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Regime Preferences in Communist Czechoslovakia and the Narrative on the Slovak National Uprising

Author(s): Martina Švecová / Language(s): English Issue: 27/2020

Most of the participants in the Slovak National Uprising (SNP) were fighting for the ideals of democracy and freedom, for the defeat of fascism and Nazism and for the new Czechoslovak Republic with equal status for the Slovak people within it. They could not have foreseen that communist totalitarianism would be established after the war, one that would try to use the Uprising as a precursor for the socialist revolution (Fremal 2010: 359). The Communist Party, with the support of historians, utilised the legacy of the SNP to justify its political actions. Czechoslovak identity was also constructed through the image of the SNP, whose annual celebrations provided the communists with the opportunity to interpret the legacy of the SNP in various forms. This work deals with the way the communists interpreted the SNP in order to convince the public that this was a people's Uprising intended to lead to social equality and the eventual acceptance of communism in Czechoslovakia in the years 1947,1948 and 1954.

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(Re)konstruowanie narracji – działanie w przestrzeni publicznej – edukacja. Postpamięć zagłady Żydów lubelskich: studium przypadku

Author(s): Marta Kubiszyn / Language(s): Polish Issue: 65/2020

Although originally the term ‘post-memory’ referred to the experiences and memories of the survivors that influenced the biographies of their children, in the following years its meaning was extended and the concept started to be used to describe the processes of transmitting the memory of any traumatic experience within any group, not necessarily bound by blood. In the case of Lublin, where one third of the pre-war community consisted of Jews, most of whom were murdered during World War II, the position of non-Jewish vicarious witnesses seems to be particularly important. This article discusses some aspects of the Holocaust post-memory discourse referring to the cultural activities of the ‘Grodzka Gate – NN Theatre’ Centre. Research questions will concern the artistic language and means of expression of these projects as well as the aesthetic codes that are being used by vicarious witnesses.

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Negotiating a Postmemory Dichotomy: Nostalgia and Aversion in Malta

Author(s): George Cassar,Marie Avellino / Language(s): English Issue: 65/2020

The island of Malta has served as a strategic colony since the dawn of history. Since Phoenician and Roman times, the island has been an important base in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea. Its last colonisers, the British, spent about 180 years using the islands for their imperial needs. The official closing of the British base on 31 March 1979 heralded a new economic and social reality supposedly unhampered by the exigencies of foreigners. Two major post-memory reactions kicked in – nostalgia and aversion to ex-colonial life. The postcolonial Maltese generations exhibit a range of reactions oscillating between love and hate for the British. On the other hand, British ex-service personnel and their families have continued to feel an affinity with the island base which they had come to acknowledge as a second home. This allows for a new type of relationship between the Maltese people and their British visitors where issues of colonial post-memory are negotiated. These are seen at their best in the local tourism industry. Malta woos British tourists and goes to great effort to attract them. It uses to its advantage the colonial affinity to create an attractive destination for the British which benefits the locals and the Maltese economy. In Malta post-memory has evolved in line with necessity and expediency, where animosity, though manifestly tangible, has gradually morphed into a rather benign residue in the collective reaction to the colonial past.

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PAMIĘĆ I (NIE)PAMIĘĆ: O BURZENIU CERKWI PRAWOSŁAWNYCH NA CHEŁMSZCZYŹNIE I POŁUDNIOWYM PODLASIU W 1938 ROKU

Author(s): Anna Moroz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 70/2021

In the article, I will present the history of the destruction of Orthodox churches in the Chelm region and southern Podlasie in Poland in 1938. This incident is an important element in the process of symbolizing the existence of the Orthodox Church in Poland, which is why the memory of trauma is a feature of the memory of Orthodox people. This incident does not actually exist in the public discourse, it is unknown, and what is more, it does not fit the common Polish perception of the Second Polish Republic. The trauma of this incident in the Orthodox community is part of the post-memory discourse, which means that the next generations also experience trauma.

