slavic notion to surpass provincial and regional borders was present since the very beginning of the Slovenian nationalism which was closely connected with the neighbouring German element. Herders's views on language as the essence of the nation and his praise of Slavs play an important role. At the end of Napoleon's Wars a general fear of Russia overcame Europe. Three different aspects of attitude towards Russia existed in the German-Austrian public: Russia as a reactionary state (internal policy aspect), Russia as a Slavic force (national aspect) and Russia as an expansive force (foreign policy aspect). The Slovenian national movement also operated in this context and had to struggle against being accused of Panslavism and Pro-Russianism from the beginning of its political action.

"Rabovačky" v závere prvej svetovej vojny a ich ohlas na medzivojnovom Slovensku

Author(s): Miloslav Szabó / Language(s): Slovak / Issue: 2/2015

In the last days of the First World War soldiers returning home, along with civilians, attacked representatives of the Hungarian state and wealthy individuals, especially Jews. They expelled them from their homes and looted them, or they simply destroyed their property. In some places regular Hungarian troops executed the leaders of these rioters. This study seeks to offer an alternative to the prevailing interpretation of the looting, which emphasize the social or ethnic motivations of the economically and nationally oppressed Slovak rioters. Instead, it examines the reversal of the perpetrators and victims that was carried out not only immediately after the looting had occurred, but repeatedly throughout the whole interwar period. This is to be seen as an expression of the growing anti-Semitism, because the Jews were ultimately accused of the murder of allegedly innocent Slovaks.

"Tjetri" në krijimtarinë e Agollit

Author(s): Anila Mullahi / Language(s): Albanian / Issue: 35/2017

In the period before the 1990s, in the context of a strong tradition of socialist realism literature, the positive heroes were placed in the center of the literary world; those that were created according to a standard model. They were developed in a linear way and often were incompatible with the internal logic. The tendency to create "social characters" caused the extinction of the particular and loss of curiosity. The characters of these works appear without any dilemmas, without great twists, without spiritual breaks, without vacillation for the life, the world or the human existence. Near the positive character are the others, who worship them or they want to resemble to the heroes; while on the other side, opposite them are the antagonists, the enemies.In Agolli's works, besides these two groups, are those characters that are seen as "weird", “irregulars” or "incorrect". They are not negative characters because they are not "enemies" but they are not even positive characters because do not resemble the standard example at all. This kind is considered as "the other", and actually this is what it is deep inside the unconscious of the author.“The other” is an individual who is perceived by the group as someone who does not belong, as different in an essential way. The group sees themselves as the norm and judges those who do not meet the norm elements. “The other” can have many forms, in the case of Agolli appears as one who is not indoctrinated. He is not interested about politics, but either he is interested in objecting it. His non-inclusion and non-ideology make him different. They reveal an essential feature that differs from others; speak openly and directly and do not have the veil of deceit in front of their eyes and they see the reality as it is, without idealizing it.In some cases at Agolli’s characters, "the other" is ultimately subjected to the group's norm, but also their existence as being different, makes Agolli's works distinct from the others. One form of "the other" can be considered Commander Rrapo in the novel "Commissar Memo" or Mato Gruda in "The Man with the Cannon".There are other cases where Agolli's "the other" it may be someone who shows great passion for life. A way to enjoy life with all the pleasures that it brings, through humor, eating, drinking, dancing, women, as it is Cute Babulja in the novel "The Ark of the Devil". Such a man with great love for life and the pleasures that life brings is not in line with the positive hero “whose character is shaped among the great difficulties". Agolli's literature work is filled with atypical characters, with special features, with individuals in conflict with the society norms, which consists in alienation from the principles of the official frame method.

