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Distant affinities: speculative realism and the philosophy of Gilles Deleuze

Author(s): Dr. Rahma Khazam / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2016

This article explores and contrasts Deleuze’s thought and speculative realism (SR). Focusing on their respective approaches to art, it aims to show that the Deleuzian perspective can be regarded as a critique of SR’s treatment of art. It starts by demonstrating that a particular strand of SR known as object-oriented ontology (OOO) is unable to account for contemporary art as we know it. It then contrasts the approach of OOO with Deleuze’s thought, which endorses art and demonstrates an understanding of the nonhuman that can help to resolve some of the problems encountered by OOO. Having explored the differences between Deleuze’s thought and SR with respect to art, the article goes on to examine their similarities. It shows that both Deleuze and a rationalist offshoot of SR take an analogous approach to the relation between philosophy, art and science. Here, not only Deleuze and SR, but also SR and art, find common ground.

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Tarp apšviestosios sąžiningos sąmonės ir saviapgaulės: Hegelio ir J.-P. Sartre’o jungtys

Author(s): Gintautas Mažeikis / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 4/2016

Criticism of the ideals of enlightenment is developed in the article by emphasising the limits of the enlightened conscientious reason, objective self-deception and importance of non-foundationalism for existential self-determination. Objectivation, principality and conscientious consistency are often deviations caused by enlightenment. These deviations influence contemporary political and institutional solutions and social regulation. The article is written in the polemic spirit with a lot of reference to the contemporary processes and analyses: a) considerations of ideas of G. Hegel about the enlightened conscientious and unhappy reason, as well as about the limits of objectivation and servitude to abstract principles - these ideas are expanded in his Phenomenology of the Spirit; b) discussion of Sartre about objective bad faith or self-deception and the phenomenon of being-together-with-others as presented in his works Being and Nothingness and Existentialism is Humanism; c) discussion about the importance of non-foundationalism for existential self-determination. The idea of self-deception is interpreted in the context of Nothingness, dialectical negation, making new faces and assuming new social roles. The article represents an active, socially integrated and enabled man, who together with others continuously overpasses the restraints of objectivism and principality, as well as opens possibilities for dialogue of alternatives, their diplomacy and politicality. The aim of the article is to actualise criticism of the conscientious reason, enlightened self-deception and bad faith. The conclusions are applied in the analysis of contemporary public objective attitudes and for solutions of social-constructivism.

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Az összetartozáson innen és túl

Author(s): Dávid Horváth / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2019

In my paper, I investigate Heidegger’s Parmenides-interpretations. My question is: what is the relation between them and the Heideggerian interpretation of the so called Likeness Principle – like is understood only by like – which is known especially from hermeneutical texts. I analyse the interpretations of the 3rd fragment of Parmenides in a chronological way and I attempt to accompany the German thinker on his thinking path leading to the German terms Selbe and Zusammengehören that are probably untranslatable within the Heideggerian context. Meanwhile, I intend to reveal the turns and the junctions, which characterise Heidegger’s point of view relating to both Parmenides and the Likeness Principle, and also the differences that could be detected between their Heideggerian reading and an idealistic one. Moreover, the less explicit intention of this paper is the following: helping with the preparation of a future, deeper account regarding the Likeness Principle.

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Проблема русофобии в историософии Ф. И. Тютчева

Author(s): Boris Tarasov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2020

The article makes the first ever attempt to carry out a systematic examination, based on the historical, publicistic, poetic and epistolary body of work of Tyutchev, of the interrelation of different levels and aspects of the concept of “Russophobia”, introduced by the poet. His fundamental concern with the hierarchic relation of Christian ontology and anthropology, with historical processes, with different results of dynamics of the theocentric and anthropocentric perception of existence and history in Russia and in the West is emphasized. It is shown in the article how the analysis of the religious, historical, cultural, anthropological mainstays leads Tyutchev, in his own way, to Pushkin’s conclusion that the history of Russia, as compared to the history of Europe, needs a “different thought, different formula”. It’s demonstrated how different interpretations of those mainstays cause issues, discords.

