«УМНЫЕ МАШИНЫ» – ВЫЗОВ ДЛЯ ЭТИКИ И ЮРИСПРУДЕНЦИИ

Author(s): Anton Vasilev,Olga Vasileva,Dariusz Szpoper / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2018

The article deals with the legal aspects of the use of artificial intelligence technology. The authors emphasise a low level of normative regulations which concern the use of artificial intelligence in Russia, taking into account the active and widespread application of this technology in various spheres of life. Developments in the field of artificial intelligence raise very seriousethical and legal issues. Among legal issues, such as the nature of artificial intelligence, the existence of a legal personality, the problem of liability for damage caused by artificial intelligence, the impact on the legal profession, etc., need to be considered. Particular attention is paid to the need to develop a legal concept of artificial intelligence in order to build an effective model of legal regulation. The article analyzes the attempts to define artificial intelligence in specialist and legal literature. The use of such concepts as neural networks, machine learning, super intelligence, supercomputers is underlined. Single attempts to develop legal definitions in South Korea and the European Union are also mentioned. Following the results of the research, the authors proposed the following features of artificial intelligence: the existence of a technical device or cyberphysical system; ability to receive, process and transfer information; ability to work autonomously; self-learning based on the analysis of information and experience; self-awareness; thinking and the ability to make independent decisions.

Студентски стихотворения

Author(s): Dobrinka Chankova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2020

The bioethics of coexistence with robots today and in the sci-fi future

Author(s): Tomáš Károly / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

We are living in an era when the influence of robotization is continually increasing in all possible spheres of human life. Robots are not only helpful for physical activities; they are even taking on, for example, the position of psychotherapists. This article analyzes the current influence of robots in healthcare and bioethically examines their mutual coexistence with humans – the robot-patient relationship. We find that it is necessary to consider a new ethics of robots, because it is not always clear why artificial intelligence has arrived at a given solution and what exact sequences it has used to do so. Bioethics should also be inspired by the possible scenarios presented to us by sci-fi stories about the potential technical future. When analyzing these narratives, we find that although machines and people coexist, they nevertheless differ from each other, with their own logic, emotions and empathy, their own physics and laws of nature. This machine difference can be a predictable factor of potential dystopias, when machines, based either on their autonomy or the logical consequence of the algorithm, come to violate ethics towards people. Although robots have human-like features, they are not human; therefore, there exists a species boundary between us and them that needs to be controlled.

ІMAGО IMPERII. ЗА ХРИСТОС, КЕСАРЕВИЯ ДЕНАРИЙ И ИМПЕРАТОРСКИЯ КУЛТ ПРЕЗ ПРИЗМАТА НА АНТИЧНАТА ПОЛИТИЧЕСКА ТЕОЛОГИЯ

Author(s): Simeon Efimov Groysman / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

This paper offers an overview of the relationship between Christianity and the Roman imperial cult through the lens of the idea of the use of political theology as an immediate governing ideology in Antiquity. To do so, I turn to Carl Schmitt's conceptual apparatus and place it in the context of the first princeps, Octavian Augustus, receiving divine honors for the "miracle" of enthroning peace and security in the Empire. In order to establish the origins of these processes and their proximity to the ruler-religious practices of the time (especially as they relate to the legacy of Alexander the Great), the emergence of the cult during the Roman civil wars in the last century of the old era is reviewed. The main theses of the biblical school of 'imperial criticism', formed around Richard Horsley and exploring the New Testament messages in their Roman context, including with regard to the clash between Christian preaching and the official propagation of the imperial cult, are presented. This conflict is explored in the conclusion through an analysis of Christ's response to the rendering of the caesarian denarius, which can reasonably be assumed to have carried the symbolism of the imperial cult. In a paradoxical way, the Son of God, it turns out, holds in his hands the "icon" of the imperial cult, and must rule, in addition to on the relation of civil and religious duties, on the claim of making Roman emperors into earthly gods.

Aksjologia samorządowych instytucji oszczędnościowo-kredytowych – czy to jeszcze ma sens?

Author(s): Piotr Ruczkowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 65/2024