"Tjetri" në modernitetin letrar

Pashku, Kadare dhe Rrahmani

Author(s): Albanë Mehmetaj / Language(s): Albanian / Issue: 35/2017

The paper titled "The ‚Other‘ in Literary Modernity (Pashku, Kadare, Rrahmani)" examines the problem of the „other“ presence in modern Albanian literature (of the second half of the twentieth century) and aims to give the frameworks of this problem to the authors used as a model and in this literary era.This paper is only an initial, since the problem of the „other" in literature is not only literary, it is also relates to the cultural and the social identity context. So, the basic method of research, is the comparative one, which also verifies the comparative origin of the "other“ in literature.The concept of the „other“, in historical terms, both in psychological and literary terms, takes on a particular character, often dramatic, and conveyed with contradictory views, so our goal is to follow this line of manifestation. Such a problem will undoubtedly be clarified with theoretical arguments.The authors chosen for this case are: Anton Pashku, Ismail Kadare and Zejnullah Rrahmanin, with the works "Tower", "Castles" and "Romani for Kosovo". Selected works are testify to the value of the authors and the ways of presenting the ctagiry of the "other " in modern literature. These authors are representatives of poetic patterns and selected styles of modern Albanian literature, while the problem of the „other“ in literature, in the works of these authors, represents some of the most important variations of his appearance in the Albanin modern literature.Realizing the theme of the „other“ in Albanian literature Pashku, Kadare and Rrahmani make it having primary concern for the Albanian identity and being guided by national motives and patriotism. In this context, the literary concept of the other of these authors, has the meaning of the conqueror, meaning the impersonator of the idea, and therefore, on this look remain foreign forever. The „other one“ in their work is shaped by the fictional world, literary characters, history as time-stamped and as probable evidence, and through literary figuration. But the perception of the other here is distinguished in the thematic plan: in the other side, it is similar to the literary works of Kadare, through historical events (but to one evil only root causes, while the other good can be bad), while to Rrahmani as a personal theme (continuation of the invader). All three of them, as modern authors, are similar to the universality of the subject, so that Albanian issues are treated as human issues and have a wery good histographic and ethnographic knowledge.

"Vdekja e tjetrit" në shkrimet letrare të Mitrush Kutelit

Author(s): Kastriot Gjika / Language(s): Albanian / Issue: 35/2017

Death is not only one of the most universal topics, in addition to love, travel, life, beauty, etc., but is also seen as one of the most difficult to deal with, both ethically and psychologically and religiously. The most natural tendency of the last century has been to avoid death as topic, to non-rebound directly, to project it euphemistically into other areas of the individual or collective world.But Kuteli's case is somewhat specific and quite contrary to this trend. Death is so present in Kuteli's narrative prose, that he seems to have explored it with all his techniques and literary means in all of its individual, social, ethical, religious manifestations. We can affirm that he has a special interest in this subject and he's familiar with it."The Death of the Other", however, as a concept explored in his writings, but also in other paraliteratur and nonfictional writings, gives us a complete insight into his ethical, religious, philosophical and literary concepts of death and of life itself."The death of the other," is seen in confrontation and in a comparative way with "my death", in the M. Kuteli's "rrëfenja"-s, but also in other its writings.

"Zdravo je biti Amerikanac": Rana hrvatska imigracija u SAD, prakse na otoku Ellis i stvaranje hrvatske dijaspore

Author(s): Tanja Bukovčan / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 29/2006

From 1892 to 1954 more than 12 million immigrants entered the United States through its famous gateway, Ellis Island. They were processed through immigration procedure and majority of them, from that period, were allowed to enter the US and become the citizens of their choice. Poverty, scarcity and hard field labour forced many Croats to seek better life in America. Almost four millions of them went through the Ellis Island in the period from 1880 to 1930. Very young, of average age not more than 22, most of them single males, together with all other steerage passengers, underwent the quick medical examinations, "six seconds physicals" through which they were checked for signs of infectious diseases, insanity, "feeblemindedness" of physical defects. To avoid the trap of being too easily critical 100 years after Ellis Island happenings, it has to be said that they were a practical solution to immigration admission. The number of people entering the US through Ellis Island could reach 5000 up to 11000 people per day during America's peak immigration years from 1890-1924. However, Ellis Island practices legitimatized and deepened the division between the ethnically desirable (North and Western Europe immigrants) and less desirable (South-Eastern Europe and Asia). Furthermore, they provided a mass demonstration of power and political practices, which used health as an instrument of separation between those who were eligible to become the members of a politically stable, healthy labour force, and those who were not. This paper tries to examine in what way did such "segregatory" practices, which already at the entrance to the New World, defined Croats and other immigrants as possibly unhealthy, insane or inapt, influence the formation of Croatian Diaspora in North America as a culturally distinct ethnic group. It also raises the question as to how will the newly emerging medical borders affect notions of ethnicity and the ways in which dispersed/displaced peoples construct their identities in the time of "global ethnoscapes" (Appadurai) The fact that this first "legalized" segregation on the basis of a six-second medical examination was going on under the shadow of the Statue of Liberty, shows to what extent it was assumed as "scientifically" reasonable and politically correct, and explains the existence of its current practices of creating medical borders. Who remains on the other side of the medical border? The ethnical and cultural "Others", or, just "the ill"?