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Chaplain of Solidarność and Philosopher of Hope

Author(s): Gerald J. Beyer / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2019

Józef Tischner’s deep commitment to pastoral ministry and his involvement with Solidarność make him an outstanding example of an engaged Christian philosopher who witnessed to the Gospel through rigorous academic work and actively promoting social change. Tischner’s description of the ethic of Solidarity, which helped overturn the Communist regime in Poland, also provides insight into the moral foundations of democracy. This article focuses primarily on his theological anthropology and its connection to some of his integral ideas concerning social change and the virtue of hope. First, the article explores some of Tischner’s thinking on hope. Next it considers how Tischner’s views about hope and the nature of the human person led him to conclude that nonviolence can bring about meaningful and lasting social change. The article contrasts Tischner’s ideas with those of the twentieth century U.S. theologian Reinhold Niebuhr. Like Tischner, Niebuhr also had major influence in the public sphere. However, his more pessimistic view of human nature led him to conclude that nonviolence cannot be an effective tool in the struggle for justice. Thus, Niebuhr serves as an interesting counterpoint to Tischner, revealing more clearly the link between hope, the human person, and social change in Tischner’s thought.

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SOCIAL ONTOLOGY: BUTLER VIA ARENDT VIA LOIDOLT

Author(s): Adriana Zaharijević / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

This short contribution is written on the occasion of the book discussion of Sophie Loidolt’s Phenomenology of Plurality: Hannah Arendt on Political Intersubjectivity (2018) at the Institute for Philosophy and Social Theory. It presents an attempt to read the two key notions Loidolt elaborates in her book – spaces of meaning and spaces of the public and private – from a critical perspective offered by Judith Butler’s taking up of Arendt’s work. Offering Butler’s conception of social ontology through several major points of contestation with Arendt, I argue against an all too simple reduction of her understanding of the political and normativity to poststructuralist ones.

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ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ К ПУБЛИКАЦИИ ПЕРЕВОДА ПРОТОКОЛА ДОКЛАДА МАРТИНА ХАЙДЕГГЕРА «ПРИСУТСТВИЕ И ИСТИНСТВОВАНИЕ СОГЛАСНО АРИСТОТЕЛЮ»

Author(s): ARKADI CHOUFRINE / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2020

Heidegger’s Cologne address of 1924 is important in at least three respects. First, it represents the next stage in the genesis of Being and Time after the seminal text known as Natorp Bericht (1922). Second, it manifests a new landmark in Heidegger’s rethinking appropriation of Aristotle’s thought. This new synthesis includes, in particular, the groundwork on Aristotle’s Rhetoric from the summer course of 1924.The annotations to the translation,—based on the texts from 1922–1924,—bring to light Heidegger’s working his way to this synthesis. The preface specifically uncovers Heidegger’s reading of Aristotle’s doctrine of the “mean” and compares Heidegger’s interpretation of Aristotle concept of ethical decision to an interpretation of it typical of modern Aristotle scholarship belonging to analytical tradition. Third,the Cologne address represents Heidegger’s first thematic approach to the question of the essence of truth (which even after Being and Time for at least a decade remained among his guiding threads). In particular, it develops the thesis (barely outlined in Natorp Bericht) that (contrary to the dominant view which Daniel Dahlstrom appropriately dubbed “the logical prejudice”) the proper “place” of truth is not judgement, but the being indicated in a judgement by the copula and in a human act by the goodness that motivates it; and that speech, for the most part, conceals the truth originally sighted.

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Treść, pojęcie, realizm. Heglowskie rozumienie poznania zmysłowego

Author(s): Paweł Sikora / Language(s): Polish Issue: 26/2018

The author reviews the Hegelian construction of sense knowledge: the empirical content of the object and its general character. He argues that Hegel’s standpoint has to be to some extent compatible with the basic thesis of epistemological realism on the sense consciousness level. Yet at the same time Hegel’s concept of experience denotes a conceptual character of perceptual contents. This is possible thanks to a gradual process of recognizing the non-empirical elements of consciousness, as well as to the pattern in which the reality of the experience is feasible only within the ideal reality of Geist thinking. However, in the process of experience such an understanding of the Hegelian standpoint requires distinguishing improper reality (I line) from proper reality (II line). The interpretation proposed in this article appears to be well tuned with Hegel’s conception of a synthesis combining respective types and levels of knowledge, including sense knowledge.

