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A Revisionary View of Texts, Textual Meaning, and Fictional Characters

Author(s): Anders Pettersson / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2017

Using ideas from John Searle, Roy Harris, Michael Reddy, and Nelson Goodman, I argue that texts, such as they are commonly conceived, lack brute existence. The common idea of texts is a conceptual construction which is useful in practical everyday contexts but not in serious theorizing, where it creates illusions and contradictions. One of these illusions is the idea of an objective textual meaning, a meaning which is “in the text”: what we actually have in the way of textual meaning are the ideas of various persons – authors, readers, and commentators -- about the meaning of the text. When applied to fictional characters, this way of viewing things explains why it makes sense to regard fictional characters as being created and as lacking brute existence.

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Fulfilling Russell’s Wish: A.N. Prior and the Resurgence of Philosophical Theology

Author(s): David Jakobsen / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

Wolterstorff (2009) provides an important explanation to the question: What caused the surprising resurgence of philosophical theology that has occurred over the last 50 years—a resurgence that rivals its zenith in the Middle Ages? This article supplements that with a more fine-grained answer to the question. Recent discoveries in Arthur Norman Prior’s correspondence with J.J.C Smart and Mary Prior, between November 1953 and August 1954 on the possibility of necessary existence, demonstrates the importance of Prior’s discussion of the Barcan formulae in Time and Modality (1957) for the resurgence of analytic theology. The correspondence establishes that Prior’s discovery of tense-logic, and his discussion of quantified tense-logic constituted the perfect opportunity for him to challenge key anti-metaphysical assumptions in analytic philosophy, from which four important consequences can be drawn for the resurgence of philosophical theology. First, Prior’s discussion of time and existence challenged the idea of Russell (1945) and Findlay (1948) on the logical status of a necessary existing being. Second, the discussion challenged the Analytic school’s view of analysis and gave Prior the opportunity to introduce a different perspective on the relationship between logic and metaphysics. Third, it gave Prior a good opportunity to demonstrate that the then-prevailing attitude towards medieval logic was wrong. Fourth, it made it possible for Prior to demonstrate that the highly surprising metaphysical conclusions of quantified tense-logic brings modern logicians into a discussion with the theologically minded medieval logicians.

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Ontological Dimension of Universal as the Category of Humanitarian

Author(s): Olena Balaban / Language(s): English Issue: 119/2024

The article presents an overview of approaches to the ontological dimension of the universal as a category of humanitarian knowledge. An extensive analysis allowed to conclude that the study of universals within humanitarian studies has been mainly considered by philosophers in Indian and Arab-Muslim and Western European philosophies as 1) nominalistic; 2) realistic and 3) conceptual understanding. Philosophers of culture perceived universals as the symbolic core of culture or archetypes. In linguistics, the universal modes of human thought were developed by the modists, the "Universal Grammar of Port-Royal", the "Memorandum on Linguistic Universals": classical universalism; cognitive psychologism or conceptualisation of reality: cognitive (generative) grammar, cognitive semantics, theory of semantic primitives, theory of conceptual integration, etc.

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Dialectical approaches of temperance in the Platonic dialogue “Charmides” (157c-158e)

Author(s): Christos Terezis / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

The purpose of this article is to investigate how the discussion in Plato’s Charmides is formed with respect to a) the ontological and epistemological approaches of the virtue of temperance and b) how the transition from a general definition of a virtue to its presence to a person is accomplished. We rely on Plato’s Charmides. After a concise presentation of those discussed in the passage 156d-157c, where we follow Plato’s views on the soul to that time, we focus on how dialectics between Socrates and Charmides develops in the passage 157c-158e. Our article includes, apart from an introduction and an epilogue, two chapters. The first one is mostly analytical and the second is mainly formed by synthetic judgements. They are both crucial mostly for methodological reasons, since through them we can follow how temperance turns gradually into a question to be investigated and how the Athenian philosopher attempts to set the foundations of a discussion based on rational reason with the main reference focusing on the criteria which someone can use to prove that he possesses temperance.

