A comparison of approaches to art in the constitutions of the Orders of the Discalced Carmelites and Trinitarians

Author(s): Mirosława Sobczyńska-Szczepańska / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2016

The reform process of the Order of the Most Holy Trinity (Trinitarians) developed under the strong influence of the Teresian Carmel, which is reflected in the dependence of the first constitutions of the Discalced Trinitarians (1614) on the statutes of the Spanish Congregation of the Discalced Carmelites (1604). The article discusses the regulations on the artistic activity contained in the aforementioned texts and in the later statutes of both orders (including the unpublished constitutions of the Outside-Spain-Family of the Discalced Trinitarians compiled in 1770) that have as yet not been studied by historians of the Trinitarians Order. The analysis of these provisions leads to the conclusion that Trinitarian approach to art was determined by the legislations of the Spanish Discalced Carmelites and by the third point of the Trinitarian Rule, ordering that their churches were of simple construction. Unlike the Spanish Discalced Carmelites, the Discalced Trinitarians systematically modified their regulations, adapting them to the changing circumstances in which the religious buildings were constructed.

A delphoi epszilonról

Author(s): Plutarch / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 4/2013

A durai zsinagóga nyugati falképciklusának vallási és politikai üzenete

Author(s): Géza Xeravits / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 2/2012

The west wall of the Dura synagogue is a kind of political and religious manifesto. The first artist of the west wall accentuated the enduring covenant between God and his people and the continuity of the cult. The second artist picked up these overall Leitmotivs, and expanded them by adding the figurative paintings. The modifications to the central panel emphasise the idea that Israel is a people chosen by God, in whose history God’s promises and the forefathers’ blessings are fulfilled. This is complemented by the wing panels, where Moses, the pre-eminent figure of the past, is depicted. This Mosaic cycle shows religious/cultic orientation. This aspect is further emphasised by the middle register of the narrative panels. As we look at the narrative panels, we see that the middle register has a kind of central position—framed by the top and bottom registers—which assigns to it a basic or essential place within the composition. The message of this mural is to meditate upon the believer’s relationship with God. After articulating the religious message of the west wall, the artist turned to political issues. The paintings of the bottom and top registers recalling various events of the histoire sainte—affirm the pre-eminence of the Jewish people. Affirming this in a minority context and in an especially turbulent period of regional history, these panels carry a message of consolation.

A FI ROMÂN ÎN ROMÂNIA UNITĂ VOCAȚIA VERTICALITĂȚII SPIRITUALE A UNUI NEAM HRISTIC

Author(s): Emil Jurcan / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1/2018

This is a work of awareness about a beautiful history of a vertical nation. More than ever we need to look for the landmarks of our beautiful nation, now that he is asked by Brussels to abandon his traditional values. I tried to show in my study what beautiful people we were in history. We were the only people of Europe that saved five peoples without any intention to ask anything in return. A beautiful people with much suffering in his history, but who unfortunately did not learn much from it. My work is an alarming signal for the loss of beauty of this nation, now that we celebrate a hundred years since the union of the country.

A folytonosság szerepe az egyiptomi királyideológiában

Author(s): Szandra Vanner / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 2/2017

The article attempts to summarise the role of maat in Ancient Egyptian kingship. As such, it is important to consider which gods were connected with kingship, like Osiris, Ra, Horus and Seth. It seems that Egyptians thought these and other gods were kings before the predynastic period. The Golden Age myths and the story of Osiris could be a great example for the kings of the Historical period. During the Old Kingdom, especially during Hufu’s reign, the sun god had the main role; Hufu may have identified his reign with the Age of Ra. The same ideas appeared during the kingship of Amenhotep III, and may have had an important effect on Amenhotep IV/Akhenaten. The unsuccessful end of the Amarna era could be the reason for the negative perception that such associations carried in later times. The Amarna era was considered as a period of chaos which was incompatible with the traditional view of the Egyptian kingship.

A FURFÓI IUPPITER LIBER-TEMPLOM SZABÁLYZATA (CIL I, 756)

Author(s): Tamás Adamik / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 1-2/2002

There are some important editions of this inscription (CIL I, 756) nevertheless their text is unsatisfactory. Althought some details are disputable in the Latin text of the inscription, yet its intention and aim are clear and unambiguous. The temple in Furfo is dedicated to Jupiter Liber. In the temple regulations every activity is permitted — except bad faith and stealing — in interest of the temple and this suits well both the utilitarian view of the local vineyardists, and the businesslike, contractual nature of the roman religion.

