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Wybrane zagadnienia związane z projektem rozporządzenia Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady w sprawie ustanowienia Prokuratury Europejskiej

Wybrane zagadnienia związane z projektem rozporządzenia Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady w sprawie ustanowienia Prokuratury Europejskiej

Author(s): Michał Toruński,Krzysztof Michalak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 29/2016

The Lisbon Treaty has brought major changes in the functioning of the European Union, including in the area referred to in Art. 4 section 2 point j of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, which is an area of freedom, security and justice. It should first be noted that characteristic for European Union “pillar structure” has been liquidated. Former pillar III is nowadays covered by a single legal regime. Without a doubt falls conclude that the Lisbon Treaty has made a huge step towards the approximation of the laws of the Member States. Art. 86 TFEU introduces interesting novelty in this plane, providing for the possibility of establishment of an European Public Prosecutor’s Office, which is the EU body for investigating, prosecuting and bringing to justice the perpetrators of crimes against the financial interests of the European Union. Analysis of selected provisions of the Regulation on the establishment of an European Public Prosecutor’s Office leads to conclusion that draft regulation is not deprived of interpretational doubts. For instance there is a forum shopping threat. Fair trial standard and legislative technique have also been violated.

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Ewolucja Kodeksu pracy

Ewolucja Kodeksu pracy

Author(s): Ludwik Florek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2015

The Labour code came into force on January 1, 1975. It was adopted for political and ideological reasons. Nevertheless it contained a number of good provisions, partially based on the pre-war labour legislation. Since 1989 it has been amended about seventy times. Provisions connected to the previous system have been repealed. The Code has been adjusted to the market economy. The foregoing pertains especially to preventing the escape from employment relationship, working time, prohibition of employee’s competition, collective bargaining. Regardless of the above the rights of employees in relation to parenthood have been extended a few times. Many provision of the Labour code have been changed as a result of the implementation of the European Union directives which applies e.g. to equal treatment in employment, fixed-term contract, transfer of undertaking, working time, health and safety at work. The Labour code is inconsistent. An attempt to issue a new one failed a few years ago.

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Sprawozdanie z Ogólnopolskiej Konferencji Naukowej „White Collar Crimes jako rodzaj karnoprawnego zamachu na obrót gospodarczy – analiza dogmatyczna i prawnoporównawcza”, Lublin, 15 stycznia 2016 r.

Sprawozdanie z Ogólnopolskiej Konferencji Naukowej „White Collar Crimes jako rodzaj karnoprawnego zamachu na obrót gospodarczy – analiza dogmatyczna i prawnoporównawcza”, Lublin, 15 stycznia 2016 r.

Author(s): Maciej Błotnicki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2016

A Conference Report

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FUNDACJA EUROPEJSKA. MIĘDZY ORZECZNICTWEM A PROCESEM INTEGRACJI EUROPEJSKIEJ

FUNDACJA EUROPEJSKA. MIĘDZY ORZECZNICTWEM A PROCESEM INTEGRACJI EUROPEJSKIEJ

Author(s): Edyta Szpura / Language(s): Polish Issue: 23/2013

The thesis aims to describe the process of European integration in the social and economic fields. The increase in the social participation of non-Governmental Organisations in the work of the European Union and the strengthening of their positions by EU instruments have resulted from the implementation of the assumptions of the so-called Lisbon Strategy. The main assumption of the presented considerations is to show the process of the formation of new European Union regulations. The reason for initiating legislative activities for charity outside the borders of the EU countries is the number of judgements of the European Court of Justice forbidding discrimination against organisations from different EU countries. The thesis aims to present the results of analyses obtained under the Feasibility Study commissioned by the European Commission, public consultations and the role of the opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee on the ongoing legislative process.

