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A Modern Interpretation of Marxist-Leninist National Policy (On the Example of the National Minorities Issue in Uzbekistan)

Author(s): Kamola Saipova,Usmonzhon Butaev / Language(s): English Issue: Special 2/2019

The aim of the article is to present a modern interpretation of the national policy of the Soviet government on the example of the issue of national minorities in Turkestan in 1917. The authors analyze a large amount of scientific material, including the documentation of congresses and resolutions of the government of Turkestan. Based on the research results, the authors conclude that the policies on national minorities under the administrative command system was contradictory and inconsistent. In general, the dynamics of the impact of the system on the sphere of national life turned out to be negative. Due to false ideological attitudes, the domination of administration, the poor scientific basis of policy, the national policy of the administrative-command system was, essentially and objectively, a denationalizing policy. The authors present a modern interpretation of this issue.

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INFLUENCE OF CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL TRAUMAS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF UKRAINIAN IDENTITY IN THE SECOND HALF THE ХІХth – THE FIRST THIRD OF THE ХХth CENTURY: HISTORIOGRAPHY ASPECT

Author(s): Nataliia Semerhei / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

L'article met en évidence et analyse les dernières recherches de l'historiographie ukrainienne, qui sont consacrées à l'étude de l'impact des traumatismes culturels et historiques sur la formation de l'identité nationale ukrainienne dans la seconde moitié du XIXe et au début du XXe siècle. Les outils de recherche scientifique sont présentés par des méthodes empiriques (recherche bibliographie et bibliométrie), scientifiques générales (description, explication, analyse, synthèse, généralisation) et spéciales (méthode historique et conceptuelle, méthode d'interprétation historique et scientifique, méthode herméneutique) qui permettent une compréhension scientifique et une représentation scientifique des connaissances historiques accumulées sur la place et le rôle des traumatismes culturels et historiques dans le développement de l'identité ukrainienne à l'époque impériale. La nouveauté scientifique est que, pour la première fois dans la connaissance historiographique nationale, on a considéré l'état de la couverture du problème du développement de l'identité nationale ukrainienne de la seconde moitié du XIXe - début du XXe siècle du point de vue de la méthodologie de l'Europe occidentale pour les traumatismes culturels et historiques.

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Lands In-between: The Politics of Cultural Identity in Contemporary Eastern Europe

Author(s): Melvin Croan / Language(s): English Issue: 02/1989

Today's Eastern Europe came into existence as a distinct geopolitical entity only after World War II. Many observers-critical East European commentators foremost among them-chalk it all up to Yalta. However one may feel about code words, the 1945 Yalta agreements surely did foster the establishment of a novel "supranational space," comprising a conglomeration of peoples and cultures knowing little and caring less about one other. The ensuing disarray, in turn, greatly facilitated the region's Sovietization which the West, for its part, effectively failed to counter. [...]

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Główne elementy nowoczesnego bezpieczeństwa transportu

Author(s): Marek Magniszewski,Marlena Lorek / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

The subject of this article concerns safety in transport in the context of broadly understood contemporary challenges. The study characterizes the impact of transport on individual types of safety. Ecological, personal and economic security were selected for the analysis. The purpose of this article is to attempt to synthetically address the issue of safety in transport while taking into account several selected areas of this safety. Selected types of security will be considered: ecological, personal and economic. It is the transport that presents new challenges that will affect the level of safety in the future. Today, the most important thing for the environment is to secure all parts of the infrastructure, both point and line, so that the movement process takes place without any irregularities that could result in damage to health and even loss of human life.

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Prikaz

Author(s): Barbara Mašić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 4/2020

The review of: Andrew Heywood, POLITIKA; Mate d.o.o., Zagreb, 2019., 520 str.

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A kárpátaljai magyar szórvány típusai, tagolási lehetőségei

Author(s): Patrik Tátrai / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2020

The Hungarian term “szórvány” (literally: diaspora, but its meaning can be interpreted as scattered minority communities in the majority population) has been used for a long time to differentiate transborder Hungarian communities according to their location and assimilation trajectories. Up until now only a few attempts have been made to group and typify communities labelled as “szórvány”. This is especially true for Transcarpathian, Ukraine, where those living as “szórvány” communities makes up approximately one quarter of the total Hungarian population of the region. However, the idea of “szórvány” is quite ambiguous, and there is no consensus on its exact definition. Based on both quantitative data analysis and qualitative methods (fieldworks since 2018), the present study aims at giving an overview about how the “szórvány” has been defined and differentiated in Transcarpathia and what the possible factors are that characterize the main types of there Scattered community cluster. We found that although the role of structural features like distance from the relatively contiguous Hungarian settlement area (“block”), ethnic proportions between majority and minority populations, rural-urban settings the allochthonous-autochthonous dichotomy and, local special characteristics are crucial to understanding differences in development paths.