A GARDNERI TÖBBSZÖRÖS INTELLIGENCIA ÉS FRANZ KETT PEDAGÓGIÁJÁNAK METSZÉSPONTJAI

Author(s): Lilla Szénási / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 1/2022

Intersections between the Gardnerian Multiple Intelligence and Franz Kett’s Pedagogy. This paper focuses on possible ways of education in faith during the COVID-19 pandemic and its aftermath. During the period of online education, one could rely on the knowledge and application of Gardner’s theory of multiple intel-ligences in faith education as well, whilst the use of Kett’s pedagogy helps to experi-ence, build or rebuild, and deepen our community with God and with each other. The first part of the paper briefly outlines the concept of intelligence and then de-scribes Howard Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences. It gives practical exam-ples of possible ways to educate the catechumens. The second part describes the emergence of Franz Kett’s pedagogy, his vision and his main concepts, including its starting points and methodological structure. It briefly presents the floor picture as a specific method of Kett’s pedagogy. The third part summarizes the points of en-counter between the Gardnerian multiple intelligences and Kett’s pedagogy, thus bringing into motion not only the intellectual but also the emotional intelligence.

A guzsaly és orsó szerepe a római temetkezési kultuszban

Author(s): Mária T. Bíró / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 1/2011

On the funerary steles of the Roman Empire the portraits of the deceased were often represented. In these images the women often hold a comb, a mirror, distaff and spindle, the men point at a volumen held in their left hand. At the inhumed burials of the Late Antiquity the same objects can be found as funerary gifts in the grave. In this paper I offer evidences that the objects of everyday life carry a symbolic meaning in the funerary rites as special attributes of the Fates.

A GYERMEKBIBLIA-KUTATÁS LEGJELENTŐSEBB EREDMÉNYEI

Author(s): Dávid Németh / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 1/2018

The Most Significant Results of the Research on Children’s Bibles. About twenty years ago, Children’s Bibles gained special attention in the field of Religious Education. Since then there has been active research in this field. The historical investigations have revealed a great amount of data unknown before. This study presents the case of the Hübner Bible in Hungary. There has been research concerning the theological and pedagogical aspects based on which the selection of the Biblical stories was made, research about the theological and didactical aspects of the narrative style and also the developmental psychological aptitude on the receiver side that has to be taken into consideration. The types of changes and distortions that differentiate the texts of the Children’s Bibles from the original are also discussed in the study. The quality and the function of the illustrations are also a subject of investigation. Here again the needs and the characteristics of the age group of the children who use the Children’s Bibles is a significant aspect.

A háború gyümölcse

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 02/2018

A Half-Century of Catholic-Lutheran Dialogue (1967-2017)

Author(s): Józef Budniak / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2017

The pursuit of the unity in the Church is the primary task of all believers in Christ. This pursuit should take place on every level: spiritual (through prayer), practical (through concrete actions), and doctrinal (through dialogue about the main truths of faith). In the past 50 years (1967–2017), many common positions between Catholics and Lutherans have been worked out and recorded in the 2013 document From Conflict to Communion. October 31, 2016, which marked the 500-year anniversary of the Reformation as well as the 50-year anniversary of Catholic-Lutheran dialogue, has changed the way that Catholics and Evangelicals view each other. Pope Francis, as a representative of the Catholic Church, Bishop Munib Younan, and Fr. Martin Junge, who represented the Lutheran World Federation, co-hosted an ecumenical celebration that took place in Lund, Sweden, inaugurating the 500-year anniversary of the Reformation. After the service, a joint document entitled Joint Declaration on the 500th Anniversary of the Reformation was published. The document concluded with the following message: “We call upon all Lutheran and Catholic parishes and communities to be bold and creative, joyful and hopeful in their commitment to continue the great journey ahead of us. Rather than conflicts of the past, God’s gift of unity among us shall guide cooperation and deepen our solidarity. By drawing close in faith to Christ, by praying together, by listening to one another, by living Christ’s love in our relationships, we, Catholics and Lutherans, open ourselves to the power of the Triune God. Rooted in Christ and witnessing to him, we renew our determination to be faithful heralds of God’s boundless love for all humanity”. The 50-year Catholic-Lutheran dialogue should be an encouragement for Christians to testify together to a wounded and the divided world, to more passionately pursue further dialogue in order to overcome existing differences, and to be open to unity, which is the source of our common hope.