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NOWE REGULACJE EUROPEJSKIE CRD IV/CRR KROKIEM DO PRZEJRZYSTEGO SYSTEMU FINANSOWEGO

NOWE REGULACJE EUROPEJSKIE CRD IV/CRR KROKIEM DO PRZEJRZYSTEGO SYSTEMU FINANSOWEGO

Author(s): Magdalena Mulawa / Language(s): Polish Issue: 23/2013

In 2013 the European Commission announced in final version – proposals of international standards for banks, recommended by the Basel III. This new bank requirements includes: the Capital Requirements Regulation (the CRR) and the CRD IV Directive. Directive will be transposed into national law, during the Regulation will be directly applicable by every member state. This article is devoted to the process of creating this regulations, the most important requirements included in CRD IV/CRR, which were discussed by banking sector institution on the international scene. The text contains also implementing rules and condition of polish banks to adopt this new regulations.

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Odpowiedzialność polityczna i odpowiedzialność karna polityków oraz kategoria więźnia politycznego w percepcji Zgromadzenia Parlamentarnego Rady Europy

Author(s): Jerzy Jaskiernia / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2014

The author analyses the position of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) toward the questions of the responsibility of politicians. In resolution 1950 (2013) Keeping political and criminal responsibility separate PACE considers that “democracy and rule of law require that politicians will be effectively protected from criminal prosecutions based on their decisions. Political decisions should be subject to political responsibility, the ultimate judges being the voters”. The distinctions between political decision-making and criminal acts must be based on national constitutional and criminal law, which in turn should respect the principles, in line with the conclusions of the European Commission for Democracy through Law (Venice Commission). In resolution 19000 (2012) The definition of political prisoners PACE reaffirms its support for the criteria of “political prisoner” elaborated in 2001 by a group of independent experts of the CoE Secretary General, mandated to assess cases of alleged political prisoners in Armenia and Azerbaijan in the context of accession of the two States to Organization. Also PACE resolutions represent only so- called “soft law” (not legally binding), they have an important moral and political meaning, and may open the way for the further conventional regulation.

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Konstytucjonalizacja dialogu społecznego

Author(s): Stanislaw Leszek Stadniczeńko / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2014

Human life happens in a daily interaction space of symbolic interactions and communication dialogue, in which individuals produce specific practices and come into contact with social structures materialized in the daily activities. The article aims to show the value of dialogue as a unique tool of democratic creation of future filled with peace, respect for others, solidarity, kindness and hope. The addition to the term “dialogue” of the adjective term “social” means that the perspective, at which it is targeted, is not individual, but covers the society as a whole. The dialogue itself is understood as conversation, an exchange of views, which can lead to achievement of common compromise and aiming at common goals. For direct expression of the will of the nation or its communities forms of direct democracy are used. The principle of dialogue presented in the article refers to both the sphere of domestic and international law, including the law of EU.

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O potrzebie optymalizacji procesu ustawodawczego w Polsce

Author(s): Wojciech Orłowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2014

For over 10 years now in the literature on the subject of law and in relevant publications there have been allegations concerning the quality of the enacted law in Poland. This paper is an attempt to analyze both appearing demands to rationalize the process of making law as well as those concerning the creating of the catalogue of the biggest problems in this area. The Polish Constitution of 1997 defined in detail the system of the sources of law in its separate Chapter three, which is not common in the European constitutionalism. It took place when Poland was preparing for the accession to the European Union, whose system of the sources of law significantly differs from the classical, “normative” concept of the sources of law adopted in the Polish Constitution. The concept of making law accepted in the Polish Constitution seems to not fully correspond to the duties regarding EU notification of the changes in the Polish legal regulations. It affects the legislation act itself as well as the procedure of its enacting. It particularly influences the actual restriction of the Senate legislative competences, giving it only 30 days for reviewing a given act. The paper states that the regulation of Chapter three of the Constitution supplemented by the Constitutional Tribunal rulings based on the analysis of Art. 2 of the Constitution make an effective limit for the activities undertaken by the legislator which are inconsistent with the Constitution. The paper also analyses the practice of application of the rules concerning the legislative process comprised in Chapter four of the Constitution. Finally, the conclusion is drawn that to reach good legislative results it is not enough only to properly regulate all the legislative stages, but also to regulate the political system itself

