Heideggeris ir Sezemanas: fenomenologinė ontologija ir kritinis realizmas

Author(s): Dalius Jonkus / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 4/2016

The reception of Heidegger’s philosophy in Lithuania is often associated with the philosophy of Juozas Girnius and Antanas Maceina. However, Girnius was not the first one to take interest in Heidegger’s philosophy in Lithuania. Vasily Seseman preceded him. He wrote a review about Heidegger’s Being and Time immediately after the publication of this book in the magazine of Russian emigrants in 1928. The influence of Heidegger’s philosophy on Seseman was obvious in a number of his works that appeared at the end of the 30s and in the 40s. In 1941, Seseman’s article about Heidegger was published in the Lithuanian encyclopedia. Seseman notes that Heidegger’s philosophy is related to anthropology, but does not consider it a flaw. On the contrary, according to different texts of Seseman, it can be stated that he treats the tendency of Heidegger’s philosophical anthropology as a continuation of Scheler’s ideas. Seseman perceives Heidegger’s philosophy as a practical application of phenomenology in solving the problems of anthropology. Seseman argues that Heidegger’s knowledge, religion and ethical problems are linked to the criticism of objectified existence. The aim of the current article is to analyse the relationships between the philosophical conceptions of Seseman and Heidegger, as well as to show how the interpretation of Heidegger’s ontology is reflected in Seseman’s turn from theory of cognition to the problems of anthropology and metaphysics.

Vyksmo ontologija, arba gyvenimas be substancijos, V. Krėvės „Raganiuje“

Author(s): Augustinas Dainys / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 4/2016

The article develops the ontology of happening, which is contrasted to the ontology of substance. It is deconstructed, leaving the playfulness of accidences, insubordinate to the centre of substance. The tyrannical and democratic outlooks to the world are compared. The first is associated with the Western metaphysical tradition, which imposes its concepts on the reality, whereas the second imposes nothing on the reality and recognizes the democracy of things. The ontology of happening sees the world without a stable ground and proposes acausal universe, whose thinking model is rooted in the playfulness of D. Hume’s billiard balls. The Great happening is revealed as the origin of the universe. It is recognized that after the deconstruction of substance is revealed, free playfulness of accidences brings you closer to love as the nerve of God that gives and loves without retaining or holding back anything. In this respect, the non-substantial and non-traditional concept of God is stated. Life, not retaining or holding back anything, is depicted in V. Krėvė’s story The Sorcerer. Rich farmers are presented as people of substance, and the sorcerer Kasys Gugis as a substance less person.

The Problem of the “Nichts” (Rosenzweig) and the “Il y a” (Levinas) as a Correlate of the Human Identity

Author(s): Luc Anckaert / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2017

The relation between the abyss of death and the human identity is constitutive for the thought of the dialogical thinkers Rosenzweig and Levinas. For Rosenzweig, the Nothing is the end point of Kantian thinking. Death, as the existential experience of this nothingness, was the reality of everyman during the violent decades at the turn of the century. Rosenzweig took this nothingness as the starting point for rethinking and safeguarding human identity. Human identity is a dam against nothingness. But human identity is also open to alterity. In his early texts, Levinas makes a similar move. The there is is the starting point of human identity. Levinas develops a dialectical phenomenology starting from death. Human identity is interpreted as hypostasis. But in Totalité et Infini, an important shift takes place. The starting point is now found in human identity as desire. The there is comes to the centre as the flip side of the elementale and human identity is interpreted as separation.

Two Notions of Vulnerable and Intensely Affected Body: Gilles Deleuze and Alphonso Lingis

Author(s): Laura Galvanauskienė / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2017

Two different approaches towards Francis Bacon’s painting are analysed in the article: postmodern and phenomenological. The problematic and multiple status of such concepts as sensitive body, intensive sensation and the affect common for both Gilles Deleuze’s and Alphonso Lingis’ philosophy become most visible in regard to Bacon’s painting that displays the reality of the vulnerable and intensely affected body as his main subject. The article follows the main intrigue which inspires their studies, i.e. the article aims to explain what determines the suggestibility of Bacon’s canvas: is there the violence of line and colour, which negates the role of figuration (Deleuze) or the violence of life, that on the contrary, affirms representation (Lingis)? The author maintains that such different interpretations are determined by different notions of experience. Lingis emphasizes actual experience which allows to find the link between creation, lived body and life world, while Deleuze stresses virtual experience, impersonal life, body without organs and creation of new perspectives.