A HÁZASSÁGBAN ÉLŐ KERESZTÉNY LÉT LELKISÉGE ÉS TEOLÓGIÁJA

Author(s): Tamás Kruppa / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 1/2018

Spirituality and Theology of the Married Christian Being. The „Milieu” where a modern Christian marriage exists, seems to be among not to easy circumstances. It is a double sided situation behind of you with God when you are together with your husband or wife, and behind of you with your wife or husband, when you are together with God. Although, we believe that in the Holy Spirit this two parts can be united into one whole. The marriage as institution is older than Christianity, but it is created and blessed by God from the beginning what’s the source of all holiness or sacrament. Christ gave it to the fullness when He raised it up to Himself. He is the only fundament in what all things stand up and fulfill sacraments, too. The marriage is a sacrament both in the Catholic and Orthodox Church, but from the point of you the of marriage’s mystery, they have some differences in their details. The scholastic Latin and the post patristic eastern Churches perspective the founda¬tion of sacraments like a creation ex nihilo, a discontinuing phenomena, and the sign of the sacraments are caused by Jesus Christ, the Incarnated Son of God. However the patristic tradition and the modern emigrant orthodox theology maintain that the foundation of the sacraments are in the fulfillments of sacrament’s sig or symbol which is created by God in the beginning intentionally in order to be able to reach its own final purpose. The “Love spiral” involves nine different grades which follow each-other again and again. In a really deep love connection these Moments of love need to be realized gradually. These grade are: 1. Calling, 2. Identity, 3. Intimacy, 4. confrontation, 5. Con¬version, 6. Reconciliation, 7. Communion, 8. Commitment, 9. Mission. Conclusion. There must be peaceful and friendly but professional confrontations between different parts of the divided Churches to find and looking for together the original place and status of the marriage in the Christianity. Marriage, Church, Sacraments, and particularly Eucharist are united in Jesus Christ ever and forever. This is the reason why Christian sacramental marriage make part of the sacraments of the Church and of Christ as Bride and Bridegroom.

A HOME FOR THE IMMORTALS: THE LAYOUT AND DEVELOPMENT OF MEDIEVAL DAOIST MONASTERIES

Author(s): Livia Kohn / Language(s): English / Issue: 1-2/2000

Monasteries typically have a structure and layout that suits both the spiritual and mundane needs of their communities: a central area that has a place of worship or meditation, a kitchen, refectory, dormitory, guest house, library, and basic work space; an outer layer with more specified workshops, stables and animal hutches, huts for solitary practice, memorial hall, and cemetery; and a third, most outward ring with orchards, fields, mills, and manufacturing sites. Studying the specific layout and organization of medieval Daoist monasteries, which came to flourish from the sixth century onward, it becomes evident that they follow mainstream Chinese models in their basic layout, imitate Buddhist structures in their buildings and their names, and continue traditional Daoist community centres and meditation retreats. In addition, one can also compare them to ancient Indian and medieval Western institutions, recognizing thereby the unique nature of the Daoist monastery. Planned and executed to imitate celestial landscapes and palaces, it served to attract immortals from above and prepare earthly aspirants for a more divine form of life, while also providing spiritual support for the state and a venue of merit-making for aristocratic sponsors.

A homérosi Hermés-himnusz mint teremtésmítosz

Author(s): Anna Judit Tóth / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 2/2016

In her excellent study on the Hymn to Hermes, Clay interpreted the text as a special creation myth. The goal of Hermes, the last-born among the gods, is to be accepted by the pantheon of the Olympian gods, and through this struggle he adds his principium, which is the ability of moving and changing, to the perfect but still static universe. In my interpretation, the theme of the hymn is not the ‘identity crisis’ of Hermes. Rather, the result of his actions is the integration of the periphery, of nature, of the titanic and chaotic aspects of the world into the order of the kosmos, as the last step of the creation. Hermes arrives from the peripheries of the mythical world: his ancestors are titans, his mother is a nymph, he was born from an extramarital relationship, he lives in the remote and primitive Arcadia. As a trickster deity he was issuing a direct challenge to the Olympian order, attacking his half-brother Apollo, and demanding his main divine function, divination. The poet presents the young god as a danger to the order of the Olympus, but at the same time he takes the edge off the conflict by the characterization of Hermes: he is a child for whom the meaning of truth is not the same as for an adult and the strict oppositions of the world are blurred in his mind. This quality is also the source of his creative intelligence. When he meets the turtle, for example, he sees the lyre, while Apollo is unable to recognise the lyre even when seeing it. In the context of the hymn Hermes is a counterpart of Prometheus correcting the sins of the Titan: he invents a way of lighting fire without stealing the possession of Zeus, he invents a new form of divine banquet without offending the gods as Prometheus did.