Podstawowym celem opracowania było przybliżenie idei (wartości) towarzyszących zakładaniu i działalności samorządowych instytucji oszczędnościowo-kredytowych, a mianowicie komunalnych kas oszczędności (KKO) oraz gminnych kas wiejskich pożyczkowo-oszczędnościowych (GKWPO). Genezą instytucje te sięgają okresu zaborów, natomiast w Polsce międzywojennej KKO były tworzone przez samorząd miejski, powiatowy, wojewódzki, a także przez powoływane w tym celu związki międzykomunalne. Z kolei GKWPO były tworzone przez samorząd gmin wiejskich w województwach centralnej i wschodniej Polski, tj. na obszarze byłej kongresówki. Po wojnie zasadniczo odrodziły się tylko KKO (GKWPO nie wznowiły działalności), ale nie na długo, bo w następstwie reformy bankowej z przełomu lat 40. i 50. XX w., instytucje te zostały zlikwidowane. Co miało również związek z odejściem od idei, a następnie ze zniesieniem, tradycyjnie rozumianego samorządu terytorialnego. Zaufanie, bezpieczeństwo, transparentność w działaniu, prosta i przejrzysta struktura organizacyjna, powiązanie z samorządem terytorialnym jako podmiotem założycielskim i jednocześnie ponoszącym odpowiedzialność za zgromadzone w kasach wkłady (z możliwością rozszerzenia tej odpowiedzialności również na inne zobowiązania kas), oparcie na odrębnych regulacjach prawnych, stanowią ich podstawowe cechy (wartości), które jednocześnie zadecydowały o olbrzymim sukcesie gospodarczym tych instytucji.

Usługa „Jakość powietrza” w aplikacji mObywatel – uwagi z perspektywy prawno-środowiskowej

Author(s): Agnieszka Skóra,Marcin Skóra / Language(s): Polish Issue: 65/2024

Celem opracowania jest analiza usługi „Jakość powietrza”, dostępnej od września 2023 r. w aplikacji mObywatel 2.0. Artykuł jest pierwszym w literaturze prawa i w literaturze chemicznej opracowaniem dotyczącym badanego zagadnienia. Opracowanie ma charakter interdyscyplinarny, uwzględniając zarówno aspekty prawne, jak i środowiskowe, co pozwala na szerokie przedstawienie istoty i praktycznej przydatności tej usługi. Aplikacje mobilne w administracji publicznej w Polsce są stosunkowo nowym zjawiskiem. Stąd też rozważania rozpoczynają uwagi na temat ogólnych kwestii związanych z aplikacjami mobilnymi wykorzystywanymi przez organy administracji publicznej do świadczenia usług online. Następnie przedstawiono kluczowe aspekty dotyczące aplikacji mObywatel, w tym zasady umieszczania w niej usług, krąg jej użytkowników oraz procedurę dodawania nowych usług. Tło to umożliwia realizację podstawowego celu pracy, jakim jest szczegółowa charakterystyka usługi „Jakość powietrza”, także w kontekście innych mobilnych aplikacji monitorujących zanieczyszczenie powietrza. Znaczenie tej problematyki jest istotne z kilku powodów, m.in. ze względu na rewolucyjny charakter aplikacji mobilnych jako narzędzi dostępu do usług publicznych oraz planowane wprowadzenie europejskiego portfela tożsamości cyfrowej, który ma usprawnić korzystanie z usług online w całej Unii Europejskiej. Ważnym aspektem jest też rosnące znaczenie ochrony klimatu i jakości powietrza. Redukcja pyłów zawieszonych, takich jak PM10 i PM2,5, jest kluczowa dla ograniczenia skutków globalnego ocieplenia oraz poprawy zdrowia ludzkiego i ekosystemów. Poprawa jakości powietrza wspiera adaptację społeczeństw i środowisk naturalnych do zmian klimatycznych.

INTERNATIONAL LEGAL REGULATIONS IN THE FIELD OF FLORA AND FAUNA PROTECTION

Author(s): Ingrid Ileana Nicolau / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 38/2024

Wild terrestrial and aquatic flora and fauna are an essential component of our planet's biodiversity, playing a vital role in maintaining ecological balance and providing ecosystem services essential to human survival. The European Union (EU) is at the forefront of global efforts to protect wildlife, implementing a wide range of regulations and directives aimed at conserving biodiversity, protecting habitats, controlling invasive species and promoting the sustainable use of natural resources. These legislative measures play a key role in maintaining the balance of ecosystems and the well-being of future generations. EU regulations are characterized by direct and mandatory applicability in all member states.

Problemy definiowania środków prawnofinansowych ochrony środowiska w polskim prawie

Author(s): Andrzej Gorgol / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2024

Skuteczna ochrona zasobów środowiska nie jest możliwa bez zastosowania instrumentów typowych dla prawa finansowego. Wymaga użycia środków publicznych państwa i jedno-stek samorządu terytorialnego, które gromadzone są i wydatkowane w sposób określony przepisami ustawowymi. Prawo ochrony środowiska reguluje poszczególne instrumenty prawnofinansowe wykorzystywane do zrealizowania celu ochronnego. Zawiera także przepis definiujący, czym są finansowo prawne instrumenty ochrony środowiska w ujęciu tej ustawy. Ta definicja legalna jest sformułowana w sposób budzący liczne wątpliwości redakcyjne i interpretacyjne. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest wykazanie trafności tezy o występowaniu wad definicji ustawowej środków prawnofinansowych ochrony środowiska naturalnego

PROCEDURA AUTORIZĂRII TESTĂRII INTEGRITĂȚII PROFESIONALE ȘI APRECIEREA REZULTATULUI TESTULUI DE INGRITATE PROFESIONALĂ

Author(s): Alexandru Prisac / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 02/2021

In this article analyzed the procedure for authorizing the testing of professional integrity and the assessment of the result of the test of professional integrity regulated in XXXIV of the Code of Civil Procedure of the Republic of Moldova. All the procedural conditions in which this procedure takes place are investigated. Particular attention was given to the analysis of the means offered by the procedural law to the court to ascertain circumstances in order to achieve the purpose of this procedure - authorizing the testing of professional integrity and assessing the result of the professional ingratitude test.

