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The aim of the article is to present two opposing visions of the common good (value) in the history of political and legal doctrines. Such outline of extreme positions allows the author to assess the wide range of doctrinal differences in particular epochs and to impose the principles of the rule of law expressed in art. 2 of the Constitution in the historical tradition derived from the ancient republicanism and political and legal thought of the Middle Ages and which absorbs the postulates of modern liberalism, republicanism and conservatism, based on the democratic model.
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The aim of this article is to discuss the infrequent, but noticeable, practice of inserting photographs in court decisions. Against the background of the few existing studies on this practice, which seem to be overly case-specific, this article proposes a more general, even universal list of problems connected with it. It addresses a short list of questions about the inclusion of photographs in court decisions, such as, for instance: “Why do judges include in court decisions photographs concerning the case-relevant facts?”; “Who are the addressees of these photographs?”; “What is the source of the photographs used and are all sources allowable?”; and “How come that some segments of court decisions are accompanied by relevant photographs and others are not?”. A discussion of these and other questions enables the conceptualisation of many problems connected with inserting photographs in court decisions – most notably, that of the criteria of choice, which previously has not been explicitly addressed, but barely hinted at – and leads to the conclusion that the practice in question, surrounded by many controversies, should be discontinued.
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The article discusses equitable law with reference to the perspective of the system of statutory law. The author founds the substantive theory of equitable law on the following values: truth, good, justice and human dignity. The paper defines the understanding of these values. Then, it indicates that they should be respected in legislative activities (in lawmaking) as well as in the application of law so that the law (norms) and decisions should be equitable. It is also emphasised that equity is “an instance” that can protect the man and his dignity – the dignity of the human person.
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Realization of the right involves "transforming the rule of law - as a theoretical concept ‒in the real social relations", a work which takes two forms: making the law enforcement activity and compliance with laws and conducting law by applying legal norms by state bodies.
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Komplexitás, modellértékűség: eszmények, korlátok
Science is the systematic processing of knowledge on the world, sensed by human perception. The humanities, as peculiar part of scholarship, are based on the generalisation of historical experience. While scientific knowledge tends to get generalised, experience is particular from the beginning: it is defined from wherever and whenever it has been gained (or by what has been experienced hic et nunc), so it is limited in generalisability. As a subject of legal scholarship, law is (1) a global phenomenon embracing society as a whole, which is (2) able to settle conflicts of interests that emerge in social practice as fundamental, while (3) prevailing as the supreme controlling factor in society. Law – taken as (a) normatively considered social behaviour, (b) positivation, (c) decision making and/or enforcement by the authority, as well as (d) their commentary/doctrine – is an accessory subject of legal scholarship at the most; in no way it is an internal part thereof.Based on experience – as to its ideal type, best exemplified by the English tradition – legal scholarship is historical and comparative, directed by theoretical considerations. Systemically developed concepts, principles and institutions, ready to generalisation – best exemplified by the Latinic/Germanic tradition – can only be built on the former.All its foundation is provided by the ideal of ordo, developed by the world concept of the given society/culture. In its concretisation, particular legal sciences are formulating notions, principles and institutions. This is textual analysis in so much the inquiry is historical; this is empiric in so much it is of a social scientific character. Their scholarly developed connection is at the level of “legal science” only provided that it transcends the accidentality and practice-dependent variety of individual legal cultures and national laws. No law in books or action can be more relevant to it than any engineered product to exact sciences, for all these are nothing but parts of practical action or the policy thereof.Jurisprudence, taken as the conceptual modelling of a part of reality, is a historical offspring of the ideal of scientia materialised first in geometry and second in theology. Or, it is a kind of theoretical doctrine: potential and competitive, albeit organised into a coherent system. And as the humanities in general, it is at the same time an ideal-type reflection and form-giving factor – that is, genuine artificer – of the man’s world.
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The purpose of this study is to review the role of the University of Kolozsvár in renewal of Hungarian legal philosophical thinking. So that will be presented the activity of Viktor Jenei, Rudolf Werner, Bódog Somló, Gyula Moór, Barna Horváth, István Bibó, József Szabó in Kolozsvár.
