We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.

Download

2016 Ve 2017 Yılındaki Düzenlemelere Göre 5746 Sayılı Kanun Kapsamındaki SGK Primi İşveren Payı Desteğinin TMS 20 Uyarınca Muhasebeleştirilmesi

Author(s): Hakan Seldüz,M. Yılmaz İçerli / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 5/2018

Multifarious incentives are provided for R&D, innovation and design activities with “The Law about Supporting R&D and Design Activities” numbered 5746, in 2008. Some articles of Law number 5746 was changed with Law number 6676 issued in 2016. In 2017, some changes were made over the present regulatory texts of Law number 5746 and some new regulatory texts were issued. Thus, incentives are made more attractive and also their acquisition circumstances and application conditions are made easier. TMS 20 is the accounting standard applied in accounting for, and in the disclosure of government incentives. It is indicated within TMS 20 that receiving manner of the incentive would not affect its accounting method. It is stated that incentives received either in cash or as a reduction of a liability to the government would be accounted for in the same manner. One of the incentives identified in Law number 5746, is SSI premium employer’s share support. Pursuant to regarding law, half of SSI premium employer’s share that is calculated over the wages earned from related efforts of the staff -who are employed in R&D, innovation and design centers and in projects approved by organizations defined in regulations- is being paid from the related fund in Ministry of Finance’s budget, if specified requirements are met. This paper comprises recognition of SSI premium employer’s share support which is defined in Law number 5746. To demonstrate calculation -in accordance with recent regulations- and recognition steps -pursuant to TMS 20- of SSI premium employer’s share supports for staff who have different qualifications, is set as objective of the study. A literature review is made over the legislations whole, which includes laws, by-laws and general communiques, and the related academic studies. SSI premium employer’s share support is explained in details after incentive elements defined within Law number 5746 are briefly summarized. The subject is tried to be concretized by giving epitomes about calculation and book entries of this support and obtained implications are summarized in conclusion section.

More...

Download

GREEDY STATE? THE EFFECT OF THE GOVERNMENT SHAREHOLDER ON THE DIVIDEND PAYOUT RATIO AND SMOOTHING LEVELS

Author(s): Sabina Nowak,Magdalena Mosionek-Schweda,Urszula Mrzygłód,Jakub Kwiatkowski / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2017

This study examines the dividend patterns among companies listed on the stock exchanges in selected countries from Europe, the Middle East, and Africa (EMEA), namely the Czech Republic, Egypt, Greece, Hungary, Poland, Qatar, the Russian Federation, South Africa, Turkey, and the United Arab Emirates. Research aims. Although the dividend policy has been examined in numerous empirical studies, this paper aims to address the differences in the dividend payout ratios between the companies with- and without state ownership with respect to agency theory and the shareholders’ structure. Moreover, the smoothing pattern of dividends is investigated from the perspective of the government presence in the ownership structure. Methodology. The research procedure comprises the ordinary least squares estimation of two separate dividend smoothing equations and the use of adequate parametric or non-parametric statistical tests. Key findings. The obtained results indicate that the presence of the state in the shareholders’ structure coexists with the high levels of dividend payout ratios. The analysis of dividend smoothing behavior gives mixed results. Although many companies smooth dividends in the research sample, the mean levels of the dividend speed of adjustment (SOA coefficients) are rather high among the stock markets in the selected EMEA countries. However, the country smoothing levels differ depending on the version of the applied equation. Moreover, no significant differences are found in the SOA levels between the companies with- and without state ownership.

More...

Download

Determinanty wewnętrzne salda błędów i opuszczeń w bilansie płatniczym krajów Unii Europejskiej

Author(s): Justyna Biegańska,Konrad Sobański / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2.2/2018

The aim of this paper is to analyze the interdependence between the net errors and omissions (NEO) and other components of the balance of payments in the member states of the European Union in the years 2005–2016. The study was conducted using panel regression tools based on time series of annual frequency collected by the International Monetary Fund. The research proves the leading role of the financial account in the generation of the NEO balances in the EU countries, indicating a slightly higher importance of this relationship in the group of European countries at a higher stage of development as compared to countries with lower GDP per capita.

More...