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Wyrok Trybunału Konstytucyjnego z dnia 12 grudnia 2011 r. (P 1/11) w sprawie delegalizacji prawotwórstwa zarządów województw dotyczącego unijnych regionalnych programów operacyjnych

Author(s): Andrzej Bałaban / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2014

The discussed sentence, in the quite detailed matter, is in fact regarding the concurrence of many more serious theoretical and conceptual issues concerning the model of state and the system of the law. The Constitutional Tribunal, as part of its justification, granted it the broader sense, being significant both for further possible references of other provisions of the Act, its amendment, and the different practice of its interpreting and applying. In the light of the verdict of the Tribunal the surprise must arouse the fact that in practice the rules of acting of the legal state were violated to such a serious extent. To evaluate the genesis of the verdict and its consequences, it is necessary to mention a few general problems according to the system of implementing regional operational programmes. These problems are: the eternal dispute about the borders of self-reliance of administration (especially national), establishment of the border of dividing acts of making law from acts of applying, completeness of the democracy features, and finally, borders of rights protection on to the individual in relation to the general interest. In the discussed case the self-government of the province was dependent on the cooperation with the government administration with regard to the distribution of EU resources. Self-governments participate not only in problems associated with areas of administrational competence but also in problems linked with its legal forms. In the Italian or Spanish model of the local self-government we would not find such issues, since they are only to a small degree dependent on Government coordinating actions.

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Pov’con przed Trybunałem w Strasburgu

Author(s): Leszek Garlicki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2014

In the ECtHR’s case- law free expression constitutes one of the most protected human rights, particularly when it addresses matters of public interest. A recent judgment (Eon v. France, March 14, 2013) dealt with a conviction for exposing of a poster: “Get lost, you sad prick”, during President Sarkozy’s visit to one of the constituencies. The ECtHR held that the conviction had been in violation of Article 10 of the Convention as – in its substance - it contained a political message and – in its form – it duplicated the formula used once by the President himself. The Eon court followed several earlier judgments and decisions in which the ECtHR challenged those criminal law provisions that provided for a particular punishment for insulting the head of state (Colombani and Others v. France, 2002; Pakdemirli v.Turkey, 2005; Artun and Guvener v.Turkey, 2007; Otegi Mondragon v. Spain, 2011). Also the Constitutional Court of Poland had recently (2011) an opportunity to examine a similar provision of the Polish Penal Code. It seems that it took less generous interpretation of the freedom of expression than the one adopted by the ECtHR.

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Ochrona wolności wypowiedzi w świetle Uwag Ogólnych nr 34 Komitetu Praw Człowieka ONZ

Author(s): Wojciech Mojski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2014

The purpose of this article is to analyze legal guarantees of freedom of expression provided for in The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) from the perspective of The U.N. Human Rights Committee’s (HRC) General Comments No. 34. The study is focused mainly on the HRC’s interpretations concerning regulations of the article 19 of ICCPR, which consists general direct provisions of this freedom and its general indirect limitations, and also the HRC’s comments on the article 20 of ICCPR, which is related to different forms of hate speech. Firstly, the analysis shows HRC’s general description of elements of freedom of expression, i.e. the right to hold opinions and freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas, but also of the principle of rights and freedoms limitations’ proportionality. It also concerns HRC’s comments on the specific forms and contexts of freedom of expression, mainly about freedom of press and media, crimes of defamation, public insult of head of state and constitutional authorities or public officials and also crimes of religious offence and some forms of hate speech. Moreover, there was indicated HRC’s stand on the matter of imprisonment penalty as a legal sanction for misuse of freedom of expression.

