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Człowiek jako źródło religii. Scott Atran i kognitywna teoria religii

Author(s): Mateusz Kuta / Language(s): Polish Issue: 13/2016

This article looks at the relationships between anthropology and religion. The first part of this article examines the postulates of the anthropological philosophy of religion with the aim of showing that the adopted model of religion is a consequence of the adopted anthropology. Next, we will analyze the philosophical background of anthropological theory with Scott Atran's cognitive theory of religion. As a result, we will see the ontological, methodological and epistemological background of anthropology. The second part of this article is concerned with the analysis of the model of religion presented by Atran. We show that the way you understand what man is fully determines its creations in this religion.

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W sprawie idiogenicznej teorii sądu

Author(s): Adam Olech / Language(s): Polish Issue: 14/2017

The subject of this article is an analysis of three sentences from Franz Brentano’s The Psychology from the Empirical Point of View. These sentences speak about the essence of the idiogenic theory of judgement. This essence is that the judging subject affirms the objects that were already presented by him as true or rejects them as false.

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Biologie a spiritualita v díle Davida Haye

Author(s): Karim Sidibe / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2018

The objective of this paper is to analyse the relation between biology and spirituality in David Hay’s concept, which follows the works of his predecessor Alister Hardy. Hay builds on the idea that spirituality is an integral part of human evolution and refers to the findings in neurotheology. The analysis of religious experience was the base for the concept of relational consciousness, which is a key part of the concept of religious education. Nevertheless, the merge of biology and spirituality is problematic in terms of epistemology. The existence of God and the realm of Spirit are the subjects of philosophy or theology. Biology is an empirical science and seems to be inappropriate as an epistemological base for them.

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Żywotność Bachtinowskiej „poetyki czasoprzestrzeni” na przykładzie Prawieku i innych czasów oraz Empuzjonu Olgi Tokarczuk

Author(s): Karolina Korcz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2023

The article is an attempt to analyze the influence of Mikhail Bakhtin’s chronotope concept on the different ways of existence of time and space in two novels by Olga Tokarczuk: one of the earlier ones — Primeval and Other Times and the first one after receiving the Nobel Prize — Empuzjon. Space-time was recognized here as a key element of the writer’s work, influencing the plot structure of the works, manifesting itself simultaneously as a constructor of meanings and active formative force of values. The author, using motives that were an important element of Bakhtin’s concept of the chronotope shows that time and space play an important role in shaping the ontological and epistemological dimension of human experience. One of the main goals of the article is to show that the creative implementation of these elements makes it possible to create autonomous stories, and how space (and time) as a cultural category is used to explore the issues of identity, history, culture, as well as the mental and human emotional condition in the relationship of us and the world.

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НОВОПЛАТОНИЗАМ У ВИЗАНТИЈСКОЈ И РАНОЈ СРПСКОЈ ФИЛОСОФИЈИ: ДИЈАГРАМ КРУГА И ПОЛУПРЕЧНИКА

Author(s): Vladimir Lj. Cvetković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 60/1/2023

The paper examines some of the main metaphysical concepts of the thought of Dionysius the Areopagite and Maximus the Confessor, such as unity, differentiation, movement, limit, and logoi, in the context of the metaphor of circles and radii. It begins with an analysis of simple diagrams that appear in some Greek and Slavonic manuscripts of Dionysius’ works On the Divine Names. The paper goes on to examine more complex diagrams involving a circle or square centre, outer circumference, concentric rings, multicoloured radii and twisted cruciform bands that accompany the Instructions of Dorotheus of Gaza in many Greek and Slavic manuscripts. The paper argues that these new diagrammatic elements were employed to visualize complex ideas such as the Holy Trinity as unity of differentiations, the ontological limit of creation set by divine providence, the triadic structure of logoi of beings and the double movement of procession and reversion.

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EITHER/ OR, AND BEYOND

Author(s): Maria-Ana Tupan / Language(s): English Issue: 14/2023

Reality and fiction build a binary which shared the fate of dualist thinking in general in the postmodernist age, dominated by deconstruction. The climactic point was probably reached by the fabrication of lens which magnify reality. The fabrication of virtual reality lens was meant to augment reality, virtual reality meaning less or a deformed reality show. Science and technology have thus reified the philosophical battle over positivist taxonomies and classifications that first came under the philosophical onslaught of Søren Kierkegaard and Friedrich Nietzsche. The “either/ or” dichotomy of the former ended up in the latter’s “beyond”, which, in quantum language, is a superposition of opposite states. Although the bulk of fantasy and science-fiction still capitalizes on the distinct ontologies of reality and fiction, the literature of late modernity (modernism and postmodernism) speculated on an ontological hybrid bridging the ontological gap between the two of them. Such are the modernist novel, “Isabel and the Devil’s Waters” by Mircea Eliade, and the postmodernist story, “Schrödinger’s Cat,” by Ursula K. Le Guin read in the key of an ontological poetics in the present paper.