A HÚSVÉT HOMILETIKUMA

Author(s): Károly Fekete / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 1/2019

The death of Jesus was the sacrifice of the obedient and loving Son until death. Good Friday and Easter are inseparable. The cross and the resurrection together make Jesus the Christ and the Saviour. The sacrifice of the cross is linked to the open tomb of our Lord. And this interconnection can invite us to rejoice. If I understand the significance of Easter, I can also believe in its reality. The resurrection must not only be taught, but also believed. Otherwise, my creed of the resurrection is sacrificium intellectus (the victim of reason), an empty, arbitrary, and contradictory statement.The triple benefit of the resurrection of Christ is referred to in the 45th question–answer of the Heidelberg Catechism as the three time planes: the past, the present, and the future showing the threefold consolation of the resurrection. The first time plane recalls the memorable past, the first Easter, when the Prince of Life came out of the tomb of Joseph Arimathia. The second time plane points to the present. Christ has overcome the power of death to learn to walk in new life right now. Everything that must happen to us must be under the power of the living Jesus Christ. The third time plane is the Future: Christ overcame the power of death, so there will be a resurrection for us. God brought life to triumph with the resurrection of Christ. His resurrection is the keystone of the glorious resurrection that will come upon Christ`s return.The Resurrection of Jesus Christ is a guarantee of the renewal of the whole created world. The relationship between the present world and the “new heavens and new earth” (2 Peter 3,13) is characterized by continuity and discontinuity at the same time: we are waiting for the ultimate salvation that we have already “tasted” and which will be quite different from what we can think or imagine.

A KATAKOMBAFESTMÉNYEK MINT „VIZUÁLIS PRÉDIKÁCIÓK” ÉRTELMEZÉSE

Author(s): Olga Lukács / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 1/2019

Several viewpoints took shape about the pictures and icons during the history of Christianity. The image representations have been subject to debate not only among religions but among the various Christian approaches, too. This debate flamed up quite strongly in different times in history.The study aims to determine the extent to which the icons and representations are rooted in Christian tradition. The study points out that early Christian art did not appear and develop in a void. It was the outward manifestation of a new spirituality as well as the result of a development process that occurred when the local cultures of the ancient world got in contact with each other.It is essential to point out that in icon painting as well as in the paintings in the catacombs the message of the icons was also perfectly grasped by those who did not study painting or were not very skillful painters, but still observed the iconographic traditions while those who the painting were addressed to accepted them. One can assess Early Christian art by the very few frescos remaining in the catacombs in Rome.They used pagan symbols as well as some themes of Greek and Roman mythology in order to convey the teachings of the church. They also used the ancient forms of art, loading them with a new content subsequently altering the respective forms as well. The art of the catacombs was actually dogmatic art since the theme depicted on the frescos mostly followed the texts of the scripture. Furthermore, the symbolic language had a paramount importance. The works of art created in the first centuries can also be considered as “visual sermons” that helped them explain God verbally and drive them to God.

A katolikus egyház és a protestáns pátens

Author(s): Jenő Gergely / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

A kazárok megtérése a zsidó hitre

Author(s): Peter Benjamin Golden / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

A KOLOZSVÁRI REFORMÁTUS TEOLÓGIAI FAKULTÁS KÖNYVTÁRÁNAK IRATGYŰJTEMÉNYÉRŐL

Author(s): Gábor Sipos / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 1/2017

After 1895, documents of archival character got to the library of the Protestant Theological Faculty. Papers of pastors were filed here with the intention of maintenance, dioceses and parishes also transferred old documents. Writings taken away from the archive of Supremum Consistorium on purpose to carry on research work got here, too. A part of the Sombori family’s records was filed here in 1940. The collection comprising 449 papers dating from the 16th–20th centuries was docketed by Nagy Géza, professor of theology in 1951, who arranged the documents according to chronological order. In 1979 the collection rolled in The Archive of the Transylvanian Protestant Church District, in the course of its classification we have sorted the papers according to provenance, the writings loaned were put back to their original places.

A kolozsvári Szent Erzsébet-ispotály a 17–18. században (1670–1789)

Author(s): Gyöngyvér L. Kajtár / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 2/2018

Starting with the Middle Ages institutionalized care for the poor and the appearance of hospitals became a clear sign of urban development. This was the case in medieval and early modern Kolozsvár also. When the city had lost its status as a free royal city in 1665 all the institutions administered by the local counsel underwent a series of changes. These changes did not leave unaffected the hospitals either. By the time Kolozsvár regained her lost privileges in 1712 out of the three medieval hospitals, only one was still operating, the Saint Elisabeth. Right around this time Catholicism started to regain some of its former status in Kolozsvár shattered by the reformation and it became once more the crown’s favored religion. This change in status led to the repossession and reorganization of formerly catholic institutions and properties in the city, chief among them the hospital of Saint Elisabeth.