"Немачко удружење Адам Беренц" и ревитализација етничког идентитета Немаца у Апатину

Author(s): Aleksandar Krel / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 3/2010

At the time of the violent interethnic conflict in the former Yugoslavia, ethnic Germans in Serbia became publicly active for the first time after decades of "ethnic mimicry", founding ethnic German societies. It is through these societies that the process of revitalization and (re)construction of their ethnic and cultural identity has been taking place. There are about a dozen such societies active in Vojvodina today, one of them being the Adam Berenz German Society in the town of Apatin. The paper looks at the conceptualization and symbolization, analysis of ethnic strategies and presentation of modalities by means of which the Apatin association seeks to preserve and revive certain specific ethnic and cultural elements of the German ethnic community.

"Раноантичка насеља" и гвоздено доба централног Балкана: питања етничког идентитета

Author(s): Ivan Vranić / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 3/2011

In the Balkan archaeologies, ethnic identity has been traditionally treated as a stable and monolithic category, readily recognizable in the material culture. The issue of "ethnogenesis" of the Palaeo-Balkan "peoples" is the dominant topic and the basic research subject in culture-historical archaeology, today regarded as the consequence of the modern European nationalisms. Starting from the constructivist point, the paper seeks to examine the interpretations of ethnicity in the Balkan Iron Age, on the example of the so-called "early Classical settlements" – a series of mutually very similar fortified settlements located in the vast lands of the Balkan hinterland, today in the territory of several modern states. These settlements are broadly dated into the period from the 5th to the 3rd centuries BC, and have traditionally been interpreted as the final phase of the ethnogenesis of the Palaeo-Balkan communities, supposed to have been living in "tribal states", whose population has been recognized as "people" or even "nation". In the traditional literature, the ethnic characteristics have been readily recognized, projecting directly the modern socio-political structures onto the communities of the past that could have been founded on completely different group identity or political organization. The paper deals with the issue of the political aspects of these interpretations in variousBalkan countries, favoring certain Palaeo-Balkan communities, and an attempt is made to contextualize these nationalistic narratives into the present.

(NE)MOGUĆNOST ISTRAŽIVANJA TRADICIONALNOG CRNOGORSKOG MASKULINITETA

Author(s): Branko Banović / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 1/2011

Gender roles include standards, expectations and norms which one should fulfill. But, there are very few individuals who can achieve what society expects when it comes to norms considering gender rols. On the other hand, literature about traditional Montenegro society considers gender roles in general, and not individuals - the ones who are succesful or unsuccesful in fulfiling these prescribed gender roles. If we base our research of traditional masculinity in Montenegro on the narratives about the past, as a result we will have a model which will contain many imputations and interpretations that will not coincide with the reality of life in the past. This implies that it is impossible to position Montenegro masculinity on the traditional/modern axis. Nevertheless, it does not diminish the functional potential of the model in determining contemporary social relations.

(Nie)pamięć zbiorowa Polaków jako skuteczna regulacja emocji

Author(s): Michał Bilewicz / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 6/2016

Bilewicz applies notions borrowed from the psychology of emotions to understand collective (im)memory in Poland, with a particular focus on defensive reactions to new historical data on Poles’ negative behaviour. Based on James Gross’ concept of emotion regulation, Bilewicz elaborates a model of downregulating collective moral emotions (such as guilt and shame). He then applies this model to the debate on the Jedwabne pogrom. He also outlines systematic social psychological studies that support his proposed emotion downregulation model. The article concludes with a discussion of alternative ways of presenting negative history – ways that overcome those defensive emotion regulatory processes.

(P)ostati ateist – formiranje nereligioznih identiteta među članovima organizacija nereligioznih i ateista u Hrvatskoj

Author(s): Nikolina Hazdovac Bajić / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 3/2019

The phenomena of non-religiosity and atheism have been provoking the attention of sociologists of religion especially since the beginning of the 21st century. However, in Croatia they have not often been topics of scientific research in recent times. The aim of this paper is to acquire the first scientific insight into the process of forming of non-religious and atheistic identities. Starting from this objective, the paper will try to respond to the specific research question of how non-religious and atheistic identities are formed among members of organizations that gather the non-religious and atheists in Croatia. The paper is based on data collected by semi-structured interviews with 22 persons. The results obtained indicate that the formation of non-religious and atheistic identities among interviewees took place in several (intellectual) stages initiated by critical thinking that had its foundations in natural sciences. With regard to the (non)existence of a collective identity, two types can be differentiated among members of the organizations: the engaged and distanced non-religious and atheists.