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What We Remember and What We Forget: Selective Memory in the Holocaust

Author(s): Maya Camargo-Vemuri / Language(s): English Issue: 83/2021

Why remember atrocity? This paper considers how trauma shapes the political memory of atrocity. What we choose to remember about atrocity is largely determined by the visibility of events, but also impacted by social norms, normalized violence, and perceptions of atrocity. Certain events, although common or not necessarily unusual, are suppressed from memory (both in collective and individual narratives) due to fear, shame, guilt, or disgust. In genocide, we rarely hear about acts that induce emotions such as the ones mentioned, including acts of rape, prostitution, and parricide. Most often, such acts are omitted from the narrative because they are not normal crimes in the societies where they occur, and are seen as particularly horrific. The consequence of this omission is a skewed image or conception of genocide and what it does to the people who are part of it, either as victims or perpetrators. This paper determines that, however uncomfortable, unusual, or painful it is to remember such acts, the memory of such acts is necessary to understand the mechanics of atrocity and victimization. It uses a case study of the Holocaust, focusing on sexual violence, to illustrate the concepts of memory omission, skewed historical perception, and the necessity of understanding atrocity through accurate memory.

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KAKO PODUČAVATI GENOCID U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI

Author(s): Hikmet Karčić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 87/2021

Quarter of a century after the genocide was committed over the Bosniaks, the issue of memorialization of its victims has become one of the significant issues in collective memory of Bosniaks. What is evident in Bosnia and Herzegovina is a total absence of the theme of this genocide in the educational system as a crucial element for the collective memory of a nation. Even though there are some indicators of progress in this regard, still it is far from sufficient. In this regard it is necessary to develop some approaches towards informal education about this important topic. However it is required that educational and scientific methods are adjusted so as to suite the new generations. This article aims at offering certain advises and guidelines regarding the passing on the correct information about the genocide in Bosnia and Herzegovina to new generations.

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25 godina Daytonskog mirovnog sporazuma. Odgovornost međunarodne zajednice za stanje u BiH

Author(s): Mladen Bevanda / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 115/2020

Svi oni koji su privrženi, vjerni svojoj domovini imaju pravo, ali i obvezu, slobodno izreći i kritički govoriti kako vide stanje u BiH nakon četvrt stoljeća od donošenja, usvajanja Daytonskog sporazuma. Pritom ne treba osjećati strah da će se odgovarati za svaki prigovor, za izraženo mišljenje. Svojedobno su, naime, mnogi hrvatski dužnosnici, i ne samo oni, oštro kažnjavani samo zato što su bona fide – u najboljoj namjeri – otvoreno iznosili svoje objekcije, zamjerke na samovoljno mijenjanje i nametanje rješenja koja su bila protivna slovu i duhu Daytona. Nekad neupitan, danas je ovaj Sporazum toliko izobličen, izmijenjen da ne sliči svom izvorniku. Hrvatski narod, međutim, trpi teške posljedice samovoljnog, bezobzirnog prekrajanja, ionako nepravednog Daytonskog sporazuma.

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Tamara Đermanović, Put u moju nepostojeću zemlju

Author(s): Ana Lasica / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2021

Review of: Ana Lasica - Put u moju nepostojeću zemlju, TAMARA ĐERMANOVIĆ, Beograd: Samizdat b92, 2018., 216 str.

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Todor Kuljić, Manifest sećanja levice: kontrasećanje potlačenih i zaboravljenih

Author(s): Dejan Jović / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2021

Review of: Dejan Jović - Todor Kuljić, Manifest sećanja levice: kontrasećanje potlačenih i zaboravljenih, Beograd: Klio, 2021, 286 str.

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“Srbe treba na neki način zastrašiti”. Miniranje civilnih objekata na području Bjelovara 1991. — 1995.

Author(s): Nikola Vukobratović / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2021

Intensive inter-ethnic violence against civilians is one of the key characteristics of wars conducted on the territory of former Yugoslavia during the 1990s. Besides war crimes committed during military operations, examples of inter-ethnic violence include various forms of treatment of ethnic Others in areas not directly affected by war. The author uses the campaign of blasting of civilian objects in and around the town of Bjelovar in Croatia as a case-study. The research is the first historiographical attempt of reconstruction of events in Bjelovar, based od juridical, police and other documents, as well as witness-statements. Applying Mila Dragojević's concept of amoral community, the author explains the motives and reasoning behind this type of inter-ethnic violence.