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The question of legal education is recognised as important along various dimensions and thus has been in the focus of attention of numerous distinguished legal scholars and practitioners all over the world. The problem of legal education includes not just methodological issues, but also the issues that are par excellence philosophical in nature. Legal education has a specificity that arises from the nature of law and its complexity, and is related to the personal dimension of this education. The process of education should be organised in such a way that students should be in contact with members of the legal community whose authority, moral and subject matter-related attributes play a vital, formative role in legal education. The author tries to confront the didactics-related reality with ideals and postulates present within this field. Yet, it is revealed that such a reality is hidden below a “thick layer” of myths, which have grown around legal education. These myths blur the real picture of lawyers’ education, creating a kind of legal education mythology. Two types of systemic legal myths are indicated. The first one is built on the paradigm of university legal education. The other type is based on the paradigm of university studies.
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This article presents and discusses the thesis that the Socratic method for teaching Criminology advances students’ capacity for self-reflection and enables progressive transformative criminal justice outcomes. In contemporary pedagogics the Socratic method is one of many interactive ways of acquiring legal knowledge. The method’s outstanding feature involves global and systemic understanding of human attitudes and values, including the most current and comprehensive 2030 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Agenda “Transforming our world”, in essence a new global ethical code underway with a spearheading concept of a global Culture of Lawfulness. Against the background of the pros and cons of this method this article presents the objectives, essentials, and results of the Socratic method for teaching Criminology at the Faculty of Law of the University of Białystok (Białystok, Poland, 2016-2018). It assesses, discusses and draws conclusions from these results in the context central to criminology Sustainable Development Goal 16 of the Agenda: “Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build eff ective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels”.
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The article provides criticism of theory and method proposed in the monograph of prof. Alfonsas Vaišvila. The author of this article has a notion that a research work proposing particular conception, theory or method may be evaluated taking into account the following aspects: to what extent the provided conceptual constructs are systematically completed, comprehensive and suitable for use, as well, how precisely, interesting, informative and originally the material reasoning and explaining the ideas is submitted. Hence, the criticism of the monograph provided for in the article is based on evaluation of adaptability and versatility of the proposed constructs, as well doubts arising during the analysis whether the construction of the conception is correct (first of all, the reasoning, and at the same time – reliability). Upon the discussing in detail particular shortcomings of the monograph, the conclusion is that the material provided is not convincing upon any of the previously mentioned aspects. Notwithstanding the declared aim, the work fails to provide a solid systematic theory. Although the method is proposed, too many exceptions are to be made. It is very important, that these exceptions seem to be formulated in a rather arbitrary way. The proposed method also lacks freshness, as it repeats and develops not only the previous publications of the author of the monograph, but as well ideas of other authors (particularly, of Karl Marx and Rudolf von Jhering). And the “achievements” of states which apply (for example, China) or which did apply the method are not inspiring at all (at least in the field of human rights). Evaluating the presentation of the material it was noticed that the work is penetrated with personal attitudes and contains factual mistakes, inaccuracies and other indecorums. Although there are some new, interesting elements, they do not prevail. As well, it is very important that the monograph raises additional ethical doubts, related with stimulation of intolerance and discrimination, which significantly reduces the versatility of outlook of the proposed conception (particularly the authentic application thereof). Presumably the majority of supporters of contemporary human rights concept will regard the conception of prof. Alfonsas Vaišvila as merely unacceptable.
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According to the Roman legal principle: “Semel heres semper heres”. However, the renunciation of inheritance is one of the few institutions of inheritance law, which were not known in Roman law. There are situations in life in which the testator would like to deprive the shares in the inheritance a person with whom he lives in the best possible relations. When there are no grounds for disinheritance of the child, you can try to persuade them to renounce their inheritance. This article is about renunciation of inheritance in Polish legal order. The author will examine in this article the individual elements constructing this agreement. Disputes outlined in considerations may be helped for a discussion on the need for changes in normative regulations on research issues.