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A 2020-as romániai helyhatósági választások eredményei

Author(s): Gergely Illyés / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2020

Romanian local elections were conducted on September 27, 2020. There included the election of settlement mayors and the members and presidents od country councils. In the competition of Romanian political parties the National Liberal Party (PNL) won most contest, but the expected collapse of Social Democratic Party (PSD) did not occur and the Social Democrats were able to hold on to some important positions. On the third runnerup the USR-PLUS Alliance performed poorly when compared to the EP elections of 2019. However this party captured the mayorship of four large cities and has the potential for future growth. In relation to the results of the Hungarian participants in some areas they leave increased their support. After twenty years, they have recaptured the mayorship of Târgu Mureș/Marosvásárhely and have retained the presidencies of four out of five country councils. In the solidly Hungarian comities the ethnic factor did not lead to losses, but in the area of scattered cluster settlements the Hungarian candidates did not enter big city and country councils, there losing important vice-major and vice-presidential council positions.

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Az Emberi Jogok Európai Bíróságának ítélete a nemzeti kisebbségi iskolák diákjai érettségi többletterhének ügyében

Author(s): Péter Varga / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2020

According to the ruling of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) in the case of Adam and others versus Romania the curricula and the manner in which the baccalaureate was organized was ruled not to be discriminatory. In this case the six Hungarian students from Transylvania who raised the issue were found not to be in a sufficiently disadvantaged position in the application for the baccalaureate examination. The present analysis gives a factual overview of the case and, without claiming to be exhaustive, examines whether the Court acted with due diligence in assessing the above mentioned difference, between the opportunities of minority and majority students. Was Romania’s omission and delay in adapting curricula and examinations for the needs of minority students acceptable under the standards of the European Convention for Human Rights barring discrimination.

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Az egyesült Európa – történelmi gyökerek

Author(s): Csilla Dömők / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2017

As all the victorious political concept, the concept of united Europe is diffuse. As a notion, it lacks strict definition, since its content is inexhaustible. Interpretations can be numerous and it offers different opinions which are not compatible with each other. The concept of Europe is against the status-quo of the nation-state, against dissipation, separation, against national egotism and antagonism, against the pursuit of autarky and hegemony. The elimination of these problems are desirable on the other side of the nation-state horizon. This is how the concept of the united Europe connects to the concept of global citizenship. Cosmopolitan features can also be traced in this process. It is not by mistake that Shiller’s Ode to Joy („Ode an die Freude”), which is about making all the people brothers and sisters, is the official hymn of Europe, setting to music by Beethoven.

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Between history and law: reflections about the history and legal fundaments of the recognition of Quilombola communities in Brazil

Author(s): Tássia Verônica Brandão Teixeira / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

Originated in the context of a slavery regime in Brazil which lasted up to 1888, quilombo communities were an expression of resistance against such a system of oppression and through its existence faced marginalization and in were forced to secrecy, which imposed several challenges to the legal recognition of such remaining communities in the last decades. They were first referenced to in official documents of the Portuguese Empire dating back to 1559, all the same not being seem as subjects to rights. Brazil’s first Land Law from 1850 effectively deprived quilombo communities of rights over the lands they inhabited by excluding forms of land occupation other than purchase or granting by the State from legal recognition. It is only by the 1990’s that the public authorities’ commitment to legitimate and issue land titles for remaining quilombo communities is finally set through legal dispositives. This paper aims to reflect on the developments on recognition of quilombola communities in Brazil through listing and examining legal provisions published in the last decades regarding the subject matter.

