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Украинцы попали в Болгарию, преимущественно, на гребне двух волн эмиграции. Одни нашли приют на земле братского славянского народа еще до Октябрьской революции. Другие очутились тут в поисках 'лучшей судьбы", убегая от голода и невзгод, остальные - спасаясь от преследования царских властей за свои воззрения, в том числе за осуждение колониальной политики царизма относительно Украины. Следующий прилив украинцев стал последствием первой мировой войны и Октябрьской революции. В Болгарию - союзницу Германии и Австро-Венгрии, было переправлено из этих стран свыше 5 тыс. военнопленных. Гражданская война выбросила за пределы Украины как мирных граждан, не поддержавших большевиков, так и остатки разбитых ими армий Деникина и Врангеля, в составе которых было много украинцев. И первые, и вторые нашли пристанище в соседних государствах, в том числе и в Болгарии.
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Русское историческое общество (РИО) в Праге организовано в 1925 г.; оно объединило российских историков-эмигрантов разных поколений. Возглавил Общество Е. Ф. Шмурло. РИО ставило своей задачей объективное осмысление исторических событий прошлого, исключая из рассмотрения текущие или недавние политические события. Общество не было чисто историческим: по составу членов и изучаемой проблематике оно носило скорее комплексный характер, включая специалистов и по истории права, церкви, литературы, искусства, языка, философии и др. Основная форма работы РИО - научные доклады на заседаниях Общества. Значительная их часть в виде статей или тезисов публиковалась в „Записках" РИО В 1940 г. РИО присоединилось к Русскому свободному университету (РСУ) в Праге, закрытому немцами в 1944 г. и окончательно исключенному из списков научных обществ Министерством внутренних дел Чехословакии в 1949 г.
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В. А. Францев (1867-1942) принадлежит к числу крупнейших русских славистов первой половины XX в. Жизненный путь и творчество этого ученого в истории нашей науки еще не нашли исчерпывающего освещения. Правда, в Чехии, где проходила вторая половина его жизни и научной деятельности, о Францеве писали в связи с его 60-летием в 1927 г., 70-летием в 1937 г. 1 и его смертью в 1942 г. Затем, библиография трудов В. А. Францева с приложением краткого очерка его научного творчества была написана чешским ученым Т. Силлабой и опубликована в 1977 г. Первый же подробный анализ творчества слависта был предложен автором настоящей работы в 1966 году и затем дополнен еще рядом статей. Все мои работы основаны на архивных материалах, но ряд оценок и суждений о жизни и творчестве Францева были данью тому времени, когда они писались. Только что было разрешено публиковать работы об эмигрантах, но от автора лишь в самой малой мере зависело, как их представлять читателю; знала же это лучше всего цензура. Конечно, несмотря на все рогатки, мои статьи все же послужили исходным пунктом для дальнейшего исследования творчества замечательного русского слависта, но оценки его поступков, касающиеся прежде всего обстоятельств его эмиграции, в настоящее время представляются безнадежно устаревшими. Использованные в предлагаемой статье неопубликованные письма Францева позволяют полностью пересмотреть прежние суждения.
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Среди русской интеллигенции, эмигрировавшей после революции из России и нашедшей пристанище в Чехословакии, видное место занимает известный в то время писатель Евгений Николаевич Чириков. В последнее время из сохранившихся архивных материалов публиковались лишь воспоминания писателя (Е. Н. Ч ирико в . На путях жизни и творчества. Отрывки воспоминаний. In: „Лица.“ Биографический альманах. Вып. 3. „Феникс: Atheneum“ М. - СПБ., 1993), а также отдельные выдержки из его эпистолярного наследия и воспоминания членов семьи, связанные с именами М. И. Цветаевой, И. Я. Билибина и др. В данной публикации представлена выборочная подборка писем 1920-1922 гг., которая освещает некоторые подробности послереволюционной жизни и эмиграции из России семьи писателя. Оригиналы этих писем находятся в семейном архиве, который хранится в данное время в Минске у внука писателя Е. Е. Чирикова.