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‘The Social’ as a Tool of Governmentality. A Post-Foucauldian Critique of Liberal Political Ontology

Author(s): Bartłomiej Błesznowski / Language(s): English Issue: 26 (3)/2018

The main subject-matter of this paper is the political ontology of contemporary liberal democracies and the problems that the procedure of the formation of the body politic constitutes within this substantialist and individualistic ontology. By referring to Joseph Schumpeter's so-called realistic theory of democracy and the classic critique of the public sphere articulated by Walter Lippman, the author attempts to demonstrate the fundamental aporia that lurks within the democratic procedure of constructing what is public (the body politic) via public opinion, general elections and representative power, which in his opinion constitutes an element of greater governmentality of power, typical of a society of the West. To achieve this he confronts these now classic critiques of democracy (simultaneously constituting an argument in favour of its intensification and searching for promising routes of transformation) with Michel Foucault’s conception of liberalism as a technology of managing that which is social. This reference enables democracy to be perceived as an element of the modern rationality of governing, the structure of which is based on the simultaneous controlling and moulding of the political entity the People. If the mechanism of power is located at a level constitutive for the political process, within ‘sovereign’ political action, then it would seem that potential forms of resistance or political transformation are directed towards a kind of immanent change or transgression.

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Basic linguistic ontology and plants: A semantic sketch

Author(s): Justyna Małek / Language(s): English Issue: 13/2019

This article is devoted to verbs collocating with the Polish lexeme roślina ‘plant’. The aim of the study is to determine the linguistic status of the plant and to investigate whether it is ‘someone’ or ‘something’ in view of the semantics of the verbs in question. The author analyses cases in which the plant appears in the semantic role of the agent. She makes conclusions about how the lexeme roślina functions in Polish and defines its unique features (semantic connectivity) and semantic roles. The study is based on language surveys conducted among native speakers of Polish. Language analysis reveals the place of the plant in the hierarchy of living organisms.

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The Sacred and the Myth. Havel’s Greengrocer, Twenty Years Later

Author(s): Marci Shore / Language(s): English Issue: 02/2018

This essay juxtaposes two thinkers: the French literary critic and philosopher René Girard (1923–2015) and the Czech playwright, essayist, and dissident Václav Havel (1936–2011). In particular, the text examines Havel’s 1978 essay The Power of the Powerless through the lens of Girard’s structuralist model of mimetic desire, violent sacrifice, and a cultural order sustained by prohibition, ritual, and myth. Arguing against the French structural anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss (1908–2009), Girard insisted on a reality behind the text: myths disclosed real victims. Girard and Havel shared a merciless anti-populism: society was guilty. They shared something else as well: in an age of a loss of faith in Marxism and all grand narratives, and of skepticism about the possibility of any stable meaning, subjectivity, and truth, Havel and Girard insisted on the ontological reality of both truth and lies, and on the ontological reality of the distinction between them.

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Feminizm postoperaistyczny i filozofia Luce Irigaray – próba uzgodnienia stanowisk

Author(s): Dawid Kujawa / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1 (13)/2019

In the present article the author endeavours to compare the main assumptions of Italian post-operaist feminism (mostly those related to the Wages for Housework campaign) with Luce Irigaray’s sexuate difference philosophy. Assuming as a departure point the notion of labour force reproduction, the author tries to prove the synergic potential sustaining between the two mentioned perspectives – the most noteworthy convergence between them is the eventually shared ontological horizon stemming from Marx’s perspective on communism as “the real movement which abolishes the present state of things.”