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Библейская Сотериология, Учение М. Фичино О «Питающей Душе» В «Платоновской Теологии» И Сонет 146 Шекспира

Author(s): Igor Tantlevskij / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2024

Sonnet 146 not only stands apart from Shakespeare’s sonnets, but, in fact, is a complete philosophical and theological poetic pamphlet. As for the soteriological context of sonnet 146, which represents the idea of abandoning the concerns of the body and saving the soul by “feeding” it with the body, one could, first of all, note the New Testament passages from apostle Paul about “mortification” of the flesh and fleshly passions for the salvation of the soul: Rom. 8:13 (cf. also: 7:5; 8:7); Col. 3:5 (cf. further, e. g.: 1 Cor. 3:1, 3); Gal. 5:24. But as for the allegory of the soul’s salvation through its “feeding” on the flesh — instead of feeding the flesh, as it is usually done by the people that death “feeds” on — one can see here a reflection and a kind of “reverse” reinterpretation of M. Ficino’s doctrine of the “nutritive/sc. feeding soul” (anima nutritiva), which he develops in his “Plato’s Theology”. Passages of “Plato’s Theology” VII, 9; XIII, 5; VI, 12; XVIII, 9 are particularly representative in this regard. In XVIII, 9 Ficino writes: “If at present the life of the composite man is subject to the conditions of his decay-prone body, in the future it will follow the conditions of the immortal soul. As a result, death will give way to life in accord with the most perfect kind of natural beginnings. Death, which has lost its power, as the prophets tell us, will be swallowed up by life... There will arise... eternal bodies.” By “prophets” here primarily Hosea (13:14), whom the apostle Paul quotes (1 Cor. 15:55 [cf. also: 1 Сor. 15:26; Rev. 21:4]), and Isaiah (25:8 [cf. its reminiscence in 1 Cor. 15:54]; cf. also, e.g.: Isa. 26:19, 41:14; Dan. 12:2, 13) are meant. The last line of sonnet 146 (“And death once dead, ther’s no more dying then” [сf. also: sonnets 55, line 13; 60, line 13; 122, line 4]) correlates with Rev. 21:4, as well as with the passage from Ficino XVIII, 9.

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ON MEANING AND BECOMING. MYSTICAL EXALTATION AS A TRAVAIL OF DISCLOSURE AND PERMEATION INTO NUMINOUS

Author(s): Alexandru-Ioan Cânda / Language(s): English Issue: 37/2024

Love is a given of the being that is found as a presence not only in a social context of affective conjuncture that pushes-attracts new feelings but is revealed through exercises at the limit of the ontic – both mirrored-doubled by another equivalent being, as well as by receptive-integrative transfiguration of the being as part of the personal essence of the numinous. If the anthropological-rationalist primacy exposes love didactically enough as a limiting product of the species that is diluted by successive cumulatively affective consumptions and socio-cultural constraints, the philosophical approach forces new perspectives on love through points of view and projection methods that seek matrix-ideological impositions aiming to achieve meaning and essence. Mystical theology comes to enrich the human emotional complex by juxtaposing sacred realities that push towards love through the very personal character of the Godhead. In this process of re-establishing the being through love for divinity, we have two peaks of the fullness of devotional love: Christian mysticism (fulfillment of love sought through communion with the incarnate God) and Islamic Sufism (revelation of God sought through self-understanding towards Him). The profane pragmatized by rhythm constraints archetypally integrates these philosophical-theological peaks and sublimates them into works of art and cultural bursts of impact that recombines volcanically and reflects harmoniously towards old fulfillments of meaning and new discoveries of passions.

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TRANS-SEPULCHRAL ENTITIES AND UNNATURAL RETURNS IN THE ROMANIAN COLLECTIVE MIND

Author(s): Eduard Ciortea / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 37/2024

The popular collective mentality of Romanians makes an important distinction between the world of the living and the world of the dead, but without excluding the interactions between them. The afterlife can manifest itself in the world of the living through paranormal phenomena, which the villagers have named. Depending on the typology of these entities, people have developed, over the centuries, various rituals to ensure the peace of their community. This work aims to describe both the main attitudes of archaic people towards entities from the afterlife and the ways and means by which these inhabitants of the afterlife act.