(Ri)ndërtimi i tjetrit si proces e objekt i interpretimit në kufijtë e strukturës

Author(s): Ermir Xhindi / Language(s): Albanian / Issue: 35/2017

The definition of The Other in the Albanian literature is consequence of self-identification national, social, cultural and spiritual endeavor which begins with the romanticism during Albanian National Renaissance. In its early stages, this process was accomplished ‘out’ of texts for as long as structurally Albanian literature lived its naïve stage, without its subsequent complexity which relocated the respective phenomena inside the limits of literary text as dialectic relationship between the definition of ‘I’/’WE’ and ‘The Others’, in all its structural totality. Nevertheless until of the ‘80th of the XX century despite important changes in Albanian literature, one of rare inviolable categories remained the definition of ‘The Other’ expressed under unified cultural and ideological ‘out of literature’ platform which was disintegrated at the beginning of the ‘90th of XX century.We aim to represent an investigation on this case especially after ’90th e so on when this process continues on the absence this ‘out of literature’ platform. We used texts written by Fatos Kongoli and Ben Blushi as the most distinct representative in our judgment of the most important tendencies of this phenomena from the viewpoint of structural construction and relevant meanings made by a cultural instrument ‘The possible reader’ based on theoretically hybrid version ‘Eco-Fish’. In this sense ‘The Other’ is manifested at the limits of literary structure simultaneously as a process and an object done by interpretation.

(По)граничността в многобройните ѝ изменения (Nira Yuval-Davis, Georgie Wemyss, Kathryn Cassidy, Bordering. Cambridge, UK, Medford, MA: Polity, 2019)

Author(s): Stephan E. Nikolov / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 2/2019

1923 Nüfus Mübadelesine Mizah Penceresinden Bakmak: Zümrüdüanka

Author(s): Nuray Firindioğlu Yılmaz / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 2/2017

The Greek- Turkish 1923 population exchange has played an important role in Turkish history both politically and socially. Since about 2 million Greeks and Turks were ousted from their homelands, this issue has quickly become problematic due to some main concerns and conflicts over its form and instruments, the definition and the scale of the refugees, and the legal status of their left property. These problems led the refugees to experience a number of tragic incidents from the start of the implementation of the exchange almost until it is completed. This study reviews the Greek- Turkish population exchange that has been engraved in collective memory in every respect by analyzing the texts and caricatures in the comic book, Zümrüdüanka, that reflect its idiosyncratic sense of humor.

1980'LERDEN GÜNÜMÜZE KÜRESELLEŞMEYLE GELİŞEN "KİMLİK POLİTİKALARI" VE SANATA YANSIMALARI

Author(s): Gökçen Şahmaran Can / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 61/2019

The changing side of socio-cultural, economic, technological and political structure over the world, which occurred with globalization, rapid development of information and communication technologies especially during 1980s intensified the international interaction and caused the globalization to accelerate. These effects significantly changed the notion of individual, changing economic, sociological and political balances made the individual obliged to look at the world with a new point of view. Differentiation emerged in this period that significant theoretical divergences occurred. The notions such as discrimination, racism, anti otherness concertized with globalization, “identity politics” emerged as the notions which was introduced to field of expression by the art. This period when post-structuralism and deconstructionism revealed the unity of life, politics and art with an understanding that developed around “I” caused the “other” to be accepted and women, black people, homosexuals to have the freedom to express themselves. The artists addressed phenomena such as gender politics, sexual identity, ethnic identity, discrimination in their works created through various ways of expression, and they shaped their arts in this direction. Artistic construction of identity politics developed with globalization which constitutes the content of the subject was examined and assessed in terms of social identity characteristics within the context of sociology methods and theories. Artistic construction was examined over a broad bibliography; the acquired findings put forth art’s theoretical discussions from past to present comparatively.