Download

Estrategias de una sucesión exitosa en una empresa familiar del sureste Mexicano

Author(s): Zoily Mery Cruz Sánchez,Enoch Yamil Sarmiento Martínez,Laura de Jesús Velasco Estrada / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 7.1/2018

The succession is one of the most studied topics because it contributes to the continuity of the family business. The paper presents the case of the Universidad del Sureste that has its origins in an accounting school opened forty years ago in the city of Comitán de Domínguez, Chiapas, Mexico, by the father of the current rector. Although in his youth the successor did not have the full trust of his family to be in charge of the business, with patience and strategies he demonstrated his managerial skills, managing to obtain the support and collaboration of his two sisters and his father. Currently the UDS has eleven offices in the country and is recognized for its high commitment to the training of its students. The objective of the study was to get to know the strategies used by the successor to achieve family trust and the development of the company. A qualitative methodology was followed by interviews with the founder and his family, determining that observation, caution, training, monitoring of the environment and analysis of present and future scenarios were key aspects that allowed the current rector to make intelligent proposals, when put into practice, they made him the key man.

More...

Download

Competitividad de empresas apícolas familiares en el Estado de Morelos y Cd. de México, México

Author(s): Leticia Myriam Sagarnaga Villegas,José María Salas González,Andrea Hernández Del Moral / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 7.2/2018

In Mexico, beekeeping stands out as an economic, socially relevant activity, besides being an important source of foreign currency, it generates employment and income for a large number of family farms. Various health, environmental and social problems have reduced their productivity, and with it their profitability and competitiveness. The purpose of this paper is to estimate the competitiveness of family beekeeping and the factors that determine it in two of the main producing states of Mexico. The field information was collected using panels of producers, which was processed to determine income, costs, profitability and competitiveness, based on the methodology proposed by the AAA Task Force. The base year of the study is 2015. The results are indicative of the situation faced by family farms, with similar characteristics, located in the study area. The sale price of honey bee covers production costs and generates a surplus that allows the activity to be competitive in the market, however, these are not enough to cover the cash needs of the producer and his family, so it is performed as a complementary activity, which limits its development.

More...

Download

Społeczna odpowiedzialność firm rodzinnych notowanych na GPW w Warszawie na przykładzie spółek zakwalifikowanych do indeksu RESPECT

Author(s): Paweł Perz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 7.3/2018

Social Responsible firms try to meet the expectations of diverse stakeholders in a balanced way. Such companies in their activities take into account social and ecological aspects. The concept of such a way of acting has its supporters and opponents. Opponents suggest that the company should first and foremost meet the expectations of its owners, striving to maximize value. Proponents of the concept of CSR activities believe that by engaging in such activities, the company achieves various benefits that in the long term contribute to maximizing the value of the company. Research on the scope of involvement of family businesses in activities related to corporate social responsibility does not give a clear answer to the question whether the level of involvement of family enterprises in this type of activities is different than other enterprises. The aim of the study is to analyze the presence of family businesses in the RESPECT index, which was created by the Warsaw Stock Exchange. The index groups companies rated as socially responsible. The article discusses the potential consequence of the company’s involvement in socially responsible activities and analyzes the CSR activities carried out by family companies in the RESPECT index.

More...

Download

Dylematy bilansowo-podatkowe prowadzenia ksiąg w sektorze publicznym

Author(s): Małgorzata Domańska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 12.3/2017

Public finance sector institutions, similarly to business entities, have faced new challenges regarding VAT, including keeping records and documenting undertaken activities, centralization of settlements, changing software and, above all, preparing appropriate staff and training them. The aim of the article is to present selected problems of the municipalities, concerning VAT settlements in the public sector, implementation of investments and dilemmas of deductions of calculated VAT. Due to the fact that interpretational discrepancies lead to dilemmas regarding settlements, the author wishes to emphasize the role and importance of specialized qualifications of financial staff or financial department employees who face a big theoretical and practical challenge, including keeping records for tax and balance needs. The selection of employees should take into account their substantive competences based on high knowledge. The author presents these big challenges for the local government sector on several examples regarding VAT settlements and investment implementation.

More...

Download

Problem pustych faktur w ujęciu prawno-karnym i karno-skarbowym w świetle orzecznictwa sądowego

Author(s): Paweł Sydor / Language(s): Polish Issue: 12.3/2017

According to the provision of art. 20 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland freedom of economic activity is subject to legal protection. With the subject of running a business is undoubtedly related to the principle of proper business operations in the sense that entrepreneurs participating in the business turn documents operations – in the field of services, etc. based on the required documentation. The aim of the article is to approximate the problems of the so-called "empty invoices", that is, invoices allegedly documenting business transactions and issued for the purpose of often obtaining undue tax benefits (due to, for example, its return) or achieving objectives related to unfair competition. This issue will be approximated based on the jurisprudence of common and administrative courts and the Supreme Court.

More...