In-Depth Time Compaction in Fundamental Measurement of Consciousness by Husserl-Heidegger-Badiou (According to the Recipe of Einstein’s General Relativity Theory)

Author(s): Viktor Okorokov / Language(s): English Issue: 25/2020

In this study, we wanted to show that plunging into the depths of modern (including altered and generic) consciousness (according to the phenomenological recipe of Edmund Husserl, Martin Heidegger, Alen Badiou and others and Albert Einstein’s cosmological recipe) allows us to discover a new fundamental measurement of consciousness associated with compaction of time. More precisely, we seek to identify the possibility of compaction of time in the consciousness under certain (high-energy) conditions, by analogy with how time is fundamentally transformed in space (in the black hole zone). We are trying to understand how, through modern existential and phenomenological as well as natural science methods, primarily on the way of interpreting Heidegger’s destruction, one can rethink the essence of the fundamental dimension of consciousness related to institutionalization of time. In other words, the analysis results offer an opportunity to state that the new dimension reveals another fundamental property of consciousness. In this dimension, not only time is split (into the past, present and future; retention, now-point and protention, in Husserlian terminology), which had an objective effect on the classic understanding of the world view. The intention of time is also split, which manifests itself in transretention (destruction, in Heidegger’s existential coordinates), transcendention and transprotention (in our understanding).

Може ли светът да бъде споделен?

Author(s): Vladimir Radenkov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5/2020

The study focuses, first, on Heidegger’s understanding of the world as a closed interconnection of “relationally” defined elements and as a horizon of ecstatic situatedness, and second, on the different ways of “inhabiting” and sharing the world in both the authentic and the inauthentic existence. It is divided into four parts. In the first part basic concepts of Being and Time are expounded that are essential for performing the research and for the clarity of its exposition. The second part is a detailed interpretation of Heidegger’s analysis of the surrounding world. The third part thematizes some concepts crucial to differentiate between authentic and inauthentic way of being-in-the-world. In the fourth and main part, an attempt is made to show that, first, the surrounding world, which is shared with others in its “meaningful” explication, is an “organically” articulated horizon of a “typical” and enduring ecstatic situatedness, and second, that both the authentic and the inauthentic existence are simultaneously different modes of the complete structure of existence and moments of this structure which belong to each other and “invert” one another.

Uvjeti mogućnosti razumijevanja

Author(s): Ante Periša / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2-3/2016

This paper closely analyzes the prerequisites for (mutual) communication. Having in mind the diversity of mental contents that every individual relates to particular words or phrases, it is quite amazing that we can understand each other at all. Here, we refer to the problem of mutual understanding between speakers of the same language. The problem is considerably greater when different languages are involved; they not only use different words but also frequently express and systematize (categorize) the world and our experience in different ways. In approaching the problem, we have paradigmatically used the fundamental ideas of four distinguished philosophers of language, who have actually articulated four very different approaches to the problem in question, although they do not, more or less explicitly, deal with this problem in particular. However, their analysis of language sheds a specific light upon this difficult problem and helps finding a solution for it. Finally, we have also offered a conclusion in which – based on the previously presented ideas – we try to surmount the thematized difficulty of mutual understanding.

SUSRET HEIDEGGERA I WITTGENSTEINA: JEZIK KAO MEDIJ KRITIKE TRADICIONALNE METAFIZIKE

Author(s): Adem Olovčić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1/2020