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O ODNOSU FILOZOFIJE I TEOLOGIJE KOD TOME AKVINSKOG

Author(s): Predrag Milidrag / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2023

The article analyzes the relation between philosophy and theology in Thomas Aquinas in the context of the difference between the light of active intellect and the light of faith. The light of faith perfects and strengthens natural light; because of that, natural reason is subservient to the higher light of faith, cannot contradict it and has to submit to it. Theology uses the first principles of reason that are the presuppositions of all thinking; faith and theological reflection correct reason and defend it against its inherent destructive tendencies, because it is undermined by the sin. Theology uses philosophy for the sake of greater clarity as well as for the articulation of revealed mysteries in a consistent system. Also, the function of philosophy is, with the help of the philosophical models, to reach some remote conceptual similarity between the mysteries of faith and the conceptions of natural reason.

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HAJDEGER O KLEU: NOVE PERSPEKTIVE HAJDEGEROVE FILOZOFIJE UMETNOSTI

Author(s): Una Popović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2019

The main focus of this paper is Heidegger’s interpretation of Klee’s painting. I am aiming to show that the interpretation of Klee has radicalized earlier Heidegger’s understanding of art, so that now painting is an alternative to poetry in the context of Heidegger’s philosophy of art. This will be exemplified by a comparative analysis of Heidegger’s views on painting and poetry, with regard to the possibility that art can be an instigation for the change in the philosophy itself; the overcoming of an image will be our special focus. Analysis will show that the interpretation of Klee allows for a further radicalization of Heidegger’s philosophy of art, such that would introduce the overcoming of the art itself.

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NOMINALIZAM DŽOZEFA MELIJE I INDEKSIČKO SHVATANJE BROJEVA

Author(s): Aleksa Čupić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2019

According to the Quine-Putnam indispensability argument, we are committed to all the entities that are indispensable to our best scientific theory. John Melia argues contra Quine-Putnam by claiming that even though such entities as numbers are indispensable to our best science, there is reason to deny their existence. In order to defend Melia’s theory from criticism put forth by Mark Colyvan, who demands that Melia provide a nominalistically acceptable paraphrase of our best scientific theory, supporters of this view have argued for the stronger claim that numbers are not indispensable. They all claim that numbers have an indexing role in the scientific explanation. In this article, I will consider some of the arguments for the indexing theory and point out its inadequacies.

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REALISTIČKO I IDEALSTIČKO SHVATANJE SUPSTANCIJE: KANT I NJEGOVI PRETHODNICI

Author(s): Andrija Šoć / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2017

The main goal of this paper is to explore the continuity and discontinuity in how different philosophical systems understand the concept of substance. At the beginning of the paper, I draw a distinction between formal criteria for what it means to be a substance and the question of what satisfies those criteria. I then analyze Aristotle’s, medieval and modern views on substance in order to show that, in spite of other considerable differences among them, Aristotle, Thomas Aquinas, Duns Scotus, Descartes, Locke and Hume all identify the same criteria for being the substenc. The differences between them, I then claim, lie in the way they answer the question of what satisfies the criteria. The most radical conclusion, as will be clear, is drawn by Hume, who famously believes that there is nothing that really satisfies traditional formal criteria for substantiality. In the last part of the paper, I analyze Kant’s idealist view and show that it is his only within his philosophical system that we can find a complete break with the philosophical tradition and quite differing criteria for substantiality. It will be shown that, for Kant, substance is no longer something that should be the basis for the properties of objects that exist independently of us, but the way in which human cognitive powers understand some key aspects of the phenomenological domain of the knowable. The upshot of this discussion is that the history of the idea of substance can be divided on the period before and after Kant, where it is Kant, rather than Descartes, the one who truly diverges from the traditional philosophical pardigms about substance.

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FENOMENOLOŠKA ESTETIKA MUZIKE

Author(s): Una Popović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2017

The analysis offered in this paper is focused on the consideration of three examples of phenomenological aesthetics of music. Considerations of music which can be found in N. Hartmann, R. Ingarden and M. Dufrenne represent the focus of the analysis with respect to the key differences between their positions, which are the effect of a different use of the phenomenological method in view of the phenomenon of art. The analysis, therefore, is in all three cases conducted through focusing on the relationship between the phenomenological method and the specific character of music in relation to other arts, as well as through a comparison of these positions. The result of analysis represents an insight into new phenomenological understanding of the formal character of the music, as opposed to the tradition of aesthetics.