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On Power and Time. Reflections on The Fortress by Meša Selimović

Author(s): Filip Kovačević / Language(s): English Issue: 03/2011

In this article, the author examines the relationship between power, time, and human reality. Using a novel by the Bosnian writer Meša Selimović as a case study, the author tests two metaphysical claims: power submits to power only, and the passage of time empties the significance of each and every human activity. The author finds that Selimović’s novel confirms both. The conclusion is profoundly pessimistic. The lives of human beings are doubly unhappy: they are spent in protracted struggles for resources and recognition that yield power, and also even the accomplishments of the victorious in these struggles will be erased by the passage of time. However, the understanding of the second claim might retroactively ameliorate the conditions of human life. Yet as evidenced by Selimović’s novel, in the world dominated by power, this does not happen. The case of Šehaga Sočo shows that even the one whose personal experience convinced him of the meaninglessness of it all is unable to break out of the cycle of rivalry and revenge. At his deathbed, he orders the death of his rivals, though he knows that to him dying, it makes no difference whether they live or die. Why not opt for forgiveness? Because, as Selimović emphasizes, power’s insistence on self-perpetuation is illogical, and it is logic that tells us not to engage in meaningless tasks. In other words, human reason is powerless to provide us with a more tolerant world.

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Transcendence and History in Krzysztof Kieslowski’s Blind Chance

Author(s): Costica Bradatan / Language(s): English Issue: 02/2008

The article examines Krzysztof Kieslowski’s Blind Chance (Przypadek, 1981) as a film with a distinct philosophical significance. According to the interpretation proposed, in Blind Chance Kieslowski touches on both universal philosophical topics (death, meaninglessness, quest for certainty and truth, deciphering silence) and “local” themes (East-European historical pessimism, geography as destiny, “terror of history”). In spite of Kieslowski’s self-declared religious agnosticism, Blind Chance could be—thanks even to the aesthetics of the film—read as a paradoxical theological statement, not so much about God per se, as about the necessity of his existence. In the same vein, the film occasions a series of meditations on historical fate and the role of geography in history, about hope and hopelessness, existential exhaustion, and legacies of silence.

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BOSANSKOHERCEGOVAČKI MUSLIMANI PRED IZAZOVIMA FENOMENA NOVE MISLI: PRIMJER MUSLIMANA SANSKOGA MOSTA

Author(s): Haris Islamčević / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 81/2020

This article presents results of an empirical study related to the phenomenon of the New Thought and its impact upon Bosnian and Herzegovinian Muslims through the sample of one particular community- the municipality Sanski Most. This work presents, on the bases of five given questions (Onto-Cosmoanthropological concept, in other words, through the concept – God-the World- Man), the presence of this phenomenon among respondents of different structure: based on gender, age, place of living and education. The sample of imams within the surveying field gave us a significant control-group that was used comparative bases for analysing the survey results.

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Iskustvo crnca

Author(s): Frantz Fanon / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 25/2020

»Prljava crnčugo!« ili samo: »Gle, crnja!« Dolazio sam na svijet sa težnjom da otkrijem smisao u stvarima, duša mi je bila prepuna želje da bude na izvoru svijeta, a onda sam otkrio da sam samo objekt među ostalim objektima. Zatvoren u objektnost koja me je gnječila, zazivao sam drugoga. Njegov oslobađajući pogled što klizi mojim tijelom koje odjednom gubi svoju hrapavost, pogled koji mi daje lakoću za koju sam vjerovao da je izgubljena, i koji me, izmještajući iz svijeta, njemu vraća. No tamo, upravo pri početku uspona, udaram u zid, a drugi me svojim gestama, stavovima i pogledima fiksira kao što se fiksira boja u nekoj otopini. Bjesnim, zahtijevam objašnjenje... Ništa ne pomaže. Eksplodiram. I eto sitnih komadića koje objedinjuje neko drugo ja.

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BITI NA VULKANU CIVILIZACIJE: ULRICH BECK, ANTHONY GIDDNES I ZYGMUNT BAUMAN O ONTOLOŠKOJ (NE)SIGURNOSTI

Author(s): Tomislav Tadić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 13/2020

In this paper I emphasize the problem of ontological (in)security in the context of contemporary world events related to the sudden expansion of COVID-19 virus. The emphasis is on the tradition of the reflexive sociology and the concept of methodological pluralism. The question of ontological (in)security is analyzed form three sociological optics: 1) Ulrich Bech’s thesis on “risk society”; 2. Anthony Giddinese's thesis on “radicalised consequences of modernity”; 3. Zygmunt Bauman’s theory of the “liquid modernity”. Paper indicates that all three sociological theories are treating ontological (in)security as central concept, and implies that there is necessary correlation between ontological insecurity and the question of the modernity and its character.