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Mälutööst elulooliste mälu-uuringuteni. Märkusi biograafilise kultuuriuurimise ja nõukogudejärgse Eesti mälu-uuringute seoste kohta

Author(s): Ene Kõresaar,Kirsti Jõesalu / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 2/2021

This article provides an analysis of the intersection of memory studies and biographical research in the study of Estonian post-Soviet memory processes and memories. Both lines of research emerged during the postcommunist turn, albeit with different dynamics and different possibilities to build on existing research traditions. Both are multidisciplinary in nature. This article focuses on the points of contact between biographical research and memory studies in social and scientific methodological processes. The authors show that biographical research, which played a significant role in documenting and disclosing the long-silenced past throughout Eastern Europe during the collapse of communist regimes, has shifted from memory activism to critical examination of memory contexts, mnemonic actors, power relations, and contradictions. To this end, first, the impact of the cultural institutions dealing with collecting oral histories and life stories is analysed as contributors to the Estonian post-communist turn. Second, an overview is provided of post-communist biographical research in Estonia from a memory studies perspective, focusing both on influential theories and methods and pointing to contributions to international memory debates. In addition, gaps in biographical memory work and research are highlighted. Biographical memory studies in Estonia grew out of anticommunist memory work in the late 1980s and early 1990s, being part of a symbolic process of truth and remembrance, actively shaping interpretations of the past, evoking and slowing down collective ‘memory shifts’.

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Przepisywanie pamięci. Performansy piśmienne na murach Stoczni Gdańskiej

Author(s): Marta Rakoczy / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2 (18)/2021

The Gdańsk Shipyard has many functions in contemporary practices and discourses of memory. It is used as the point of departure for various animation, anthropological and artistic explorations which make over the experience of the Polish transformation and its social and political consequences. Similar ambiguity is found in interpretations of the walls of the Shipyard, construed as a place of meaning particularly dense for the cultural imaginarium: symbolizing either civic initiatives that facilitate open negotiations of the rules of social life or, alternatively, the closed and increasingly culturally distant world of the labor of factory communities condemned, after 1989, to live on the periphery of society. In her examination of the animationartistic activities related to the walls of the Shipyard after 2012, Marta Rakoczy focuses on the Stocznia jest kobietą [Shipyard Is a Woman] project carried out by the Arteria Association and on Iwona Zając’s animation and mural activities. Rakoczy adopts the perspective of the anthropology of the word and oral history in an attempt to ask questions about the identity-fashioning processes initiated by the Shipyard’s artistic activities related to gender, class, the body and technology, and about the presence and absence of the wall as an important catalyst for these processes.

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REFLECTIONS ON CONTEMPORARY NON-MILITARY SECURITY CHALLENGES AT EUROPEAN LEVEL

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REFLECTIONS ON CONTEMPORARY NON-MILITARY SECURITY CHALLENGES AT EUROPEAN LEVEL

Author(s): Marius Spechea / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

The third millennium brought with it a series of structural transformations in terms of the international system and the nature of confrontations, so peripheral elements, usually with an auxiliary role, became central elements of combat strategies. Moreover, probably because of the nuclear deterrence during the Cold War, modern, post-modern warfare has become non-military in the classical sense of the term. This research shyly addresses an increasingly hot topic on the security agenda, a topic quite ignored and considered harmless or too theoretical until recently, the topic of cultural war. The hybrid nature of recent European security threats forces us to reflect, but without pretensions of lifesaving solutions or absolute conclusions on the increasingly tense situation unfolding around us. Crises overlap and take different forms, from the refugee crisis to the internal identity crises of the West, but all make the European security environment vulnerable and require analyzes that look for the deep sources of these crises and the useful tools in their management.

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ZSRS A DZIAŁALNOŚĆ POLITYCZNA EDWARDA ŚMIGŁEGO-RYDZA W LATACH 1935-1939

Author(s): Grzegorz KAŁA / Language(s): Polish Issue: 34/2020

The aim of the study is an attempt to formulate an answer to the question about the influence that the neighborhood of the Soviet Union had on Edward Śmigły-Rydz's policy in the years 1935-1939. The commander-in-chief of the Polish campaign of 1939 was then a decisive person in Poland's internal policy, also effectively influencing other areas of social life in the Second Polish Commonwealth. Based on documents and memoirs, the author analyzes the situation of September 17, 1939, criticizing the steps taken by the Polish authorities.