This paper focuses on language as a medium for a critique of the traditional metaphysical concepts, expressed in the philosophies of two contemporary philosophers, Martin Heidegger and Ludwig Wittgenstein, where the language is treated as a framework for understanding the world in a multitude of its, for philosophy, significant determinants. Although Heidegger was primarily concerned about the question of the being in his philosophy, he seeks that sense in thought, which took him away to language, as the only place where the given questions can be examined. Considering that the truth of the being cannot be expressed in the everyday, linguistically and instrumentally conceived language, Heidegger will in his thought reach the language of poetry, as a place where the understanding of the truth of being and its related concepts is possible. Wittgenstein, on the other hand, will focus in philosophical thought on the problems of language, which, in his philosophy, will culminate in the notion of a language game. With this term, Wittgenstein primarily had in mind the interconnectedness of the use of language and the life practice. Still, he did not think of language as an everyday – practical instrument of communication, but rather, as a place where linguistic definitions of language, everyday life practices and real-life events meet. In doing so, these thinkers, through their interpretations of linguistic issues, have reached a point in which is possible to understand their encounter.

Probiti spektakl: o nekim paradoksima filmske slike

Author(s): Adrian Pelc / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 03/159/2020

In this paper, confronted are two radical currents of thought about the film image. In a first step, demonstrated is how some Marxist theorists (Beller, Debord, Baudrillard) define the film image as ontologically grounded in alienation and the destruction of non-mediated presence due to its technical origin, as well as its effects. In a second step, I try to show how André Bazin, influenced by phenomenology and taking up identical premises as the Marxists, came to diametrically opposite conclusions: it isn’t but the film image that discloses the real. Drawing on the work of Jacques Rancière, Jean-Luc Nancy and Giorgio Agamben, in a third step I establish a certain synthesis between these two currents and examine how spectacle is guarded, but also re-evaluated within the regime of film images. Through this re-evaluation, one gets a glimpse at the contours of an exigent aesthetic program that in some respects conforms to, while also deviating from eminent ideas on cinematic postmodernism.

Ljudska priroda i kontekst napretka

Author(s): Jelena Đurić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 02/158/2020

I intend to show in what way the meaning of the concept of human nature emerges from the worldview that, taken within the context of modernization, leads to the devaluation of the meaning of human. Hence the need to re-conceptualize human nature emerges in such a way that the concept of human nature is necessary intertwined with the global processes and onto-epistemo-ethical aspects of the general worldview that designate the (self)understanding of contemporary culture. The aporetic structure of thinking poses a barrier to this goal. Its context of modern progress is based on the separation of nature and culture. The separation establishes an (im)possibility of answering the question whether the culture, as an expression of human nature, is a part of nature or the nature is, as a product of human comprehension, a part of culture. Instead of the posthuman strive to resolve this dilemma by abolishing the concept of human, which resolves neither ecological nor other types of crisis, the concept of human nature needs to be redefined.

Invasive Weeds in Parmenides’s Garden

Author(s): Olga Ramírez Calle / Language(s): English Issue: 60/2020

The paper attempts to conciliate the important distinction between what-is, or exists, and what-is-not, thereby supporting Russell’s existential analysis, with some Meinongian insights. For this purpose, it surveys the varied inhabitants of the realm of ‘non-being’ and tries to clarify their diverse statuses. The position that results makes it possible to rescue them back in surprising but non-threatening form, leaving our ontology safe from contradiction.

Osnovne teze koncepta narcističkog iskrivljenja

Author(s): Maja Milić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 33/2020

This paper offers the basic theses behind the concept of narcissistic distortion, which can take place in two directions – the paper explains subject formation and experience in so-called concave and convex narcissistic mirroring. The theory proposed in this paper largely relies on Lacan's mirror stage, and on his contribution to subject's development of self-consciousness through constitutive-imaginary dimensions of subjectivity. In cases of inserted concave or convex distortion, the subject locates themselves in the place of the Other, by identifying themselves with their own distorted mirror image in the Other. These distortions influence subject formation in a very concrete manner, carrying over the predisposition for certain instabilities in latter mirroring. The paper is illustrated with a case study aimed at easier understanding of the approach offered in it. It also provides a critical reflection on the possibility of plane mirror formation, as well as a detailed designation of convex distortion and four positions of concave narcissistic distortion.