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≪В одной из своих волнующих речей К. П. Крамарж говорил: „Придет день, когда Россия будет опять великой и сильной, и тогда возле нее будем стоять и мы, те. кто в пору несчастья остался верен Руси и гордо нес знамя славянства...“ Так и будет. Я твердо верю, что в тот, желанный для нас день, не только мы, эмигранты, разбросанные по всему миру, но и скованная по рукам и ногам цепями рабства Россия выплатит свой долг искренней благодарности своему истинному Другу≫
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Review of: Lubica Harbulová 1. "Ladomir reminiscences. From the history of the Russian Orthodox Mission in Ladomir 1923-1944." Prešov, 2000. 128 pp.; 2. Russia Emigration and Slovakia (The Immigration of Russian Post-Election Emigration in Slovakia in 1919-1939). Faculty of Philosophy, University of Prešov. Prešov, 2001. 236 p. by: Julija Jannarkova
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Антонин Петрович Ладинский (1895-1961) принадлежит к ≪младшему≫ литературному поколению первой волны русской эмиграции. В литературу Ладинский вошел как поэт, получив достаточно большую для молодого автора известность в эмигрантских кругах. Он печатался во всех ведущих периодических изданиях первой эмиграционной волны, различных географией своих появлений, был корреспондентом парижских ≪Последних новостей≫ П. Милюкова, публиковал путевые заметки, рассказы, рецензии на театральные постановки и кинофильмы. В 1937 г. в Таллинне был опубликован его первый исторический роман ≪XVлегион≫ из истории падения Римской империи, получивший затем в советском издании название ≪В дни Каракаллы≫ (1960). За ним последовал роман ≪Голубь над Понтом≫ (1938) из истории Византии, переработанный затем в Советском Союзе под новым названием ≪Когда пал Херсонес≫ (1959) и открывший трилогию из истории становления Российского государства. Вторая часть трилогии ≪Анна Ярославна - королева Франции≫ была опубликована в 1961 г., а завершающий трилогию роман ≪Последний путь Владимира Мономаха≫ - после смерти А.П. Ладинского в 1966 г. в издательстве ≪Советский писатель≫. О публикации этих романов в Советском Союзе и пойдёт речь в письмах А.П. Ладинского поэтессе Вере Моисеевне Инбер (1890-1972), приведённых в этой статье, как и о его последнем посмертном, до сих пор нигде не опубликованном и раннее неизвестном стихотворении ≪После смерти≫, присланном Вере Инбер литературоведом Полиной Львовной Вайншенкер через год после смерти А.П. Ладинского. Стихотворение датировано 16 мая 1961 г. и было написано за день до инфаркта, после которого А.П. Ладинский больше не смог оправиться. Он умер 4 июня того же года. Предваряя тексты писем и комментарии к ним, приведунекоторые, необходимые на мой взгляд, биографические данные Антонина Петровича Ладинского.
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The present paper selectively foregrounds instances of contemporary novelists’ concern and reflection on the state-of-art examination of migration in the countries they belong to as a recognition of the condition of alterity and its effects on people’s mental make up and individual identity. Multicultural social contexts bring forth situations, tendencies and necessities that have to be regulated by specific public policies so that individuals of different ethnic communities should be accepted in a spirit of freedom and equality
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La o primă examinare, societatea noastră, asemeni unui furnicar uriaş, reprezintă o masă amorfă în care oamenii, abia vizibili, se mişcă anarhic, fără sens, în toate direcţiile. Cu toate acestea, în ciuda aparenţelor, la fel ca şi societatea furnicilor, societatea umană nu este ilogică, iar întreaga sa dinamică se bazează pe tipare şi norme clar stabilite a priori. La fel ca şi furnicarul, societatea umană globală (dacă se poate vorbi despre aşa ceva) se bazează pe o logică a diviziunii muncii, a ierarhiei şi, poate, a unui drum cu destinaţie ascendentă. Toate aceste elemente, cuplate cu o mobilitate spaţială din ce în ce mai crescândă, dau naştere furnicarului uman contemporan sau, parafrazându-l pe Eminescu, unui megalopolis global în care logica intrinsecă a societăţii este mascată de un haos de suprafaţă.
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Migration is one of important aspects of modern global world development, that includes many interrelated factors such as political, economic, social, cultural, etc. With recent trends, international migration is on the rise. Georgia has experienced a significant outflow of population caused by a sharp economic decline since the collapse of the Soviet Union in early 90s of 20th century. Many Georgian citizens migrated to the EU as labour migrants. After gaining the visa-free regime with the EU in 2017, the migration of Georgian citizens to the EU has increased. The reasons for emigration and immigration in Georgia do not differ from the rest of the world and are mainly caused by economic nature. The article presents the analysis and conclusions based on recent data gained by means of the sociological survey, which proves that the attitudes of Georgians towards migration mainly coincide with the approaches of Baltic States’ citizens. The survey results confirm that the experience of the Baltic States is valuable for Georgia. The outcomes demonstrate that it is more productive for Georgia to encourage the circular migration, which means promoting the employment of Georgian workers in the host countries, and later to support and facilitate their subsequent return to Georgia in order to apply the work experience and skills acquired abroad in Georgia.
