10th Majlis Election in Iran: Structural, Institutional, Legal, and Political Issues

Author(s): Abdol Moghset Bani Kamal,Bakhrullo Ashurov / Language(s): English / Issue: 14/2017

The 10th Majlis election was held in the Islamic Republic of Iran on 26 February 2016. The election witnessed a record number of disqualified candidates by the Guardian Council. Notwithstanding this, the pro-government candidates were well-received by the voters. President Hassan Rouhani’s foreign policy and the nuclear deal that had concluded with the international community, held a special place in the political debates during the election. This paper first analyses the importance of the 10th Majlis election in Iran in the light of President Rouhani’s foreign policy. Secondly, it explores the election process. This paper argues that elections in Iran suffer from four types of issues. First characteristic is closely linked with the theocratic nature of the Iranian political system. Second one is connected with the Iranian electoral system. Third one arises from the inefficiency of electoral institutions. Finally, those issues caused by the discriminative approach of the Iranian ruling elites towards certain political parties and ethno religious groups.

19. Yüzyılın İkinci Yarısında Türkistan'da Yerli Eğitim Kurumlarının Durumu

Author(s): B. Tümen Somuncuoğlu / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 03/2007

Since the second half of the 19th century, the occupied region of Turkestan was occupied by Russia and the entire Turkestan region came under Russian rule. Tsarist Russia started to work for the establishment of the Russian administrative system in this region after the occupation. But in this region, which has strong social organizations and institutions, a gradual process was followed in order not to encounter riots and not to endanger the Russian administration in the military field. For this reason, the Russian administration did not abolish the educational institutions of the indigenous people and allowed them to live in order to avoid the reaction of the Muslims. In this article, the situations and functions of educational institutions, one of the most important dynamics of society, in 19th century Turkestan were tried to be put forward.

1919’da Bakü: İngiltere-Sovyet Rusya Hâkimiyet Mücadelesi

Author(s): Erdem Karaca / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 30/2016

The most strategic demand of the First World War was inarguably the oil. The places which the “Big Powers” mostly focused on for the supply of oil was East Europe, Black Sea, The Caspian Sea region. The operations which aimed to gain the dominancy over the region had continued after the war in 1919 as well as during the war times. The English who knew the strategic importance of the Caucasian Region, did not only control the oil regions in Baku but also caused major industrial losses in Soviet Russia. Apart from the Caucasian Region, the English also tried to gain the unilateral dominancy over the Black Sea, Sea of Azov and the Caspian Sea. The Soviet rulers who were trying to displace the Czarist Russia, also set eyes on the same region for it was vital for their future and to this respect fired the start of an extensive battle. On one hand, while the political, economical and military conflicts were going on, on the other hand, the ideological arguments had become the fundamental element of the expansionist policies. As the main sources of this study, Die Rote Fahne (Vienna), Pester Lloyd (Budhapest), Wiener Zeitung (Vienna) were thoroughly reviewed

1923 Nüfus Mübadelesine Mizah Penceresinden Bakmak: Zümrüdüanka

Author(s): Nuray Firindioğlu Yılmaz / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 2/2017

The Greek- Turkish 1923 population exchange has played an important role in Turkish history both politically and socially. Since about 2 million Greeks and Turks were ousted from their homelands, this issue has quickly become problematic due to some main concerns and conflicts over its form and instruments, the definition and the scale of the refugees, and the legal status of their left property. These problems led the refugees to experience a number of tragic incidents from the start of the implementation of the exchange almost until it is completed. This study reviews the Greek- Turkish population exchange that has been engraved in collective memory in every respect by analyzing the texts and caricatures in the comic book, Zümrüdüanka, that reflect its idiosyncratic sense of humor.

1989 göçü sonrası Bulgaristan göçmenlerinin yemek kültüründeki değişim

Author(s): Cahit Kahraman,Ilhan Güneş,Nanae Kahraman / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 2/2017

The Cuisine culture that has been developing and getting rich day by day contemporaneously in the world before 1989 migration has also had an impact on Bulgarian Turks. By the increase in diversity in the market, eating habits have changed. While producing a limited number of food types with limited opportunities just some 30 or 40 years before the ‘Big Migration’, there has been a rapid progress in food culture by the help of the increase in purchase power. Enhancing product range has been reflected in food, and different tastes have entered the cuisines. When we say immigrant, the first things that come to our mind are pastry, flan and pitta bread. Moreover, it is also known that immigrants have a very rich cuisine culture of pickle, stewed fruit, and canned food. This study aims both to disclose the eating habits of Turks living in different regions of Bulgaria before 1989 and to determine whether there has been a difference in immigrant cuisine culture before and after the migration. For this purpose, a questionnaire consisting of 8 questions has been administered to 50 people who migrated to Turkey in 1989. The results gathered from these data have been compiled and new determinations have been made. In addition, immigrants that settled in different regions of Turkey have set their own immigrant markets. The fact that the products brought from Bulgaria are being sold in these markets shows that this kind of supply and demand still continues