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Author(s): Vesselin Metodiev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 54/2021

The following article deals with the type of national emergency that existed in Bulgaria from 1879 to 1944. It dismantles the communist narrative as superfluous and produced to fulfill the ideological need of the totalitarian regime. Therefore, the text positions the triggering of “national emergency” as imbedded inside the model of constitutional monarchy, established in 1879 and subject to different mutations until its final collapse in 1944. The main point of argument is that only after a vigorous re-reading of the historiographical debate in Bulgaria the term “national emergency” can be interpreted in the context of the recent events of 2020.

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ODPOWIEDZI NA ANKIETĘ - JANUSZ ODZIEMKOWSKI

Author(s): Janusz Odziemkowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2021

Pozwolę sobie wyrazić przekonanie, że jednym z największych osiągnięć całej naszej historiografii ostatniego trzydziestolecia jest znaczące nadrobienie zaległości, zaniedbań, przekłamań i białych plam, które pozostawiła po sobie historiografia doby PRL-u. Oczywiście nie brakło wówczas znakomitych historyków i świetnych piór, problem tkwił natomiast w braku wolności badań naukowych.

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Book Review: Doing God’s Will: Martin Luther King Jr. And the Life of Purpose by Larry L. Macon Sr.

Author(s): Weronika Kurasz / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

Review of: Weronika Kurasz - Doing God’s Will: Martin Luther King Jr. And the Life of Purpose by Larry L. Macon Sr.

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ODPOWIEDZI NA ANKIETĘ - MARIUSZ WOŁOS

Author(s): Mariusz Wołos / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2021

Nieudane próby zakorzenienia marksizmu w polskiej historiografii, podejmowane z powodów ideologicznych oraz politycznych w minionej epoce Polski zwanej górnolotnie „ludową”, doprowadziły do sytuacji z metodologicznego punktu widzenia zaiste kuriozalnej. Rezultat jest bowiem taki, że dekady poprzedzające interesujące nas z górą trzydziestolecie ugruntowały i tak dobrze wcześniej osadzony w naszym dziejopisarstwie pozytywizm.

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Memory politics in the Former Yugoslavia

Author(s): Vjeran Pavlaković / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

This article provides an overview of some of the most prevalent topics in post-Yugoslav memory politics as well as on some of the scholars working on these issues, focusing on the commemorative practices of the Second World War and the wars of the 1990s. Thirty years after the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia’s disintegration, the discourse of post-war memory politics continues to dominate nearly all of the successor states, even though two of them have seemingly left the past behind to join the European Union. While the wars of the 1990s created an entirely new memory scape in the region, they also radically transformed the way in which each country commemorated the Second World War. Although the article examines in-depth the collective remembrance of sites of memory, such as Jasenovac, Bleiburg, and Knin, trends across the broader region are also addressed. The work of young scholars, as well as experienced researchers, who have introduced innovative approaches in memory studies in the former Yugoslavia, is highlighted to show how new studies focus on the cultural reproduction of dominant narratives in addition to top-down political discourse.

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Links between foreign and security policy and historical memory: the case of Serbia – Kosovo relations

Author(s): Anna Jagiełło-Szostak / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

The article aims to analyse the impact of historical memory on foreign and security policy using the example of the Serbia – Kosovo relations in the period of 2014-2019. Historical memory is a burden, challenge and opportunity for foreign and security policy, and has a considerable impact on bilateral relations between countries which used to be in conflict. Historical memory generates numerous research questions – who is the architect of memory? what are the actors? what are the mechanisms, tools and instruments of its creation? how is it used to maintain power and what are its effects? – to name but a few. In the example analysed, leaders use historical memory to create separate identities and gain power, whereas NGOs do it to commemorate victims. Historical memory is present in celebrating important dates, historical places, monuments and events, and creating national heroes. It also draws attention to the stereotypes in school textbooks and to transitional justice. The most important space for historical memory in the analysis is Kosovo and the role of an international organisation – the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Historical memory has an important function in the process of regional reconciliation, which is an essential condition for cooperation and security in the Western Balkans.

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