Download

Problemy dokumentowania podatku VAT w kontekście dochowania należytej staranności i orzecznictwa sądowego

Author(s): Marta Baranowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 12.3/2017

The article presents the problems of VAT documentation against the background of domestic and CJEU court decisions and selected companies. The author indicates the necessity to consult judicial decisions as a necessary condition for the transparency of VAT settlements. He also raises the issue of the lack of clear tax interpretations in some areas of settlements, which negatively affects the functioning of business entities.

More...

Download

Projekty badawczo-rozwojowe dofinansowywane ze środków unijnych w księgach rachunkowych – wybrane problemy

Author(s): Anna Prusak,Sabina Rokita / Language(s): Polish Issue: 12.3/2017

The objective of this paper was to discuss major problems related to the inclusion in the account books of revenues and costs of innovative projects co-financed from the EU sources, under Operational Program Smart Growth (POIR). Such projects are carried out through realisation of industrial research and experimental development. Definitions of these activities are considered in relation to the so-called technology readiness level (TRL). The Accounting Act (UOR) does not regulate how the costs of ongoing R&D work should be recognized in the account books (it only refers to the completed development activities), therefore, regulations presented in the International Accounting Standard IAS 38 should be used in cost records of R&D activities. UOR and IAS 38 regulations differ in terms of recognition of completed activities of experimental development. The following issues are problematic: treating research costs as costs of the period, qualifying activities as industrial research or experimental development, assessing  at the end of the fiscal year – the ability of future effects of ongoing development work to generate economic benefits. These and other problems are presented base on a case study. The case study was performed through analysis of relevant documentation and in-depth interview with the owners of the enterprise, who obtained EU funding for the implementation of an innovative R&D project within Operational Program Smart Growth 1.1.1 (so called Fast Track).

More...

Download

Zastosowanie polskich modeli ostrożnościowych do oceny kondycji finansowej publicznego szkolnictwa wyższego w Polsce

Author(s): Anna Ćwiąkała-Małys,Paweł Łagowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 11.3/2017

The purpose of this study is to evaluation of financial condition of public higher education by using polish models of discrimination analysis. The identification of financial risk of the academic institution using these models, unlike the others methods, is objective and straightforward but on the other hand, it is not perfect. The research has shown that the analysed prognostic models constructed based on the discrimination analysis might bring very useful data about financial condition of academic institution. It should be emphasized that the results obtained by means of the discrimination analysis should not be treated as final. Properly used models can be solely important and helpful in the assessment the real financial situation of the companies.

More...

Download

Інноваційний розвиток системи бухгалтерського обліку як інформаційного забезпечення діяльності підприємства

Author(s): Lesya Kononenko / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 33/2018

Innovative development of the accounting system as information support of a company activity is a constituent part of the innovation process of the company. Nowadays, we observe inconsistency of the existing accounting system with the requirements of modern economy. This fact shows the necessity to study innovative development of the accounting system as information support of a company and to substantiate the need for optimization of the forms of accounting according to the procedure of automated systems as well as the requirements of the environment.The retrospective analysis of the innovative development of accounting makes possible to state that it was mainly associated with changes in accounting forms. Traditional cycles of the development of accounting forms are distinguished by two main classification features of their division in the time continuum: firstly, by the type of means of accounting, and secondly, according to the procedure of registration. At the same time, their innovative development of forms of accounting by type of means for accounting and the order of registration took place cyclically and in parallel according to the classical theory of development.The modern stage of the innovative development of accounting forms can be considered as a transition which is characterized by evolutionary changes not only in accounting technologies but also in procedures and methods (but not in the order of registration) of accounting control (the introduction of computer-based "cloud” technologies).Taking into account that information support of company activity is characterized only by technical adaptation of accounting forms according to the requirements of computer systems and "cloud" technologies, it becomes necessary to develop the ways of their optimization in accordance with the order of registration agreeing with the capabilities of automated systems as well as with requirements of external environment (management system requirements). The expediency of developing this trend is also highlighted by the tendencies of the classical theory of development (including innovation).

More...

Download

Вплив ризиків на показники ефективності діяльності промислових підприємств

Author(s): Viktoriia Vyshnevska,Ihor Nikolaiev / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 33/2018