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Charakter prawny obowiązku podatkowego: charakterystyka porównawcza ustawodawstwa Ukrainy i Estonii

Charakter prawny obowiązku podatkowego: charakterystyka porównawcza ustawodawstwa Ukrainy i Estonii

Author(s): Alla Oliynyk / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2014

The article discussed the content of the obligation to pay taxes as one of the main duties of the taxpayer. From the choice of a foreign policy priority of Ukraine's integration into the European Community, the most relevant question was bring the regulatory legal acts of Ukraine, especially regulating tax relations, in compliance with norms and standards of European Union legislation. Given that the national legislation (including tax legislation) member States of the European Union already adapted in respect of the norms of the legislation of the European Union, it can be concluded that one of the main elements of a successful European integration of Ukraine is also borrowing positive experience of legal regulation of social relations (including tax relations) European Union member States (including the Republic of Estonia). The aim of this study is determine the place of tax duty in the system of taxpayer obligations according to the norms of legislation of Ukraine and the Republic of Estonia and development of proposals about the possibility of making changes regarding the improvement of legal regulation of the tax duty in Ukraine and the Republic of Estonia. Legal nature of the constitutional duty for taxes and fees payment has been investigated on the basis of analysis of the Fundamental Law of Ukraine and Republic of Estonia. Subject to the provisions of the Tax Code of Ukraine and legislation Republic of Estonia examines the nature of the obligation to pay taxes. The attention is focused on the content of the category of fiscal responsibility", in particular on the problem of its relations with the term "tax liability". It has been proposed further improvements in the legal national tax legislation of both States.

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Strukturni fondovi u svetlu razvoja regionalne politike Evropske unije

Author(s): Snežana Stojanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2008

The paper deals with development and functioning of European Union Structural Funds (European Social Fund, European Fund for Regional Development, Guidance Section of European Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund and Financial Instrument for Fisheries Guidance) and Cohesion Fund, according to the development of the EU regional policy and determining of regional priorities. Each of these funds serves the realization of regional policy specific goals, and all together they contribute to the regional development, reducing disparities between European regions and supporting their cooperation. Funds distribution and functioning of Structural Funds is based on certain common principles, created in accordance with reforms in the Community: Delors’ packages, Agenda 2000, Union enlargement in 2004 and 2007, etc.

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Nord Stream 2: gazociąg podziałów

Nord Stream 2: gazociąg podziałów

Author(s): Aleksandra Gawlikowska-Fyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 13/2017

The article looks at the main issues related to Nord Stream 2, i.e. a proposed natural gas pipeline route from Russia to Germany which expands the already operating Nord Stream. It covers the origin of the project, its political context and controversies, including Poland’s opposition, as well as legal disputes, including the application of the Gas Directive to gas pipelines between the EU and third countries.

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Stronger rules to combat money laundering and terrorism financing in the European Union

Stronger rules to combat money laundering and terrorism financing in the European Union

Author(s): Diāna Liepa / Language(s): English Issue: 2+3/2016

Due Due the political and religious discords the issue of money laundering and terrorist financing is the main discussion topic at the global arena. Illegal cash flows and terrorist financing affect not only our daily lives but also national integrity, stability and economic growth and development. In this regards, the more coordinating and efficient steps for combating money laundering and terrorist financing shall be taken. The European Parliament and the Council animated stronger rules to combat money laundering and terrorism financing by adopting on 20 May 2015 the 4th Money Laundering Directive (hereinafter AMLD4) [1]. The AMLD4 introduced more clarified, substantive and procedural minimum provisions in order to effectively fight against international money laundering and terrorist financing. This paper aims to assess whether the measures adopted are effective in the fight against international money laundering and terrorist financing and as well as evaluate possible problems while transposing the provisions into national frameworks.