Bilješka o filologiji

Author(s): Krešimir Šimić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2020

The article analyzes the controversy between Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Mollendorff and Friedrich Nietzsche, which began after the publication of Nietzsche’s first book Die Geburt der Tragödie aus dem Geiste der Musik (1872), followed by the controversy between Walter Jackson Bate and Paul de Man on the occasion of the publication of Bate’s article The Crisis in English Studies (Harvard Magazine 85, 1982). With the help of the two polemics, the author outlines the basic guidelines in the nineteenth-century and twentieth-century understanding of philology. Finally, the article brings the author’s own view of philology from the point of view of Christian tradition, that is, the evangelical statement: καὶ ὁ λόγος σὰρξ ξγένετο (John 1,14).

Gorączka łupkowa albo śmierć termiczna. (Wokół książki Agaty Stasik Współwytwarzanie wiedzy o technologii)

Author(s): Szymon Wróbel / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2020

Wróbel discusses Agata Stasik’s book Współwytwarzanie wiedzy o technologii [The CoCreation of Knowledge about Technology]. While reading this book Stasik examines the political and ontological status of shale gas in the Polish context by analysing the “Polish shale gas fever” from 2011-14. Stasik wonders whether the enthusiasm for shale gas in Poland results from our collective hopes for an Eldorado or the persuasive effect of mass media. Why did the shale gas fever subside so quickly, making shale gas “unreal”? Wróbel argues that reading Stasik’s book, the problem of renewable energy should be placed in a broader context, asking about the relationship between different political systems and their preferred types of energy.

Онтологічна суть перенесення значень: інтерпретаційний ресурс метафори

Author(s): Olha Chervinska,Roman Dzyk / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 101/2020

Taking in to account the analytical experience of Metaphorology, the article understudies deals with the ontological essence of a literary metaphor. It mostly occurs as a receptive issue and is regarded on a specific example of poetry by W. Shakespeare’s – the central figure of “the western canon”. Particular emphasis has been laid on Sonnet 64 and its Ukrainian and Russian translations, where the paradigm of time arises as a basic metaphor. According to O. Potebnia’s concept, time, as an image, always preserves its “inner form”: it is anthropomorphic and in all respects corresponds to the archaic mythologeme, which is further on is implemented as a detailed generative metaphor. A multi-componential metaphor of a “deadly thought” (“This thought is as a death”) about the destruction and fatal end of all things, which perfectly corresponds to the overall theme of the sonnet, consistently appears, unfolds and gets materialized in Shakespeare’s text. It transforms the abstraction of thought into a format of metaphorical imagery, the latter being distinctly conveyed in practically all translations. This metaphor is formed along an “ontological spiral” by zeugma (a four-time repetition of ‘when’, eventually attached to the generalization “Ruin hath taught me thus to ruminate...”). This classical figure also models a compositional frame of metaphors in the sonnet. Relying on the issue of primacy in the ontological pair “essence” and “substance”, we might conclude that metaphor, being treated as a subjective reality-text, creates simultaneously “non-being” and is considered as a specific, fragmentary copy of the world, its quasi-original. The paradox of the phenomenon lies in the fact that “plunging” into the metaphorical field, we thus deeply penetrate into non-being, however heading to reality.

“Aixo era y no era”: онтологічний парадокс метафоричної референції

Author(s): Galyna Dranenko / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 101/2020