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In this article, Bożena Szałasta-Rogowska focuses on the work and achievements of the Polish Publishing Fund (PFW) in Canada, an institution that has been dynamically active on the cultural forum for over 40 years, publishing books and organizing various types of meetings and events promoting Polish literature abroad. PFW is an association which shapes the cultural and literary life of the Polish emigration community in Canada. Szałasta-Rogowska identifies and presents the most important poetic publications among the achievements of PFW. She mainly analyzes books of poetry published by PFW both independently or in cooperation with domestic partners. Among them, two anthologies deserve special attention: Seven Polish Canadian Poets and Antologia poezji polskiej na obczyźnie 1939–1999 [Anthology of Polish Poetry Abroad 1939–1999] and poems by so-called “Canadian Continenters” (Bogdan Czaykowski, Florian Śmieja and Andrzej Busza) and poets of the post-Solidarity emigration (e.g., Marek Kusiba, Edward Zyman and Grażyna Zambrzycka). This review and description of poetic publications given in this article, combined with a brief historical outline, shows that PFW is not only a publisher, but also a chronicler, an archiver, a patron of the arts and finally a “discoverer” of poetic talents.
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The aim of this article is to present the results of research on the history and dynamics of the development of the EU migration policy, as well as to analyse the challenges that have emerged in recent years. Therefore, the research questions are: (1) What changes took place in the migration policy of the European Union in the 21st century compared to the 20th century? (2) What are the main challenges of the EU migration policy today? The research methods include: institutional and legal analysis, historical and comparative methods. The study will help to draw conclusions about the important aspects of migration policy and understand today’s challenges.
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We are human beings that live in “spheres”. These could be found in a wide variety and could take different forms. They are either narrow, more common to us, or wide, so wide that we could never imagine. However, we tend to be too preoccupied with ourselves, and thus with the narrow spheres. In the end, our field of view gets smaller and smaller and we eventually lose sight of what matters the most: the wide sphere. This story may sound too childish, too insignificant for us to take into consideration, but this is actually the vivid image of the present world. As individuals, we live in specific communities, thus in continuous interaction with other members of society, hence with the Arabs as well. This social phenomenon appeared in ancient times. Their culture has always fascinated us, especially since their influences in various fields have intertwined with the European civilization. But, in order to come to understand and, therefore, accept this culture, it was and still is necessary for the Arabic language to be studied. Thus, this process should become a priority for us as there is the need for removing certain cultural and communication barriers. The purpose of this paper is to raise awareness of the importance of studying Arabic. This goal would not lead to the decrease or elimination of the “spheres" that each one of us lives in, but to their union so as to create strong bonds based on mutual understanding and cooperation.
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The paper presents the first-of-its-kind analytical review of research works addressing the history of the Russian emigre publishing business in interwar Finland. This topic has not been specifically studied before. The articles introduced into scientific circulation were derived from the publications practically inaccessible to Russian readers. The study objectives are to provide a review of existing publications on this topic and to substantiate their role and significance in the development of national emigration studies. The author reveals the main directions of research, as well as some shortcomings and blank spots in the study of the history of the Russian emigrants’ publishing business in Finland. It is shown that most of the studies deal with the “metropolitan” press and the publishing houses of Russian emigrants (in Helsinki), and not the “provincial” ones (in other towns of Finland). The paper gives a comprehensive analysis of the key works of the authors studying this issue, establishes their advantages and pitfalls proving the biased nature of the existing research, and raises the question about new promising topics and directions for study.
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The aim of the article is to show the changes in Austria’s position towards EU solutions in the field of migration policy. The text highlights two aspects: on the one hand - the EU migrant relocation program, and on the other - the Austrian presidency of the EU Council. It is also important to discuss the internal determinants of the Austrian government’s actions on the EU forum. The article’s main focus is on the years 2015-2018 (from the increased influx of foreigners to the withdrawal from the EU program of forced relocation), i.e. the period in which there was a clear tendency to change the attitude towards the phenomenon of migration in Austria. The text adopts the thesis that in the time of migration crisis, there was a noticeable tendency in Austria to tighten the course towards immigrants, which was the background for Austria’s activity in the arena of the European Union. The article uses the method of decision analysis, which allows to indicate the causes and effects of political and factor decisions, useful in the identification of factors shaping Austria’s policy, and thus also the conditions for the activity of the Austrian government administration in the EU structures.