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Din Eğitiminde İnsanın Ontolojisine Kierkegaardcı Bir Bakış

Author(s): Recep Uçar,Tuba Kurt / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 61/2024

The view of the human being in religious education in our country is shaped according to approaches that base their theology on Islam and their philosophy on the progressive-humanist modern understanding of education. Therefore, the theoretical background of the ontology of the human being in religious education is formed by Islamic thought and the human conception of the progressive-humanist tradition. It is seen that Islamic thought places the conception of a free and responsible human being at the center of the world of existence in proportion to his/her individual will. In the modern education system carried out on the axis of the progressivehumanist paradigm, however, the view of the human being is to see the individual's self-knowledge and selfrealization as the main goal by focusing on his/her interests, needs and experiences. In this case, it can be said that religious education's view of human beings is based on an eclectic ontology. Although the efforts of Islamic thought beings and humanize education are seen as a great accumulation of knowledge, the awareness of human beings towards their own existence appears as the deficiencies of both approaches. In this case, the question of how to ensure awareness of human existence in religious education, on which grounds the basic sources, references and the view of human beings will be built is a fundamental problem for the ontology of religious education. The aim of the research is to address the view of human ontology in religious education based on the deficiencies of Islamic thought and modern educational understanding and to try to shape it on the basis of the existential processes that lead to the concrete human understanding of Kierkegaard, who laid the foundations of existentialism. In the study, the answer to how religious education will shed light on the realization of one's existence as an individual has also been tried to be sought. As a result of the study, it was seen that in religious education, it is necessary to create the ontology of the human being not on a horizontal and individual level, but on a vertical and metaphysical ground. Realizing this in religious education will be possible by satisfying the mind and heart of the individual, ensuring that what is taught has an equivalent in life, and creating a subjective and intrinsic understanding of religiosity.

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Parmenide și gândirea ființei

Author(s): Ivan Ivlampie / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 11/2021

Ancient Greek philosophy revolved around the problem of being and the beginnings of this world. The solutions offered in this regard are multiple, demonstrating the insight of the human mind and its power to amaze. Among the ancient thinkers, Parmenides stands out through his metaphysical meditations and cannot be framed in the currents foreshadowed by the Greek tradition. Through the phenomenology of the twentieth century we can acquire an ingenious tool for reading the intentions of the philosopher from Elea.

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Revealing the Essence of Cinema: A Philosophical Inquiry into Paulo Sorrentino’s The Hand of God

Author(s): Erdinç Yılmaz / Language(s): English Issue: 17/2024

Several philosophers, academics, and filmmakers have contributed to the long-debated subject of what cinema is, with the fields of ontology and hermeneutics playing significant roles in this discourse. The majority of the answers include the relationship between cinema and reality. Some correlate reality with the physical circumstances of an object and others emphasize the importance of human experience. Whatever the answer is, cinema is rooted in human existence. Therefore, while replying to the question of what cinema is, it is crucial to acknowledge the humanistic essence. Paolo Sorrentino’s highly personal film, The Hand of God (2021) questions the essence of cinema by positioning the film-maker as a creator at its core. Through its plot, dialogues and cinematography, the film debates about what cinema is and who a director is. Hence, The Hand of God links the ontology of cinema to the presence of a creator blinking an eye to auteurism. This paper aims to analyze The Hand of God utilizing Bazin’s and Cavell’s insights on the ontology of moving image by using the hermeneutic analysis method. As a result of the analysis, it has been observed that the film gives central importance to the film director as a creator of emotions, thought and life experiences.