In Search of the Functions of the Legal System: Axiomatic and Methodological Stages

Author(s): Mario Krešić / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2024

The theory of artifacts can be understood as primarily focusing on function when counting something as an artifact. With that starting point, projects aimed at the identification of the function of law contribute to arguments about categorizing law as an artifact. The purpose of this study is to highlight the challenges of this endeavor. Before beginning with search for law-functions, questions about the postulates on the relations between an artifact, law, and function (axiomatic stage) have to be addressed and the proper methodological approach must be found which is capable of addressing the contingency problem (methodological stage).

Alternatives to Judicial Balancing: Interpretative-subsumptive Method according to Juan Antonio García Amado

Author(s): Marin Keršić / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2024

The paper deals with the problem of conflicts between fundamental rights by presenting and analysing one of the possible methods for the resolution of such conflicts. The method in question is the so-called interpretative-subsumptive method, developed by Spanish legal philosopher Juan Antonio García Amado. The interpretative-subsumptive method represents an alternative to the mainstream method used for the resolution of conflicts between fundamental rights – judicial balancing, and particularly the version developed by Robert Alexy. After the introduction, interpretative-subsumptive method is contextualised by presenting Garcia Amado’s ideas which are of relevance for the inquiry – his inclusive legal positivist views, the theory of legal interpretation he ascribes to and his understanding and typology of fundamental rights and their conflicts. After that, in the central section of the paper, the theoretical framework of the interpretative-subsumptive method is presented, along with its application to a Spanish Supreme Court case, followed by the criticism that has been raised and ending with conclusions.

Protiprávní stav jako důvod vzniku objektivní odpovědnosti v českém soukromém právu

Author(s): Karel Beran / Language(s): Czech Issue: 4/2024

The aim of this paper is to answer the question of why we need an unlawful state of affairs as a ground for legal liability. At its core is a polemic with Filip Melzer’s view that “a certain state of affairs cannot, strictly speaking, be described as unlawful in itself, but only the conduct of the legal subject that led to that consequence or state of affairs”. Its starting point is not “strict liability”, as we understood it until the adoption of the Civil Code in 2012, but the German concept of liability for endangerment (Gefährdungshaftung), which is based not on an unlawful condition but on liability for an increase in risk. For these reasons, I will first address the question of how liability for damages, as we have known and understood it under the 1964 Civil Code, differs from the obligation to compensate for damages, which is enshrined in the current and effective Civil Code. I then consider why we need “unlawfulness” (wrongfulness) to distinguish an unfortunate coincidence from an unlawful state of affairs, and why we do not merely distinguish legal events from unlawful states of affairs. Finally, I consider the concept of liability for endangerment (Gefährdungshaftung) itself and its weaknesses.

Společenství vlastníků jednotek jako právnická osoba v právním řádu české republiky – některé otázky

Author(s): Tomáš Dvořák / Language(s): Czech Issue: 4/2024

This article deals with some issues of legal regulation of the association of unit owners as a legal entity in the legal system of the Czech Republic. Due to the complexity and extensiveness of the legal regulation of this issue, only some selected aspects of the legal regulation are discussed here, namely the extent of the legal personality of the association of unit owners, as well as some issues directly related to it.

Humour and Intellectual Property Law: Trademark Parody Perspective in the Czech Republic

Author(s): Michal Ježek / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

This article discusses the issue of humour in the context of intellectual property law,with a focus on parody in trademark law. Parody is a form of humorous expressionthat is generally protected by freedom of expression. Although copyright law hasa statutory exception for caricature, parody, and pastiche, no such exception existsin trademark law. Therefore, parody must be treated differently in this area of law.The article first introduces the legal position of parody and discusses the assessmentof parody in both copyright and trademark law in the EU and Czech law. Then itexamines the peculiarities of the trademark law approach and with the help of Germanlandmark cases, highlights the possibilities for the treatment of trademark parody inthe Czech Republic. The outcomes may apply to closely related laws throughoutthe EU territory.