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CULTURAL HERITAGE-BASED URBAN FESTIVAL AS A TOOL TO PROMOTE LOCAL IDENTITY AND CITY MARKETING: THE CASE OF THE RADVAŇ FAIR IN BANSKÁ BYSTRICA, SLOVAKIA

Author(s): Alexandra Bitušíková / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

This paper deals with the processes of transformation of an urban festival – the Radvaň Fair in the city of Banská Bystrica, Slovakia – in a comprehensive way and from a chronological point of view. The main focus is on the development of the festival in the post-1989 (post-communist) period. The fair has been organised continuously since 1655 and went through a number of transformations. Its function has changed from a primarily commercial event of three centuries to a significant cultural and social hallmark festival in the 21st century. The key research questions concern the role of cultural heritage-based festival in identity building and city marketing, and the relationship between the festival and place (location). The paper also addresses the question of potential use/misuse of cultural heritage in current political discourse and practice.

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Far from being over - Injustice, revenge and suffering in Nagorno-Karabakh

Author(s): Bartłomiej Krzysztan / Language(s): English Issue: 01+02 (45)/2021

Almost 30 years ago, on May 9th 1992, Armenian forces captured the Azerbaijan city of Shusha after a spectacular offensive. In a world without Twitter, the narrative about liberation and escaping the Azerbaijani army spread instantly. The story of the restoration of historical justice for Armenians deprived of their ancient lands for years covered the catastrophe of thousands of Azerbaijani families forced to flee the Nagorno-Karabakh. Two years later, a ceasefire was signed in Bishkek, yet the war did not end for good.

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THE DEVELOPMENT OF MUSLIM NATION IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

Author(s): Danuta Gibas-Krzak / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

The main goal of this article is to show the conditions and circumstances of the formation of Muslim nation in communist Yugoslavia and the increase of its significance during and after the civil war 1992-1995. Furthermore, author presents the characteristics of contemporary nationalism, and distinguishes specific Balkan nationalism, which is often chauvinistic, ahistorical, militant and exclusive, of ethnocultural character. The identity of Bosnian Muslims originated from belief that their origin, language and culture related to Bosnia and Herzegovina, which makes them different from the Turks and other Islamic nations living in the Ottoman Empire. The genesis of forming Muslim nation in Yugoslavia is interpreted in various ways by the researchers. There is a hypothesis that it has been developed thanks to activity of young people who convinced Josip Broz Tito that such decision would reduce tensions between the Serbs and Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina. According to the Author, Muslim inhabitants of Bosnia and Herzegovina can’t be a separate nation, above all, since the followers of Islam were nationally indifferent, and their cultural legacy is completely different than Serbian and Croatian legacy.

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Jak śpiewać chórem w polifonicznym świecie

Author(s): Edwin Bendyk,Marek Migalski,Monika Rudaś-Grodzka,Sebastian Duda / Language(s): Polish Issue: 683/2021

Discussion between Edwin Bendyk, Marek Migalski, Monika Rudaś ‑ Grodzka and Sebastian Duda

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What to Expect When You’re a Minority? The Example of the Bunyevs of Serbia

Author(s): Bojan Belić / Language(s): English Issue: 41/2020

On May 14, 2018—exactly 73 years to the day after the order issued by the Internal Affairs Section of the Central People’s Liberation Committee of Vojvodina— Mr. Mirko Bajić, the president of the Bačka Bunyevs’ Alliance (BBA), informed the general public about a request by which the alliance “demanded that, without further ado, the parliament of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina (APV) adopt a declaration to pronounce” the aforementioned order “an act of forced assimilation ... and annul it.” Mr. Bajić also explained that the initiative to annul the May 14, 1945 order had been submitted to the APV parliament more than a year and a half earlier and, despite initial support by the APV government, no declaration had been adopted by the time of Mr. Bajić’s statement.

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Taras Kuzio, Putin’s War Against Ukraine: Revolution, Nationalism, and Crime

Author(s): Robert Orttung / Language(s): English Issue: 40/2020

Review of: Robert Orttung - Taras Kuzio, Putin’s War Against Ukraine: Revolution, Nationalism, and Crime (Toronto: Chair of Ukrainian Studies, University of Toronto, 2017), 490 pp.