The implementation of the activities of industrial enterprises is associated with numerous risks. In such circumstances, business entities must be able to assess the degree of potential impact of risks and manage them in order to reduce. In the article, approaches to the interpretation of the nature of industrial risks are defined and analyzed, comparative analysis of risk factors in various industries are conducted. The classification of the risks of an industrial enterprise is proposed, which is a prerequisite for the use of appropriate management methods for them. Industrial production, as any business activity is carried out under risk conditions, therefore it is difficult to overestimate the value of management, which is more of a conscious necessity, than just a function of the control system. As a result of the analysis of the degree of risk influence on the efficiency of industrial enterprises the branches are revealed, which are the subject to the greatest influence of negative factors caused by the uncertainty of the result with the high dynamics of the development of the Ukrainian economy. The production activity involves a high proportion of the risk that an entrepreneur must assume by identifying the nature and extent of risk. Industrial risks are very complex, and the most dangerous risks that affect the activities of the company, and they can cause the most significant losses. Scientific practical interest in this research represents the classification of risks in industry. The scientifically based risk classification allows a clear definition of the place of each risk in their overall system. It creates opportunities for the effective use of appropriate methods and techniques for risk management. Introduction of the concept of "risks of industrial enterprises" is useful for conducting a qualitative analysis of the possible occurrence of unpredictable situations in the concrete practice of the activity of production enterprises as the main link of the economy. The conducted research on revealing the essence of industrial risk has allowed to clarify and supplement it.

More...

Download

Аналіз діяльності по здійсненню авіаційних перевезень в Україні

Author(s): Olena Sarkisova,Ada Tokar / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 33/2018

The developed transport system is a guarantee of sustainable economic growth and improvement of interstate relations of Ukraine. Activities of all types of transport are an integral part of the process of becoming a state as an economically independent unit. One of the main problems of the aviation industry is the imperfection of infrastructure, due to the monopolization and closure of the air transport market.The purpose of the article is to analyze the main indicators of aviation activity, the shortcomings and reasons for insufficiently high rates of aviation transportation compared with other modes of transport. The role and tendency of air transport development in Ukraine are determined. Air transportation has advantages in the use for transcontinental passenger transportation, but it is considerably inferior to short-distance transportation, which is clearly illuminated and illustrated in the article. That is why, the reason for the slow growth of volumes of transportation is still the problem of updating the aviation park, the development of airports, which together with the high cost of carriage on the Ukrainian market of airline services and the difficult economic situation in the country leads to disappointing indicators of the industry of air transport.In order to improve the efficiency of air transport, a number of recommended proposals for improving the process of aviation transportation, increasing the competitiveness of domestic carriers and increasing demand for transportation among the population of Ukraine was identified. Improving the efficiency of air transport is to determine how the most efficient use of available resources of each enterprise. Fierce competition in the market of transport services leads to systematic and detailed analysis of its activities, on the basis of which it is necessary to justify the economic evaluation of work. Such detail will enable the timely identification of deficiencies in the work at each stage of the process of transportation of passengers, cargo or mail, to evaluate their consequences, to prevent their appearance and to quickly implement effective measures to eliminate them.

More...

Download

Wpływ czynników makroekonomicznych na skalę i dynamikę upadłości przedsiębiorstw

Author(s): Jarosław Krajewski,Andrzej Tokarski,Marek Matuszak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 7.2/2017

The aim of this article is to analyze macroeconomic factors affecting the scale and dynamics of bankruptcy of enterprises in the Kujawsko-Pomorskie voivodship in the years 2002–2015. The phenomenon of bankruptcy is closely related to the macroeconomic conditions in which economic agents arise and function. The following macroeconomic parameters can be used as determinants of bankruptcy: number of companies registered in the REGON system, GDP growth rate, unemployment rate, inflation rate, etc. As the explanatory variable used in the study was the number of declared bankruptcies of enterprises in Poland in a given year. The methods used in the study are the literature analysis of the subject matter, legal regulations concerning the functioning of bankruptcy in Poland and econometric analysis of macroeconomic factors influencing the bankruptcy of enterprises in Poland.

More...

Download

THE EVOLUTION OF THE ROMANIAN SMEs AFTER ROMANIA’S INTEGRATION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION STRUCTURES

Author(s): Ana Monica Pop / Language(s): English Issue: 27/2018

The analysis of the evolution of SMEs has become a distinct field of research and even of utmost topicality in thelight of the latest scientific approaches developed on this matter, which is based on the fact that the Europe2020 strategy and the European economy focus on harnessing the potential of small and medium-sizedenterprises (SMEs). They are the backbone of the economy in all countries, and the European Union’sexperience shows that the SME sector can make an essential contribution to the gross domestic product (GDP)and reduce unemployment (60% of the GDP and about 70% of the total labor force). In the last period,entrepreneurship has created a unique context that offers to all those interested a favorable environment for thedevelopment of entrepreneurial activities that go beyond institutional barriers. This paper presents a specificsituation based on the evolution of the Romanian SMEs in the context of the integration into the EuropeanUnion sphere of influence, and implicitly a systematic centralization of the main indicators and the activitysectors of SMEs, in a comparative manner, according to the European model described in the literature. Withthe integration of Romania into the European Union, new opportunities have been created, focusing onincreasing the competitiveness of SMEs through research and innovation, and implicitly the access to nonreimbursablefinancing.