20 godina od razbijanja SFRJ

Author(s): / Language(s): Russian,Serbian / Publication Year: 2011

2001 Sonrası Dönemde Bulgaristan’dan Avrupa Birliği Ülkelerine Türk Göçlerinin Analizi

Author(s): Kader Özlem / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 55/2017

In the historical process, Turkish emigrations from Bulgaria directed to the Ottoman Empire and her successor Turkey. The emigration route of Turks of Bulgaria changed from Turkey towards the European Union (EU) countries after the year of 2001, when the citizens of Bulgaria had the right to move freely in the EU countries. Even if the movement of emigration mentionedis irregular and temporary, it is tend to become permanent emigration after 2007 in which Bulgaria became a member of EU and especially after 2014. In the period of after 2001, the movement of emigration from Bulgaria is based on economic reasons. However, the problems that Turkish minority encountered in socio-cultural life and the effects of political developments in the country have triggered the emigration towards Western European countries. Emigrations in the period after 2001 have the risks for the future of Turkish population in Bulgaria. The purpose of this study is to analyze Turkish emigrations from Bulgaria after 2001. In the article, it is asserted that these emigrations in comparison with emigrations in the 20th century have different characteristics and reasons, and can cause negative results for Turkish presence in Bulgaria.

2016 Parliamentary Elections in Slovakia and the Political Parties of Ethnic Hungarians

Author(s): Iván Halász / Language(s): English / Issue: 19/2017

On Saturday 5 March 2016, Slovakian voters went to the polls again. Since the first free elections after the political changeover, this was the ninth occasion that citizens could express their will in this way. In Slovakia, formed on 1 January 1993, this was the seventh election for the 150-member unicameral Parliament (i.e. the National Council) in Slovakia. On the other hand, this was the third occasion since the 2009 schism of the political parties representing the Hungarian minority in Slovakia that each of them competed on its own (2010, 2012, 2016). Although there have been some minor amendments and corrections during the past quarter of a century, the election system of Slovakia has shown a remarkable stability since 1992. In other words, its fundamental rules have not undergone any significant modifications. It is still a proportionate election system in which voters can cast their votes for party lists nominated by the individual political parties and movements. The threshold of entrance is 5%, but it shows a growing trend in the case of electoral coalitions. Currently, the whole country is a single constituency, so each party drafts a national list.

A "Model" for the Balkans

Author(s): Alex N. Dajkovic / Language(s): English / Issue: 09+10/2006

Monténégro un modèle pour les Balkans est une description de la situation de Monténegro, cinq années avant la proclamation de l'indépendance. Le point central le représent les acctions occidentales qui avaient le but de faire de la petite république un modèle pour les autres pays de la région.et qui ont déterminé l'apparition d'un nationalisme monténégrin anti-yougoslave et pro-occidental.

A Black Republic: Citizenship and naturalisation requirements in Liberia

Author(s): Bernadette Ludwig / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2016

In 1822 Liberia was founded as a place where free(d) enslaved African Americans could find freedom and liberty. While many of them did, the indigenous African population was, for a long time, excluded from citizenry despite fulfilling one of the essential criteria to be eligible for Liberians citizenship: Being Black. This prerequisite remains part of Liberian law today, rendering non-Blacks ineligible for Liberian citizenship. Today, this mostly affects the Lebanese community who originally came as traders and entrepreneurs to Liberia. This article analyses why Liberians defend race-based exclusionary citizenship practices.

A coffeehouse on the linguistic frontier

Author(s): Robert Nemes / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2010

A century ago, Bihar/Bihor County was a rather unremarkable corner of the Hungarian Kingdom, one situated far from international boundaries. The population of Bihar/Bihor was almost equally split between ethnic Hungarians and ethnic Romanians, a fact of little consequence until the last decades of the nineteenth century, when a number of middle-class national activists began to emphasize the region’s status as a national borderland and worked to define and defend the Hungarian–Romanian border they saw running through it. This essay explores the nationalists’ efforts through a local cultural association, A Biharvármegyei Népnevelési Egyesület (Bihar County Society for Popular Education). Its aim is to show that the sharp lines that appeared on maps of “the nationalities of Austria-Hungary” emerged in a particular historical context, and also that these lines were much more blurry than many mapmakers and historians would have us believe.