Behind the Scenes of a Protocoled Polygraph Test

Author(s): Tuvya T. Amsel / Language(s): English Issue: 2 (60)/2024

Contrary to the past in where polygraph examiners practiced an “intuitive-based practice” grounded on several industry leaders experience, consequently having various schools of thoughts, modern polygraph examiners follow a test protocol based and rooted in research. As effective as the “evidence- based- practice” is, it does not cover all ranges of cases, examinees, situations, and contaminations which may carry a misleading affect. The purpose of this paper is to draw examiners attention to the existing potential hazards surrounding a protocoled standard of practice and suggest solutions in order to alter the test to the examinee (“tailor made” style test) rather than alter the examinee to the test (“one size fits all” style test).

The restorative justice paradigm as a new solution to old problems: Reflections from the works of Alberto Domenico Tolomei and Giuseppe Bettiol

Author(s): Elena Cadamuro,Debora Provolo / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

The aim of this essay is to analyse the scientific works - dating from before the “birth” of modernrestorative justice - of two Paduan criminal law scholars, Alberto Domenico Tolomei and GiuseppeBettiol. Starting from their reflections on issues that are still topical in the current debate oncriminal law and justice, it is possible to draw inspiration to seriously rethink the response to crimeand the need for punishment. Although being exponents of the traditional paradigm of justice, thesetwo scholars already expressed the need to overcome its limitations and their studies demonstratethat, today as in the past, “doing justice” requires the courage to find new solutions to old,unresolved problems. These solutions can now be offered by restorative justice as an autonomousparadigm capable of entering into a dynamic relationship of complementarity with the criminaljustice system as a whole

Giustizia penale e paradigma riparativo: una chiave di lettura hegeliana

Author(s): Stefano Fuselli / Language(s): Italian Issue: 1/2023

The complementary relationship between restorative justice and traditional criminal justice outlined by Legislative Decree 150/2022 seems to suppose a real cultural turning point. At the same time, the possibility of such a convergence between two models of criminal justice often thought of as antagonistic raises the question of what is the theoretical horizon in which this relationship is inscribed and what are the conditions of its possibility. To shed light on these aspects, which appear in the text of the Decree, the contribution proposes a comparison with the set of Hegelian categories of crime, punishment, and judgment, the scope of which goes far beyond the logic of retribution.

Giustizia penale “a misura d’uomo”. L’interesse della filosofia del diritto e della giustizia riparativa nella proposta di una visione di un sistema penale e processuale di Albin Eser.

Author(s): Giovanni Angelo Lodigiani / Language(s): Italian Issue: 1/2023

This work offers, in a systematic form, a philosophical-anthropological reflection on the report entitled "Criminal justice "on a human scale". Vision of a penal and procedural system oriented towards man as an individual and as a social being”, held in Pavia in 1997 by Albin Eser. It concludes by showing how the fundamental features of restorative justice are present in it.

L’ applicazione delle Prospettive Temporali di Philip Zimbardo e John Boyd nel Processo Negoziale

Author(s): Massimo Antonazzi / Language(s): Italian Issue: 1/2023

With this contribution we try to analyze the influence that modern scientific results in the field of psychology of the time can determine in negotiation strategies. Starting from the assumption that the evolutionary process of the negotiation tool has always been characterized by the element of interdisciplinarity, with this paper we propose to use the results of the studies of Philip Zimbardo and John Boyd in the strategic phase of the negotiation process as a support for the construction of negotiating profiles of our partners with particular attention to the choice of whether or not to use certain temporal tactics. In the first part of the work, we will analyze how the science of negotiation usually applies the scientific results of other disciplines to remain current and performing and then move on to the analysis of the work of Zimbardo and Boyd in relation to temporal perspectives.

A GLANCE AT LEGAL PRINCIPLES AND THE PRINCIPLE OF EQUALITY

Author(s): Velçani Majlinda / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2025

The aim of this paper is to examine the significance of legal principles within the legal system, with a particular focus on the principle of equality. Legal principles are closely associated with the rule of law and the safeguarding of fundamental rights. The most crucial principles are established by the state through legal norms, highlighting the importance of equality and non-discrimination, justice, social protection, and others, while there are also principles that, although not formal norms, nonetheless exert a normative influence and have relative authority. Non-normative principles serve as guidelines for action or indicators for both the proper enforcement of the aforementioned norms and the equitable resolution of cases. Conversely, general principles are integrated into positive law, which creates essential rules for the operation of the system itself. Historically, legal principles in legal theory have been predominantly associated with classical legal philosophy, particularly the theory of natural law. Principles are fundamental in shaping any social system. They act as essential tools for meaningfully interpreting social reality understood as a social system. A necessary condition for the system's existence is that it has its own objectives and a significant focus, which is represented by some of its components. This is the function of principles. The rule of law serves as a guiding principle for states in exercising authority over individuals. The rule of law assumes a positivist view of law, which inherently includes the general principle of the rule of law. The entire analysis is grounded in an epistemological approach to understanding concepts and addressing issues.