More...

Download

System kontroli zarządczej w jednostkach sektora finansów publicznych w świetle teorii społecznej M. Foucaulta

Author(s): Mikołaj Turzyński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2.3/2017

The purpose of this article is to evaluate the usefulness of Foucault theory to study the Polish regulation of a management control of public finance sector. The thesis is that regulatory system management control – from the perspective of Foucault social theory – should be placed between the Panopticon approach to power and the concept of „governmentality” (gouvernementalité). In order to justify formulated thesis the literature study were conducted and critical analysis method was used – based on Foucault’s approach. The article outlines the characteristics of M Foucault’s social theory and analysis of regulations in the field of management control in the public finance sector, utilizing elements of this theory.

More...

Download

APLICAREA STANDARDELOR INTERNAȚIONALE DE RAPORTARE FINANCIARĂ - OPORTUNITATE ȘI PROVOCARE

Author(s): Nicoleta Pavel / Language(s): English,Romanian Issue: 3/2017

Changes after 1989 in the economic, social and political developments have imposed rapid and regulatory environment, including the accounting firms. The existence of a variety of economic and financial operations carried out by companies imposed their rules in accounting terms, achieving a process of assimilation to the provisions of IFRS in Romanian accounting standards. This made possible the gradual assimilation of understanding and practice of the skilled companies of accounting rules increasingly complex and even switching to the application of IFRS as accounting basis. To analyze the impact of transition to IFRS application as accounting basis on the value of assets and equity comparing the information submitted by companies according to IFRS with those determined for the same period according to accounting regulations applicable prior to the transition to IFRS (regulations complying with European directives ). The results of research conducted on the information contained in the financial statements prepared by fifteen companies, considered representative, have highlighted the fact that the transition to the application of IFRS as the basis of accounting did not significantly affect the total value of assets of these, but caused some reclassifications between different categories assets and some value adjustments. However, analysis of equity resulting from the application of IFRS has revealed that restatements made were not significantly affected equity in their entirety, with changes in their structure. The graphs shown in Annex highlight comparatively assets and equity according to IFRS and Order no. 3055/2009, as amended and supplemented.

More...

Download

COMPETITIVENESS THROUGH QUALITY IN THE HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY - THEORETICAL ASPECTS AND MEASUREMENT METHODS IN THE INTERNATIONAL PRACTICE

Author(s): Ioana Crina Pop Cohuţ / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2017

In an increasingly competitive market, ensuring the quality of tourism and of hospitality industry services is very important for preserving or increasing the number of visitors. This is why companies in this industry are becoming increasingly aware of the importance of quality as a source of competitive advantage. The present paper attempts through a theoretical but pragmatic approach to identify the quantifiable elements taken into account in the tourism competitiveness and hospitality industry and the measurable elements of the quality level in this industry. The paper reviews the ways to quantify the competitiveness of tourism and of the hospitality industry based on the World Economic Forum's tourism competitiveness and hospitality industry index, as well as the main methods of quantifying the quality of services in this industry, with a focus on the SERVQUAL method. The main conclusions of the paper refer to the fact that due to the particularity of the hospitality industry and especially of the subjective factors that determine the qualitative level of the tourists' level, it is still difficult to standardize the quantification of quality in this industry. Also, even if we have identified in the literature a proposal to quantify tourism competitiveness and the hospitality industry including the Satisfaction of Visitors indicator, we have not yet encountered this indicator quantified globally.

More...

Download

Am I an Entrepreneur? Identity Struggle in the Contemporary Women Entrepreneurship Discourse

Author(s): Ludovico Bullini Orlandi / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2017

Despite extensive research into their identity, women entrepreneurs still struggle to identify themselves as entrepreneurs and encounter role models. This study shows that one explanation for this struggle is misalignment in the discourses on women entrepreneurs’ identity. Misalignments and fragmentations in discourses on identity prevent women entrepreneurs from finding discursive material with which to lay solid foundations for the social construction of their identity. By comparing and contrasting the academic discourse with the discourse from interviews with women entrepreneurs between 2012 and 2017, this study provides evidence that the discourses on women entrepreneurs’ identity are misaligned. This misalignment may depend on the tendency in academia to address gaps in the literature and devote less attention to revisiting, in new empirical contexts, issues that have been considered in prior studies. This study also highlights several issues that are framed in widely divergent ways in the two discourses. The presence of several such misalignments helps explain current difficulties that women encounter in identifying themselves as entrepreneurs.

More...