A European Balkans?

Author(s): François Heisbourg ,Jacques Rupnik,Daniel P. Serwer,Boris Shmelev / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Introduction (by François Heisbourg) | Europe’s Challenges in the Balkans. A European Perspective (by Jacques Rupnik) | Kosovo Won’t Wait. An American Perspective (by Daniel Serwer) | The Balkans: Powder Keg of Europe or Zone of Peace and Stability. A Russian Perspective (by Boris Shmelev)

A Failure of Europeanization? The Case of Hungary

Author(s): Hakan Arikan / Language(s): English / Issue: 33+34/2012

This article assesses the impact of ‘Europeanization’ process in Hungary. This will be done by looking at the EU’s policy approaches to various political issues in Hungary and Hungarian responses to the EU policy stances during the accession period and the post-accession period in a comparative perspective. This paper argues that while Europeanization process had been to, a large extent, successful in influencing policy developments in the country during the accession period, it has been less effective in post accession period.

A Forgotten Genocide

Author(s): Tomasz Lachowski / Language(s): English / Issue: 3-4/2015

The mass killings of Armenians committed by the Turks between 1915 and 1923 are one of the few massacres of the 20th century that has not yet been adequately addressed with a legal response. Today, Turkey’s recognition of the decisions issued by the Courts-Martial that originally prosecuted and punished the perpetrators would constitute the first steps on the path towards an official Turkish acknowledgement of the crimes that were committed against the Armenian nation.

A hallgatás kultúrája

Author(s): Lilla Judit Lukács / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 3/2017

Review of: Marco Catarci & Massimiliano Fiorucci (eds) “Intercultural Education in the European Context – Theories, Experiences, Challenges.”; Ashgate Publishing, 2015. Farnham, England. xvi + 268 pp. ISBN: 978-1-472451620

A HISTORICAL/POLITICAL JUSTIFICATION FOR THE NEED FOR MULTICULTURAL CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION AND EDUCATORS: THE CASE OF TURKEY AND THE EUROPEAN UNION

Author(s): Raşit Çelik / Language(s): English / Issue: 9/2016

Citizenship education, with its focus on equality, human rights and social justice for all, has become one of the central instruments for improving civic knowledge among world citizens and for supporting the development of more democratic states based on the rule of law. Like many other nations, the Turkish Republic, a country in negotiation with the European Union for possible membership, has placed great emphasis on citizenship education since the time of its foundation. This study takes on the question of whether Turkey provides adequate citizenship education as it is understood in and framed by the European Union’s education and training strategic plan, known as Education and Training 2020 – particularly in light of its focus on promoting multiculturalism and appreciation for diversity in an increasingly heterogeneous society. To this end, the study first provides some background information on the general status of citizenship education in Europe. This is followed by a description of the current framework as it is implemented in Turkey, which has historically included a homogenizing aspect, stressing unity rather than diversity. Finally, some recommendations are made concerning why Turkey needs further development in terms of a multicultural perspective on citizenship education, including the education of multiculturally competent teachers.

A honosítás jogintézményének alakulása az elmúlt húsz évben

Author(s): Judit Tóth / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 1/2014

A kárpátaljai magyar óvodások számának várható alakulása 2018 és 2022 között

Author(s): József Molnár,Viktória Ferenc,D. István Molnár / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 1/2019

Preschool education is the foundation of mother tongue education, and is one of the main pillars of national identity. Effective planning of the kindergarten network requires knowledge of the future development of the number of preschool age groups. The paper presents the results of the projection of the number of Hungarian speaking 3–5 year-olds in Transcarpathia in the 2018–2022 period. This data may determine the demographic basis of the Hungarian kindergarten network in the near future. The number of Hungarians, ethnically mixed Hungarian-Ukrainians, and Hungarian-speaking Gypsy children were counted separately, because the extent and possibilities of inclusion of the three groups in Hungarian kindergarten education differ. The study also includes the categorization of Transcarpathian settlements based on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the Hungarian-speaking kindergarten children living there.

A korlátozott terjeszkedés

Helmut Kohl és Közép–Európa

Author(s): Péter Hevő / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

Central Europe as a region played an important role in Helmut Kohl's carreer and politics. At the beginnings of his chancellorship, from 1982 he pursued Ostpolitik, a policy of detent between East and West, wich was initiated by his predecessors, Willy Brandt and Helmut Schmidt.

A Letter to Tuzla

Author(s): Kenneth C. Asbell / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2020

Personal reflection honoring the progressive cultural heritage of the city of Tuzla.