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Horvátország EU-csatlakozási folyamatának hatása az állam kisebbségvédelmi tárgyú joganyagának fejlődésére

Horvátország EU-csatlakozási folyamatának hatása az állam kisebbségvédelmi tárgyú joganyagának fejlődésére

Author(s): Norbert Tóth / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2016

Croatia acceded to the European Union, becoming its 28th Member State in 2013 after approximately ten years of negotiations. Croatia is the second former Yugoslav republic to join the European Union. As it is well known, both the State and its society actively took part in the straggles of the civil war of the southern Slavic nations in the 1990s. In my article, I deal with how current Croatian legislation was evolved and improved after the independence of Croatia with due attention to the EU-Croatia negotiations for integration.

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Наказателноправна защита от тероризъм. Някои аспекти на наказателното право на ЕС и международното наказателно право

Наказателноправна защита от тероризъм. Някои аспекти на наказателното право на ЕС и международното наказателно право

Author(s): Ralitsa Kostadinova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5/2015

This paper explores some aspects of the supranational criminal protection against terrorism. It begins with an outline of the traditional approach to the issue, namely from the perspective of the international criminal law, which considers terrorism as a crime of an international character. Special attention is paid to the basic characteristics of the Criminal law of the European Union as the new and most rapidly expanding field of European law. The position of the EU legislature in the area of combatting terrorism is examined. Finally, the challenges posed to national criminal law are defined.

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Pakiet Zimowy – Czysta energia dla wszystkich Europejczyków czy raczej koniec krajowych polityk energetycznych?

Pakiet Zimowy – Czysta energia dla wszystkich Europejczyków czy raczej koniec krajowych polityk energetycznych?

Author(s): Monika Morawiecka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2017

The aim of the article is to present the thesis, according to which legislative proposals that are included in the Clean Energy for All Europeans package (the so-called "Winter Package") significantly affects Member States’ right to pursue their own energy policy. Key provisions of the proposed legislation, especially those included in the proposed Energy Market Regulation: additional requirements for the national capacity markets (European adequacy assessment, emissions performance standard) and the establishment of the Regional Operational Centres, would transfer some of Member States’ competences necessary to to ensure energy security to the EU-level. At the same time, the additional EU-level competences are not accompanied by clear liability rules and cost sharing methodology during possible system crises. Therefore, some of the regulatory solutions in the Winter Package may be regarded as inconsistent with the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union.

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Nova koncepcija sigurnosti za Europu - Forum za probleme mira i sigurnosti

Nova koncepcija sigurnosti za Europu - Forum za probleme mira i sigurnosti

Author(s): / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 02/1992

The purpose of this paper is to present ideas and suggest political action that might help the transformation of European security after the events that took place between 1989 and 1992. It is written bearing in mind the verification conference of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, Helsinki, spring 1992. European security, which is seen as one of the dimensions of global security, ought to be considered with regard to its cultural roots. The new European identity, which is based on the general values of democracy, justice, and solidarity, ought to be shaped so as to exist simultaneously with a newly defined but also undenied regional and national inheritance. By building a common awareness the new Europeans will be able to resist the challenges of their initial unrootednees and the social turmoils which occur thanks to economic policy which corresponds to the ≫market against the government≪ ideology. Priority ought to be given to the maintenance or the creation of larger units rather than to the disintegration into small sovereign states. However, a new independent state will have to be recognized whenever it is created as a multiparty democracy at a free referendum under international control and whenever it accepts and implements the criteria of the U. N. and the CSCE with regard to human rights, minority rights, and a peaceful solution of conflicts.

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Tömegoktatás, elitoktatás és a minőség

Tömegoktatás, elitoktatás és a minőség

Author(s): Ervin Balázs / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2014

This introductory study makes a summary of the content of the keynote lecture delivered at the scientific session of the Economics and Law Section of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. It underlines the importance of the development of a higher education strategic plan for the medium term, involving in this work all stakeholders. It notes that the restructuring of higher education should be based on a well-grounded study, as this will be of assistance not only in the present but in the future, too. It also underlines several basic, important questions – such as the ‘one lecturer one institution’ requirement, clarification of the role of and tasks for student unions, and the importance of the strict requirement of quality assurance in accordance with European Standards and Guidelines.

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