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UTICAJ UPROSTORENJA LIMINALNOG NA FENOMEN GRANICA U KONTEKSTU IDOLUMA ESHATONA ABRAHAMSKIH RELIGIJA

Author(s): Katarina Bošnjak / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian Issue: 13/2020

From the beginning, men have reflected on their origins and the origins of the world, trying to explain the magical forces that led to human existence. In the same way, they try to understand the path that awaits them after cutting the earthly bonds of the soul imprisoned in the liminal existence on earth. The significance of religious thought in the creation of boundaries, which are eventually inserted into space, is particularly recognized in eschatological reflections and literal interpretations of the spatiality of eschatological metaphors. The Cartesian nature of man predisposes him to contemplation of the world through a fascination with liminality, which is reflected in his inner and outer world. Due to the contextual similarity, this paper considers the spatiality of liminality in the eschatological idolum of the three most represented Abrahamic religions in Southeast Europe - Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Spatial coding of the liminal in the eschatological idolum, recognized in the cosmographic organization of the universe, defines liminality in the vertical sense, and establishes a (spatial) hierarchy in the levels of soul realization, which is consequently recognized in the spatial conception of the social hierarchy of earthly life. Spatiality exegesis of eschatological idola recognizes a horizontality of liminality conditioned by the progression of the soul through architecturally defined frameworks, modeled by the imago mundi, which reveals a literal spatial interpretation of the doctrine of separation (upon which the concept of the Judgment Day rests) based on moral hierarchy. The complexity of soul's progression through the liminal stages, reduced to a diagrammatic representation of its transformation in accordance with the religious canon, points to life as a reference point for the ontological transformation that comes after it. Therefore, it is denoted by a clear framework – thresholds, into which man has imprinted elements of spatiality. The possibility of identifying the archetypal concept of boundary is sought in these tresholds, which indicates an opportunity to understand the nature of man and this process of insciption of his nature in socio-spatial contexts.

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Pharmakon and the Scene of Writing

Author(s): Paulina Kłos-Czerwińska / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

This article deals with the view of language as a kind of pharmakon in the sense that was introduced into linguistics and philosophy by Plato. This kind of understanding of language reveals not only its positive and creative character, but also its destructive traits. The article presents the changes in the understanding of what traditionally was found to be a language. Starting with Platonian vision of language, through its Derridean explanation, to contemporary specialists dealing with theory of translation process – we follow the evolution of the phenomena that shaped our contemporary thinking about the human being. Artykuł dotyczy problematyki języka jako farmakonu w sensie nadanym mu przez Platona i wprowadzonym przez niego do filozofii i dalej językoznawstwa. Ten rodzaj rozumienia języka odkrywa nie tylko jego pozytywny i twórczy charakter, ale również jego destrukcyjne cechy. Artykuł prezentuje zmiany w rozumieniu tego, co tradycyjnie było uważane za język. Śledzimy jego zmiany poczynając od Platona, poprzez derridiańskie wyjaśnienie języka, aż do jego ujęcia przez klasyków zajmujących się procesami tłumaczenia. W ten sposób w artykule śledzimy ewolucję zjawiska, które ukształtowało nasze współczesne myślenie o podmiocie.

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“Fragments of a Broken Mirror": Bruno Schulz's Retextualization of the Kabbalah

Author(s): Bożena Shallcross / Language(s): English Issue: 02/1997

As contradictory as it may seem, for such towering twentieth-century figures as Franz Kafka, Marc Chagall, and Walter Benjamin the explorations of their Judaic heritage was instrumental in shaping their visions of modernity. The mythical and the present, that is, Judaism and modernism, became for them two sides of the same coin. The fusion of the "old semantics" with the experimental, avantgarde tendencies of the day was also a prominent feature in the works of the Polish modernist writer Bruno Schulz. In fact, Schulz articulated this tendency in his oft-quoted essay "The Mythologizing of Reality," in which he discussed the ontological status of the word in the modern world: "Not one scrap of an idea of ours does not originate in myth, isn't transformed, mutilated, denatured mythology. [...]

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