1989 in European Vernacular Memory

Author(s): Lars Breuer,Anna Delius / Language(s): English / Issue: 03/2017

In our contribution, we examine the vernacular memory of the end of Communism and the year 1989 in Europe. Analyzing sixteen focus groups conducted in Germany, Poland, Spain, and the United Kingdom, we concentrate on the question whether the events related to 1989 might have the disposition to become a transnational European lieu de mémoire. We show that 1989 is not a salient historical event for British and Spanish participants, while Polish and German respondents do connect it with patterns of national identity building. Differences between vernacular and official memories could be revealed as respondents hardly mentioned the democratic achievements made in the course of the transitions. A transnational dimension was only found in Poland, where respondents articulate a feeling of neglect toward their own national history. The Solidarity movement is being interpreted as a motor of liberation and Europeanization of Poland and as a pioneer of democratization on a European scale. German respondents remain in their national frame, focusing on flashbulb memories of the fall of the Berlin Wall and the issue of social integration of East and West Germany after 1990, which they evaluate as imperfect. The strong national bias of Polish and German focus groups raises doubts as to whether 1989 can become a transnational basis for a shared European memory.

30-ųjų karta be moterų, arba Apie moters tapatybės vaizdinį Nikitos Chruščiovo laikotarpio spaudoje ir poezijoje

Author(s): Jurgita Žana Raškevičiūtė / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 1/2018

This article analyzes the perception of women’s identity as it was created in the press in the period of Nikita Khrushchev’s rule (in the magazine Tarybinė moteris, “The Soviet Woman”) as well as in the poetry written by both men and women of the so-called 1930s generation. By taking a closer look at discourses across different levels, connections, conflicts, tensions, denials and contradictions were revealed, uncovering the complicated and tense relationship between the ideological, masculine and feminine paradigms that offer different identities. This serves to demonstrate how men and women have tried to accommodate their traditionally inherited, personal relationships with ideological perceptions. After describing the engineering of a woman’s image in the magazine and analyzing the images in male and female poetry, it became clear that this version of Soviet feminism was more regularly and consistently realized by men in their work, who had described the process of creating the Soviet world (the emergence of collective farms and the role of women in this process, ideological connection between the woman and the new order etc.). It was revealed that women were much more likely to be portrayed as negative characters in respect to the system than men, their worldview being based on values inherited from the interwar Lithuania, determining their obscurantism and secretive life. The emancipation of women in men’s discourse is almost without exception based on directly transposed Soviet postulates. A more personal perspective and relationship with a woman emerges as a traditionally inherited patriarchal paradigm of the woman-as-a-mother identity, which is disassociated from the Mother Heroine image by a personal and intimate articulation of the relationship. The images of the emancipation of Soviet women that appear in male poetry are taken up as postulates of the new system, but these images are never incorporated in the articulation of their worldview, always remaining as part of the new society’s architectonics. In the work of J. Degutytė, the only more prominent female poet of the period in question, two directions in the conception of women’s identity are observed: the official one, which shows the adopted image of hyperreality as being at the core of the new woman’s identity, an assumed woman’ self-image as being responsible for social sensitivity, and the stance of the party-appreciating mother. When the self-image of a woman is not thematized but rather manifests itself as the self-awareness of the speaking female subject, the female “I” appears as the acting subject that transforms the female attributes (emotionality, sensitivity etc.), traditionally perceived as restrictive, into opening up opportunities for action and possessing an existential perspective. The most intense exposure of the female subject to the world is portrayed as an act of creativity, whereas the creative aspirations of women in the poetry of men of the same time are associated exclusively with childbirth.

A 2018-as szlovákiai magyar identitáskutatás elsődleges eredményei

Author(s): Zsuzsanna Lampl / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 1/2019

The joint survey of the Forum Minority Research Institute (Šamorín, Slovakia) and the National Policy Research Institute (Budapest, Hungary) was carried out in the summer of 2018 in 16 districts and 120 municipalities of Southern Slovakia, including the cities of Bratislava and Košice. The sample was constituted of 800 Hungarian adults in Slovakia. The quota is representative from the point of view of the proportion of inhabitants belonging to the Hungarian ethnic minority and living in Southern Slovakia´s mixed districts; and of gender, age group, school graduation level, and the type of municipality they reside in. The subject of the survey was the state of national identity and its changes compared to earlier time periods. The primary results presented here concern the following aspects: quality of life, current attitude toward public issues, national value system, national identity, language arrangements, language regime, language use.