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This article discusses different legal solutions to situations referred to as „aberratio ictus“, in terms of its particular manifestation in criminal law. The concept of aberratio ictus, that can be translated as „attack gone astray“ is used to determine criminal responsibility of the offender, when his actions, directed to committing a specific offence, abberate from the expected course of events, resulting in harming an unintended object. Doctrinal solutions in this area variate between the theory of equivalence and the theory of concretisation, both of which impose exclusive arguments regarding the object of the intent. Thus, the first one emphasises the protection of abstract values, that results in punishing the offender for the completed, intentional offence, despite the aberration. On the other hand, the reasoning behind the theory of concretisation takes into account the relevance of the specific identification regarding the object of intent. According to this view, the offender is liable for the attempt towards the first object, accompanied with negligence liability for the result. It can be noticed that the legal nature of the protected objects appears as a decisive circumstance for determining criminal responsibility. Unlike the situations when the mentioned objects are not of equal values, where there is no doubt that aberratio ictus involves the responsibility consisting of the attempted offence, in addition to negligence towards the actual result, the equivalence of the attacked and harmed object, causes divergent opinions among different authors in legal theory. This affects not only the legal solutions in positive criminal law, which are mainly based on general rules, but also the judicial practice in this area, that is evidently not unique. Also, it can not be negated that these solutions are based on valuative criteria, giving the advantage to one value versus the other. After analyzing the application of suggested theories in practice and comparative legal solutions, the author pleads in favour of the attempt model, based on the theory of concretisation, suggesting the possiblity of its legal regulation in serbian criminal law. Its advantages are therefore attached to better concordance with practical demands and main principles of criminal law in general.
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Doktryna i Magisterium Kościoła, opierając swoje nauczanie na Starym i Nowym Testamencie, od samego początku istnienia Kościoła jasno i precyzyjnie stawały w obronie świętości i nienaruszalności ludzkiego życia od samego początku jego istnienia, czyli od poczęcia w łonie matki aż do naturalnej śmierci. Współczesne spojrzenie na zagadnienie wolności człowieka i jego wynaturzone odniesienie do możności decydowania o wszystkim, co z człowiekiem jest związane, sprawiło, że problem aborcji, jednoznaczny i precyzyjny w nauczaniu Kościoła, stał się dla wielu ludzi nie do pogodzenia z nowoczesną wizją człowieka i świata. W takim kontekście niezwykle ważne wydaje się nam, by skupić naszą uwagę na zagadnieniach, które dotyczą skutecznego przerwania ciąży, a jednocześnie jego aspektów prawnych w prawie karnym Kościoła.
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C’est étonnant comme les principes hegeliennes de la philosophie du droit, développés par Hegel, dans un manuel qui a franchi l’aula de l’Université et s’a adressé, alors, dans le milieu du XIXème siècle, en même temps, au monde scientifique et au public, soient tant simples ! Il s’agit de l’ossature juridique de la réalité et de l’État, d’une série d’éléments de droit naturel et de science de l’État, que le grand philosophe les construise dans une architecture philosophique exacte, rigoureuse, mais subtile et profonde, spécifique de la méthode élaborée déjà dans la Science de la logique. Certainement, Hegel, dans son entier démarche, a en vue, aussi, une catégorie de confrontation entre des certaines vérités et d’autres vérités de même façon, qui sont répandues de autres parts. Mais dans le droit et dans l’éthique de l’État, la vérité est aussi vieille comme il est relevé dans la morale publique et en religion. Relire les principes de lesquels écrivait Hegel dans l’époque des lumières est, croyons-nous, bénéfique pour la complexité d’aujourd’hui du notre monde juridique et de ses interconnexions avec le reste de l’humanité.
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This study tries to give a general framework about justice. For this aim, it discusses the etimological dimensions of the word of adalet, justice; and it is attempted to confirm the various senses of this word by referring some relevant verses in Quran. Following that, the concept is discussed in details in the relationship between Ethics and Law. In the second part of the article, it is referred to the unity of reason and heart in Quran, mentioning a justice in the Islamic sense. It takes some relevant verses contain particular judgements about justice to reach the objectivizations of it. It is concluded that justice is one of the most important parts of Islam and the consciousness, adding it is an eternal and ideal value.
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The article analyses the claims based on Article 446 Civil code in case of a suicide assassination. At the beginning it shows the issues of inheritance of property rights and obligations in case of death of a decedent. Next, it focuses on the possibility of inheritance property obligations of the suicide assassin towards the next of kin of the victim of the assassination. At the end it presents a solution for the case where claims under Article 446 Civil code are not satisfied.
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The purpose of this article is to analyze the causes and effects of two phenomena, which can be considered as characteristic of the critical legal discourse in Central and Eastern Europe. The first phenomenon is sometimes termed as „affirmative amnesia”. It consists of the abandonment of critical methodology by legal scholars who have dealt with the Marxist critique of the neoliberal law for the major period of their careers. The author tries to diagnose the cause of this phenomenon. The second of these trends lies in the fact that the critical tools that are used on the West mostly by left-wing thinkers, in Central and Eastern Europe are applied by conservative rightists.
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