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The Ethics of (Un)Belonging in Education

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The Ethics of (Un)Belonging in Education

Author(s): Andrie Savva / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

This contribution challenges fixed notions of belonging based on bounded conceptions of self and other and negative connotations of difference, emphasising the significance of such a stance for our predicament, a predicament marked by ecological degradation, social inequalities and necropolitical governance. It is nested within the posthuman turn, rejecting the superiority of Anthropos among all species and the earth, and of specific human models dividing us from others. It problematises otherness and belonging through a process of un-‘us’-ing and suggests (un)belonging as a philosophical concept emerging in practice that challenges fixed ways of thinking. (Un)belonging surpasses succinct definition as it is rhizomatic, fertilising conditions and creating new connections, an ethics indistinguishable from the onto-epistemo-political, animating potentials in education.

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Realism, irrationality, and spinor spaces

Author(s): Adrian Heathcote / Language(s): English Issue: 75/2023

Mathematics, as Eugene Wigner noted, is unreasonably effective in physics. The argument of this paper is that the disproportionate attention that philosophers have paid to discrete structures such as the natural numbers, for which a nominalist construction may be possible, has deprived us of the best argument for Platonism, which lies in continuous structures—in fields and their derived algebras, such as Clifford algebras. The argument that Wigner was making is best made with respect to such structures—in a loose sense, with respect to geometry rather than arithmetic. The purpose of the present paper is to make this connection between mathematical realism and geometrical entities. It thus constitutes an argument against formalism, for which mathematics is merely a game with humanly set rules; and nominalism, in which whatever mathematics is used is eliminable in the final analysis, by often insufficiently specified means. The hope is that light may be cast on the stubborn mysteries of the nature of quantum mechanics and its mathematical formulation, with particular reference to spinor representations—as they have been developed by Andrej Trautman. Thus, according to our argument, quantum mechanics (QM) may appear more natural, as we have better reasons to take spinor structures as irreducibly real, a view consonant with the work of Trautman and Penrose in particular.

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Transcendentalna filozofija i duh prosvetiteljstva

Author(s): Tanja Todorović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 39/2023

The aim of this paper is to approach the question of Enlightenment through the aspect of transcendental methodology. There are not many authors in the history of philosophy who dealt with this method. From this approach, one must emphasize the basic aspects of Kant's and Husserl's philosophy, authors who tried to show both the positive aspect of this historical movement, as well as its disadvantages. They believe that the idea of science based on the concept of the human mind, must be distinguished from the modern ideal of science, which is based on universal reason and the new paradigm of nature. Both of these authors believe that the idea of development and the question of the purposefulness of the philosophical task should be reconsidered.

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Xenakis – Heidegger: Common Paradigms of Worldview

Author(s): Iryna Riabchun / Language(s): English Issue: 117/2023

The article presents a study of piano work by Iannis Xenakis in connection with the peculiarities of the composer’s personality. A comparison is made between Martin Heidegger's philosophy and the writings of Iannis Xenakis. Biographical paradigms of I. Xenakis’s compositions with the focus on his opuses for piano accompanied by a symphony orchestra, are studied. The primary themes of the composer's work including antiquity, alienation, loss of mother, experience of a trauma are established. The philosophical aspects of the compositions Eonta, Synaphaï, Erikhthon, and Kegrops are compared with the concepts of Heidegger's Being and Time. The issue of “being thrown into being” mentioned by M. Heidegger is investigated in I. Xenakis’ Concert Erikhthon. It is concluded that I. Xenakis and M. Heidegger share common views on the unity of the ancient Greek philosophical foundation and its relation to the modern world.

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Teologia Tomasza z Akwinu. Specyfika głównych zagadnień

Author(s): Artur Andrzejuk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 12/2023

Thomas begins the lecture of his theology starting from its methodological justification formulated from the perspective of philosophical positions. Further, he justifies the necessity for theology by insufficiency of philosophy itself from the perspective of man because information regarding salvation or personal relations with God cannot be discovered on the path of science. For that reason the Revelation which is a formal object of theology was necessary. Thomas hence carefully distinguishes between theology and philosophy and explains that they do not differ in their material object but in the formal one (aspect). In case of theology its aspect is God’s Revelation. Aquinas is also convinced that theology is of scientific character, has its uniformity and high position within domains of human activities. Characteristic feature of the structure of Thomas’s theology is its anthropological trait, because it is human being that was given the utmost attention in the Summa Theologiae. The intrinsic feature of this theology is the radical Christocentrism. For Aquinas, the Incarnation of Christ is the most significant event in history, it is the centre of history and it is the event that transforms the entire reality. As a result, the spectrum of issues concerning theology is built around the Incarnation of Christ, whereas the main rule of Thomas’ moral theology is love which gives meaning to all other activities and relations. We mean both, love of man toward God and love between human beings. Characteristic trait of the method of Thomas’ approach toward theology is intellectualism. Thomas considered the intellect as the most significant faculty in human being, faculty by which human being is driven. Hence the will, the faculty of decision making should take advantage of the intellect, while feelings and emotions should cooperate with the intellect, and follow the one not proceed. Also, the process of reaching people’s attention, to the Gospel for example, and in general influencing their decisions, should be accomplished through the intellect and rational argumentation, not for example through influencing their emotions.