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The appearance of unaccompanied migrant minors in our communities and the impact they have had on Spanish society, and vice-versa, is a phenomenon of outstanding educational importance, as it has brought into public awareness issues such as child vulnerability and focused our attention on the legal, social and educational policies and resources that are meant to materialise an inclusive, democratic and just society. Around these young people, mainly from the Maghreb and therefore identified with Islam, society has created an image that serves to bolster many Islamophobic, xenophobic and racist discourses emanating from the media and the ideologies of Spanish far-right political parties. This is achieved by generalising the criminal conduct of some migrant youths, by depersonalising them as human beings and by linking news about them to vicarious emotions such as mistrust and the feeling of menace. Recognising the importance of this phenomenon, in this article we present the results ofsstudy aiming to identify and analyse the main stereotypes, attitudes and prejudices that Barcelona secondary-school students have towards unaccompanied migrant minors (MENA in their Spanish initials). To this end a questionnaire based on the Overcoming Prejudice Scale (Etxeberria, Murua, Arrieta, Garmendia & Etxeberria, 2012) was administered. Our findings showed that high-school students hold certain prejudices and stereotypes that should be tackled in order to promote the integration and inclusion of unaccompanied migrant minors and to ensure a culture of peace among young people. The appearance of unaccompanied migrant minors in our communities and the impact they have had on Spanish society, and vice-versa, is a phenomenon of outstanding educational importance, as it has brought into public awareness issues such as child vulnerability and focused our attention on the legal, social and educational policies and resources that are meant to materialise an inclusive, democratic and just society. Around these young people, mainly from the Maghreb and therefore identified with Islam, society has created an image that serves to bolster many Islamophobic, xenophobic and racist discourses emanating from the media and the ideologies of Spanish far-right political parties. This is achieved by generalising the criminal conduct of some migrant youths, by depersonalising them as human beings and by linking news about them to vicarious emotions such as mistrust and the feeling of menace. Recognising the importance of this phenomenon, in this article we present the results of a study aiming to identify and analyse the main stereotypes, attitudes and prejudices that Barcelona secondary-school students have towards unaccompanied migrant minors (MENA in their Spanish initials). To this end a questionnaire based on the Overcoming Prejudice Scale (Etxeberria, Murua, Arrieta, Garmendia & Etxeberria, 2012) was administered. Our findings showed that high-school students hold certain prejudices and stereotypes that should be tackled in order to promote the integration and inclusion of unaccompanied migrant minors and to ensure a culture of peace among young people.
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This article analyzes the issues of border crime in the context of the hybrid war between Belarus and Poland. The work began with an explanation of its goals, hypotheses or adopted research tools. The research questions posed in the work are also discussed here. The second chapter of the article presents the history of relations between Poland and Belarus. The years before the First World War were assumed to be the starting point for the analysis. Both the time of the Duchy of Poland and the moment given by the sources as the beginning of the formation of the ethnic identity of Belarusians are considered here. The next stage was to discuss the times of the partition of Poland and the Second World War. The section ends with a description of the post-war period and the contemporary situation of Poland and Belarus. The next chapter analyzes the current events taking place on the Polish-Belarusian border. It primarily includes media reports on Belarus’ activities in the field of bringing illegal immigrants, as well as conducting political activities between Poland, the European Union, Belarus, and Russia. The analysis was completed by examining the issue of crime on the border between Belarus and Poland. The study was summarized in terms of reference to the achievements of the work, including the achievement of its goals and assumptions. The main conclusion of the research is the assessment of the conflict between the two countries, which destroys mutual relations. Unfair diplomatic steps, as well as disinformation actions, silently but effectively cause an attack on the opponent for the benefit of the attacker.
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Review of: American Migrant Fictions. Sonia Weiner. Leiden: Brill: Rodopi, 2018, 243 pages.
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The article traces the early stages in the development of self-government structures in Kamieniec Podolski, where the civic magistrate co-existed with the Armenian and Ruthenian magistrates. It analyzes the earliest written sources for the three communities based on published as well as archival documents between the late fourteenth century and the second half of the fifteenth century. The double function of the city as a border fortress and an important hub for longdistance trade encouraged the development of a multiethnic environment. The article examines the development of self-government as a political process in a multipolar field of actors rather than taking a traditionally hierarchical approach, focusing on the civic community and its relationship with the king and the “minorities.” It questions traditional approaches to urban history in which non-civic populations appear a priori as outsiders, and it opens the perspective of an inclusive history of pre-modern multiethnic cities. The article examines the development of self-government as a form of participation beyond involvement in the civic community. The core of the article is based on the different forms of agency within the various groups as well as the dissimilar social roles assigned to them by the ruler, as these led to the development of different strategies of self-positioning within the urban framework.
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