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Svoboda jako smysl stvoření a evoluční význam Kristova kříže v díle Teilharda de Chardin

Author(s): Františka Jirousová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 66-67/2024

Commentary on meaning of the cross of Christ according to Teilhard de Chardin views creation as a dynamic process driven by divine freedom, where beings are empowered to participate in their own creation. Evolution is understood as the gradual increase in complexity, from homogeneous simplicity to interconnected diversity. Teilhard identifies the goal of this evolution as the "pléróma," a state of ultimate fullness and unity, where all systems converge around a central point. This process reflects the freedom God grants to created beings, who are not only products of creation but co-creators in the cosmic unfolding. Teilhard's notion of divine creation underscores the importance of freedom and self-organization, as creation is seen as an ongoing act. The evolutionary meaning of the Cross, in this context, points to Christ’s role as the center of this process, symbolizing the union of all beings. Through suffering, human beings contribute to the evolution of the cosmos by aligning themselves with Christ's transformative suffering, turning pain into creative energy.

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Czy „zwrot społeczny” w filozofii analitycznej?

Author(s): Artur Kosecki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 68/2024

I contend that the history of the development of 20th-century analytic philosophy is characterized by three main phases: (a) the turn towards analysis, (b) the linguistic turn, and (c) the naturalistic turn. In this article, I examine whether the recent interest in sub-disciplines such as (1) social epistemology, (2) social ontology, and the methods of “conceptual engineering” applied in fields like (3) philosophy of language, indicates that the current phase of development in analytic philosophy could be termed (d) the social turn.

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THE ANTINOMIES OF THE TRAGIC IN THE HISTORIAN VASILE PÂRVAN

Author(s): Claudiu Holdiș / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 38/2024

For Vasile Pârvan, tragedy is found in the conscience of humanity. Tragedy has at its center the soul of all humanity. The universe actually contains the soul of man. Man thus submits to cosmic laws. Heroes take upon themselves the sadness specific to humanity. Vasile Pârvan believes that at the center of the tragedy is sentimental loneliness. Antinomies shine through: Eros-Eris, pathos-ethos, cosmic-individual. All these are real points of reference for man on his historical evolutionary path.

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In Search of the Functions of the Legal System: Axiomatic and Methodological Stages

Author(s): Mario Krešić / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2024

The theory of artifacts can be understood as primarily focusing on function when counting something as an artifact. With that starting point, projects aimed at the identification of the function of law contribute to arguments about categorizing law as an artifact. The purpose of this study is to highlight the challenges of this endeavor. Before beginning with search for law-functions, questions about the postulates on the relations between an artifact, law, and function (axiomatic stage) have to be addressed and the proper methodological approach must be found which is capable of addressing the contingency problem (methodological stage).

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La "dissolution" paradoxale du sujet dans la période nietzschéenne de la "maturité"

Author(s): Nicolas Quérini / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2024

In Nietzsche's "mature" texts, we are witnessing a complete dissolution of the subject. At first glance, however, this appears highly paradoxical (Wotling 2015), leading some commentators to suggest that there is a real contradiction in Nietzsche's work (Gardner 2009), insofar as the author never ceases to speak of himself and at the same time invites his reader to become who he is. Are we to understand, then, that any self is illusory and constitutes a metaphysical illusion, i.e., that the becoming in which we are always caught according to Nietzsche must make any position of a self impossible, and at the very least diminishing? Following in the footsteps of Alexander Nehamas (1985), we believe that we can overcome the contradiction identified by S. Gardner by showing that Nietzsche's conception of the self is not "realistic", but precisely also fictional and dynamically positive at the same time.

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O MOGUĆNOSTI(MA) ISTORIJE FILOZOFIJE DANAS

Author(s): Predrag Milidrag / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1-2/2006

The article discusses the philosophical presuppositions of the history of philosophy as a philosophical discipline on the example of the problem of interpreting mutually incoherent claims of a philosopher. The conclusion is that the constitution of these presuppositions is onto-theo-logical. The importance of the criteria of coherence and comprehensiveness for historic philosophical interpretation is analyzed. Finally, the idea of the possibility of a postmetaphysical history of philosophy as a philosophical discipline is exposed, viewed as the accumulation of understandings of various paths - followed and not followed alike - found in past philosophers.