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Soviet Identity Politics in Ukrainian Crimea: Friendship of the Peoples and Internal Borders in the USSR between the 1950s and the 1980s

Author(s): Zbigniew Wojnowski / Language(s): English Issue: 40/2020

In July 1976, the Soviet Ukrainian government assigned a recent graduate of the Kherson agricultural institute to his first job posting in Crimea. Keen to encourage the young engineer to stay on the peninsula, representatives of the local authorities met him as soon as he arrived in Simferopol. Although they first emphasized that educated specialists were badly needed in Crimea, local leaders suddenly claimed that all vacancies had been filled as it came to light that R. M. Kerimov was a Crimean Tatar. Kerimov refused to leave Crimea and travelled some thirty miles west to the coastal town of Saki. He arranged a meeting at the town council and got a job straight away because a young woman assigned to work in Saki had recently refused to move to Crimea from her native region in western Ukraine. Kerimov’s first three weeks in Saki went by smoothly, but problems started again when he attempted to register as a permanent resident at the local workers’ hostel. “Are you a Crimean Tatar?”— the hostel manager was startled upon examining his documents—“Leave right now, ... they might fire me, the man who issues passports has already got in trouble for something like this.” As news of Kerimov’s ethnic background spread, his boss begged him to leave and even offered to cover the engineer’s moving expenses. When Kerimov refused to resign from his job, he was quickly fired and the post he had occupied remained unfilled several months later.

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In Defense of Land and Faith: Muslim Tatars between Confrontation and Accommodation in Late Imperial Russia

Author(s): Stefan B. Kirmse / Language(s): English Issue: 40/2020

This article offers a discussion of state-society encounters and confrontations in the 1870s and 1880s, including both violent clashes and protracted negotiations, between Muslim Tatars and representatives of the Russian imperial state. It explores conflicts over land and faith in Muslim communities of Crimea and the Volga region, combining an analysis of the socio-economic and cultural-political roots of protest. In so doing, it goes beyond the technical details of specific disputes, offering rich information on everyday life in the countryside. It looks at forms of protest, boycott, and resistance, demonstrating that these could be highly individualistic, localized incidents or broader, collective phenomena. They could be directed against new rules and directives issued by the central state and communicated by its local representatives, or they could be aimed at village elders and neighbors. The religious affiliation of those involved could, but did not have to become a factor. In addition, the article explores protest in comparative terms. Why were open conflict and resistance against the state more common in the Volga provinces than in Crimea?

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Bosnia Must be a Civil State

Author(s): Harun Hadžić / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

In this paper, the author explains historical facts as well as legal and political concepts and terminology in defining "Bosnian nation" and "Bosnian state", with the aim of helping to find a solution for the establishment and normal functioning of the state of Bosnia as a UN member and subject of international law. Today's so-called Dayton Bosnia and Herzegovina is a product of the imposed will of major international powers and unprincipled "attitudes" of the international community, and as such it represents a "sui generis state", established in violation of democratic practices and applicable international norms. In the paper we apply a comparison between Freud's psychoanalytic observation of the development of the individual, on the one hand, and the sociohistorical development of the collectivity - of the people / ethnos and nation, on the other. The paper cites the opinions of relevant authors, citing the case of the former Yugoslavia and USA, and points to certain dilemmas in the application of two possible principles in establishing modern states - national and civil. In applying either of these two principles, it is important to (re)define the Bosniak national name and eliminate the dilemma: „Bosniaks“ or „Bosnians“ to look at the two names in the context of the three existing Bosnian-Hercegovinian peoples – Bosniaks, Serbs, and Croats.

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SHAPING AN ANTARCTIC IDENTITY IN ARGENTINA AND CHILE

Author(s): Ignacio Javier Cardone / Language(s): English Issue: 8/2020

Since the end of the 19th century, both Argentina and Chile have woven Antarctica—the white continent—into the conception of their national territories and identities, establishing a tradition that continues today. To understand the process through which these identities have been constructed, this article examines the strategic communications of the countries involved in the dispute over territories south of 60° south latitude. Early negotiations were incidental and reactive, but as the situation evolved internationally the two South American countries became entangled in their strategies to incorporate portions of Antarctica into their national territories, employing diplomatic interchange, symbolic actions, and the projection of an Antarctic identity by means of public discourse, educational curriculum, and maps. Furthermore, they promoted the idea of an ‘American Antarctica’ as a way of linking Antarctica with the South American continent in an effort to obtain international recognition for their territorial claims. Both countries were successful in instilling a domestic ‘national Antarctic consciousness’, but failed to gather international support. Although their strategic communications regarding Antarctica were successful in terms of the original objective of integrating the idea into their respective national identities, resorting to territoriality seems to have limited their ability to adapt to new conditions, such as those established by the Antarctic Treaty in 1959.

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