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PRAYER AND SILENCE

Author(s): Emanuel-Daniel Sărmășan / Language(s): English Issue: 38/2024

The Metropolitan's creation in lyrics, but also in the rhetorical notation as such, is a sweeping statement that everything reminiscent of the decaying, rotting body is fit for eternity, namely for that holy icon, where "flesh and blood cannot inherit the Kingdom of God, nor does corruption inherit incorruption." The beginning, not only of the heavenly eternity, but even that of the lyrical eternity, of the terrestrial order, reflects a similar sense of gestation. These words composed and chosen with great care by Valeriu Anania emphasize the two existing layers of life, the microcosmos and the macrocosmos. But Christian ontology understands and perceives such entities with a double connotation or on a slightly more multidimensional level, as real and virtual. It can be lightly noticed that Valeriu Anania far transcended the realm of a mere Christian, a true man of Ecclesiology that embodied the meaning for which humanity is longing. He was not only the poet, but also the preacher who offered certainty and that permanent rest carried forward and preserved as a value or guideline towards the fruitful, abundant, multicolored garden that never knew the threat of barrenness.

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THE ARCHE FROM A PHILOSOPHICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

Author(s): Vasile R. Todoran / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 38/2024

The elements of water, fire, earth, air, light and darkness have always played an essential role in human thought, philosophy and mythology. These elements, each with their distinctive characteristics and symbols, have been fundamental in defining the universe and life in numerous cultural and religious traditions. Water, associated with life and purification, is considered a source of existence and regeneration. Fire, symbolizing power and transformation, has fascinated human minds throughout time, representing destruction as well as light and heat. Earth, a stable and fertile element, was seen as the foundation upon which life and fertility rest. Air, invisible and imperceptible but essential to breathing and life, has often been associated with freedom and movement. Light, as a manifestation of energy and knowledge, has been revered as a source of wisdom and enlightenment in many cultures and spiritual traditions. In contrast, darkness often evoked fear and mystery, but also contemplation and introspection. Together, these elements make up a complex web of meanings and symbols that have influenced human thought and creativity throughout history. Their interpretations differ according to cultural and philosophical context, but they remain a fundamental aspect of human experience and our understanding of the world around us.

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THE DIALECTIC PORTAL: THE SACRED AND THE PROFANE IN THE MYSTICAL ELEMENTS OF THE FAUSTIAN WANDERING

Author(s): Vasile R. Todoran / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 38/2024

,,The Dialectic Portal: The Sacred and the Profane in the Mystical Elements of the Faustian Wandering” presents the complex interplay between sacred and profane dimensions in the context of the protagonist's spiritual and mystical quest in 'Faust'. The dialectic portal functions as a symbolic space of transition, where the sacred and the profane confront, coexist, and influence each other, generating a perpetual tension between the desire for divine knowledge and the tempting allure of the material world. This wandering, both physical and spiritual, reflects Faust's effort to transcend the limits of the human condition through his pact with Mephisto and the exploration of occult dimensions. The mystical elements that mark his path symbolize an endless search for absolute truth, and the intersection of the sacred and the profane is the focus of this Faustian dialectic. Thus, Faust's journey becomes a profound exploration of conflict and reconciliation between opposing forces, in a transformative process of spiritual becoming.

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Концепцията за критика на Мишел Фуко

Author(s): Miroslava Hristoskova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 6/2024

This paper examines Foucault’s concept of critique and points out the importance of critical attitude in his ontology of the present. Kant’s question of the Enlightenment is put in a new perspective: philosophical thought is oriented at defining the present and actual field of experience. Philosophy becomes an activity of diagnosing the present (ontology of actuality and ourselves) opposed to a search of universal structures of truth (analytics of truth). Foucault observes a relationship between Enlightenment and critique: a certain kind of attitude, a philosophical ethos that consists of critique of our historical existence. This critical attitude is understood as a philosophical ethos (critical work of thought over itself) and as a practice of freedom (a perspective of transforming oneself and creating new modalities of subjectivity).

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