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EMERGENCE, NONLINEARITY, AND LIVING SYSTEMS: A METAPHYSICAL LECTURE FROM BIOLOGY?

Author(s): Slobodan Perović / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2005

It is widely believed among philosophers that a higher-level property, if it is a physical property, must be instantiated by a complex structure consisting of more basic physical properties. Dynamic properties of a higher than the most basic level are thus merely recombination of atomic properties. Consequently, no dynamics describing changes in the world, such as development, and/or interactions between physical, chemical, biological, or other systems, can possibly contradict this claim. Traditionally, ontologically emergent properties are understood to be novel “internal” properties of complex entities that cannot be reduced to lower-level properties. Taxonomies of emergence driven by reductionist motives regard such properties as mythical (e.g. vital force), acknowledging a possibility of only epistemic emergence in the world of physical properties. I propose in response that such a taxonomy may be incomplete. Biological systems as they are explained in terms of non-linear dynamics, I suggest, may fit requirements of non-epistemic emergence, exhibiting properties of relationally holistic systems. In a system explained in terms of nonlinear dynamics, none of the external properties influencing the system is singled out as the cause of its abrupt changes. Instead, a relation among the constituents of the system seems to be responsible for such a turn of events. I illustrate applications of nonlinear dynamics to the cases of metabolic control and biological pattern-formation. I outline relevant conceptual and empirical questions that should be addressed in order to answer whether the accounts concerning biological and possibly other types of natural systems, which appeal to nonlinear dynamics, may be suggesting that behavior of these systems goes beyond epistemic emergence.

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Antropologie filosofică și antroposofie la Ernest Bernea

Author(s): Constantin Stroe / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 4/2024

Human nature, human condition, human destiny are all concepts used by E. Bernea in his philosophy to configure the backbone of an anthropological concept aimed at perfecting the human being in the sense of its elevation to a superior level of wisdom and virtue. This target cannot be reached unless the creative spirit intervenes as a generative factor for human being's affective and emotional development as well as intellectual, cultural and moral/spiritual. Human spirit is however studied by another specialization – anthroposophy. Therefore the human philosophical issues approached by Ernest Berne arrange between philosophical anthropology and anthroposophy. This is how we understand why his two main posthumous works – Philosophical meditations. Notes for an outdated philosophy and Small treaty of wisdom and virtue – Ernest Bernea tackles on almost the whole of the philosophical anthropology – human nature, human condition, human origin, man himself, man for others, human relationships with nature and society, basic laws of being and human existence – in conjunction with the ideational area of anthroposophy, with the explicit aim of underlining the decisive role of the spirit in the existence and functioning of man.

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Svetlost sveta i svetlost van sveta: Pseudo-Dionizije Areopagita i Sv. Avgustin

Author(s): Una Popović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 42/2024

This study is dedicated to examining the motif of light in the thought of Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite and St. Augustine. In both cases, the motif of light is tied to the fundamental Christian problem of the ineffability of God; the two thinkers offer two very different responses to this problem. In line with his apophatic theology, Areopagite opts for an extremely unusual solution embodied in the formulation of the divine darkness, as a double negation of earthly light. In contrast, St. Augustine argues for the possibility of gradual enlightenment of the soul through knowledge leading up to discernment, but not the vision of the divine inaccessible light.

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Od Osoby Ojca w misterium Trójjedynego Boga do człowieka jako osoby. Ontologia komunijna Joannisa Zizioulasa

Author(s): Mariusz Jagielski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 34/2024

How essential is the connection between the Trinitarian dogma and theological anthropology? John Zizioulas shows the connection in his communal ontology, beginning with the Person of the Father in the mystery of the Trinity as a foundation for describing being. This way, he can present man as an imago Dei, or, actually, as an imago Trinitatis. Describing man as a person in God’s image entails, therefore, showing him both as hypostasis and as ekstasis. Experiencing in his death the drama of individualization and the risk of nothingness as the fruit of his fall, man can find in Christ his communal fulfilment as a person.

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