A quick look on the history of criticism and literary theory of the current period shows curious reversals and strange returns. Indeed one can see the slow and unrelenting disappearance of rhetoric, justly qualified as restricted, since it has been all too often limited to identifying and classifying of the various figures. It has been replaced by a new criticism, a fundamentally formalist one, the assumptions of which are akin to those of the “text sciences”; if the structure, the “poetical function” of the texts were underlined, it was to the detriment of their functional reference and their meaning to put it simply. There is no doubt that today this approach is running out of steam and is meeting some decline. For that reason, the history of literature is coming back in force and finds a new youth with the developments of the theories of perception. But there reappears also a new interest in a semantic approach of the texts, which is concerned with their references. This approach, which comes from logistics (G. Frege), undoubtedly opens a philosophical horizon, particularly on some kind of ontology. Thus it is not surprising to find that a great many studies question the metaphorical process again from that perspective given the paradoxical nature of its reference and thus of its ontology which could be summed up through the usual exordium of the Majorcan storytellers: “Aixo era y no era” (it was and was not). Paul Ricœur insists on the paradoxical nature of the metaphorical reference since “the metaphor is a way of working on the language which consists in giving the logical subjects predicates that are incompatible with the first ones” (From Text to Action).In his book The Living Metaphor, the French philosopher analyses the concept of the “ontological metaphor” from the idea of the “divided reference”. Ricœur moves away from a purely stylistic or linguistic approach, centred on the word (a deviant denomination) to describe the metaphorical process on the level of the phrase and of the discourse (a non-pertinent predication): “Then there is a metaphor, since we can discern <…> the resistance of words <…> their incompatibility on the level of a literal interpretation of a sentence” (From Text to Action). But that non-pertinence and the abolition of the reference in the everyday reality are not a purely gratuitous verbal game, for they liberate “another kind of reference to other dimensions of reality” (The Living Metaphor). It is that way of tension of the metaphor which we intend to present in our study for it expresses some kind of „ontological vehemence” as Ricœur puts it so well? Let us add that the metaphor seen as a new description of reality, can be conceived, so to speak, as a “model”, in the sense of a prototype which accounts of the way a literary text functions when it is a “opening on the world”, when it places itself “in the service of things that want to be expressed” and when it responds “to the need of a discourse that comes from all forms of experience” (Mimesis, Reference and new figuration in “Time and Narrative”).

Из патилата на модалностите в класическата немска философия

Author(s): Stiliyan Yotov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 52/2020

The square of modalities in Aristotle has four logical positions. Among them, the category of „reality” is missing, which Kant and Hegel included in their systems. This choice of theirs was probably provoked by Leibniz, for whom the content of the „possible” is not a set of positions between which there is indifference. The possible contains potentials with varying degrees of feasibility, which is in connection with the real, of transformation into it. In addition, the solutions of Kant and Hegel are options for overcoming pure formalism in logic and for creating meaningful logic. The reflections offered here are a reconstruction of their experiments, considered in a peculiar sequence.

Джорджо Агамбен и философията на езика

Author(s): Georgi Iliev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 52/2020

The text focuses on the philosophy of language of the Italian philosopher Giorgio Agamben and compares it with another trend in the theory of language, where a Bulgarian case of original theory is also examined. Agamben tries to create a modal ontology, in which ethics and ontology would be different and interchangeable modes of speech. He builds on the scholastic concept of mode and develops the modes of speech as an alternative to the linguistic modalities. On the other hand, the text views the French linguist Gustave Guillaume who works extensively with modalities and infers the philosophical concepts from the linguistic ones. Guillaume starts from a primal state where subject and object are undifferentiated in language and subsequently draws an operative field from the differentiation between the two. This is the path to the linguistic creation of time, the chronogenesis, and to the modalities. The Bulgarian guillaumist Krassimir Manchev works in this field. Yet the main purpose of the text is the juxtaposition of the philosophy of Agamben with the contemporary Bulgarian followers of the French theory of modalities, namely with the attempt of Darin Tenev to propose a modal theory that is appropriate for both philosophy and socioanalysis. The slightly elitist modal ontology of Agamben or the linguistic and sociological theories of modalities – this is the question of the article.

Разговор между Боян Манчев, Дарин Тенев, Димитър Вацов и Кристиян Енчев

Author(s): Boyan Manchev,Darin Tenev,Dimitar Vatsov,Kristiyan Enchev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 52/2020

Sarajevo – od rodnog mjesta cjelovitog humanizma do univerzalističke pustinje duha

Author(s): Marko-Antonio Brkić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 89-90/2020

Jacques Maritain, koji je najsnažnije djelovao na temeljne postavke životne i duhovne filozofije Karola Józefa Wojtyłe, kasnije pape Ivana Pavla II., pojašnjava da je nesreća klasičnog humanizma to što je bio antropocentričan a ne u tome što je bio humanizam. Analiza “tragedije” ovog humanizma, koji Maritain paradoksalno baš zbog njegove antropocentričnosti naziva nečovječnim humanizmom, ogleda se u tri različite protežnosti: s obzirom na poimanje čovjeka, s obzirom na poimanje kulture i na čovjekovo poimanje Boga. Ključni nalaz je u tome što je polazište ovakvog humanizma kontingentno, ograničeno. [...]