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In recent years a considerable amount of attention has been directed to the migration of tertiary educated people. Social scientists are interested in the brain drain phenomenon, in order to understand the positive and negative effects of highlyskilled migration in the sending countries. This paper examines physician migration in Romania, a country which records in Europe one of the largest stocks of emigrated medical doctors in the last few decades. Using data from official statistics, a survey carried out among Romanian medical doctors who have migrated, as well as innovative data from LinkedIn, we provide detailed evidence on the emigration flows and trends of Romanian physicians in terms of destinations, specialties and time frame of emigration. In addition, our study sheds light on the underlying reasons for migration and on difficulties encountered in the destination country.
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The author addresses the issue of determination of cultural and morphological characteristics of Sarmatian migrants in the Southern Urals, the Lower Volga Region and the Lower Don.The innovations in Sarmatian cultures and their reflection on the craniological materials were studied by the methods of one-dimensional and multidimensional statistics.The results of the study of changes in the cultural complexes allowed the author to classify the migration of Sarmatian period, to trace the changes in the clothing complex and funerary rite associated with the migration, to identify the specifics of each of the Sarmatian cultures and thus to determine the cultural characteristics of migrants.The results of the anthropological research allowed the author to identify certain historical periods during which migrants were assimilating with the substrate population in the studied area. All of this led to a gradual change in their morphological appearance. First of all, the mixing occurred at the expense of migrants from the Southern Siberia, accompanied both by fixation of the long-headed Caucasoid component and Mongoloid-Caucasoid anthropological features, and later at the expense of some alien groups with the long-headed Caucasoid complex from the North Caucasus with physically identical population.
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This article presents a comparative analysis of the mirrors uncovered at the sites in the Crimean sub-mountain area and the Hungarian Plain, dating to the Sarmatian period. The most characteristic types of mirrors distributed in both regions have been established, and their chronological limits have been outlined. This research has revealed that the mirrors in question do not reflect any contacts between the populations of the Crimean sub-mountain area and Alföld throughout the first centuries AD. Although there were few mirrors of the same types distributed in both countries, they were received from different sources and in different periods. The main difference of the Carpathian Basin is the absence of ornamented mirrors with a side loop, which were widely distributed in the Sarmatian world, particularly among the population of the Crimean sub-mountain area.
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The presence of the population of Chernyakhov culture in Olbia in the final period of its history (second half of the 3rd — beginning of the 5th c.) has long been a contentious issue, although corresponding archaeological finds were known. A large amount of materials from this period practically has not been systematized, and it was not introduced sufficiently into scientific circulation. We have processed collections of the excavations of 1964—1971 on the territory of the Roman citadel, which were stored in the Institute of Archeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Kiev). Gray clay pottery from the collections are fully consistent with the “classic” Chernyakhov samples. These are fragments of tableware (including three-handed vases), kitchen pots, pithoi. They are accompanied by imported ceramics (amphorae and red slip ware) of the second half of the 4th — first half of the 5th c.Archaeological materials show that after the destruction of the town by the barbarians and desolation in the 70s — early 80s of the 3rd c., there appears a small number of Chernyakhov population. But only after the invasion of the Huns in Eastern Europe (375) Olbia revived as a small fortified town, a trade and craft center inhabited by Goth barbarians. This assumption needs to be confirmed by studying the existing collections of the Olbia Reserve.
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The paper presents a discussion on the chronological indicators and features of the latest complexes of Frontovoye-3 burial ground (Nakhimovsky district, Sevastopol). This cemetery appeared around the end of the 1st century AD; it was completely investigated in 2018 (328 graves of the Roman time). The latest finds (some types of elements of belt sets, a glass cup with blue blobs) are dated around the beginning of the 5th century. In the extreme South-West of the burial ground, three groups of graves of the last quarter of the 4th — beginning of the 5th century have been distinguished. Similar date is represented by a number of other burial places of the South-Western and Piedmont Crimea. Obviously, the appearance of the Huns to the West of the Don (in 375 AD at the latest) and the resulting migrations had not initially affected the Crimea. Cemeteries of the settled population of the Piedmont Crimea and a number of cemeteries in the South-Western Crimea cease to function in the late 4th or early 5th century AD. Some of this population moved to the Southern coast of the Crimea, while the other founded several new cemeteries in the South-West Crimea.
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The research addresses the different known on the coins of Theothortses (285/286—309/310). They are interesting not only because they brought us information about the number, localization and the time when his mints were in function. These characters are, in fact, signs. Their study allows us to trace the migration processes that took place in the Northern Black Sea region and in Taurica during the reign of Theothortses. The appearance of new signs on coins can be explained by the establishment of contacts between this sovereign and tribal associations of barbarians.
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A cardinal change of the population takes place on the territory of the Upper Oka region in the first part and the middle of the 3rd century. Novo-Klejmenovo type sites give way to settlements of the early stage of the Moschino culture. The analysis of new finds makes it possible to consider the question concerning the fortune of the population of those sites and trace a possible vector of its migration. The materials published in this article focus on the grave having reference to the final stage of existence of the sites of Novo-Klejmenovo type. It is the first burial found in the process of studying this cultural group. Due to this discovery for the first time it became possible to correctly compare the finds from the territory of the Upper Oka region to the materials belonging to the cultures of the Middle and Lower Oka regions as well as to the finds from the Upper Sura region where almost nothing but burials have been explored.
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This article presents a discursive image of the refugee which emerges from comments of Polish Facebook users. The author applies a detailed case study method to analyse several comments on an electoral campaign spot published by one of the candidates for the Mayor of Warsaw, Patryk Jaki. Specialised institutions and organisations considered it a case of xenophobic hate speech. Using analytical tools of Critical Discourse Analysis, the article deconstructs two positions emerging in the discussion: pro- and anti-refugee. A close examination of these two standpoints reveals not only differences but also similarities between them. It seems that one feature they share is the perception of refugees’ (lack of) agency.
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The article aims to propose a new look on the multithreaded, multinational and multiethnic cultural heritage of the present-day Lower Silesia. Based on the her own field research as well as previous theoretical frameworks, the author proposes a concept of “translocality” taken from the field of migration and global studies. The idea is consistent with the character of Lower Silesia as a post-migration region, and it emphasizes the dialectics of mobility with locality. In addition, it allows to describe practices exceeding the boundaries of time and space, that aims to affirm the local tradition and identity.
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In less than a decade, Turkey has become home to some 4 million Syrians due to the bloody conflict across much of its southern border. That only a fraction of those refugees live in designated camps with the overwhelming majority spread about the country has led to hostile sentiments among some natives who blame Syrians for taking away their jobs. Still, research about the impact of Syrians on Turkish labour market outcomes is too limited. Empirical findings analysing micro-level data find either no impact or just abysmall changes to natives’ formal employment rates but rather declines in rates of informal employment. This paper presents the findings of a three-month fieldwork in Istanbul’s informal textile sector. Looking at the issue from the view of employers, it shows that “on average” country-level findings of the empirical analysis might be quite simplifying and sometimes inconsistent depending on the context. By just looking at the issue in a specific/neighbourhood setting, namely informal textile sector in a rather homogenous urban neighbourhood where the main competition in jobs are between Kurds and Syrians, this study shows that employment rates of natives declined in that specific field due to other factors independent of the Syrians and interestingly even predating their arrival to Turkey. The war-fleeing migrants are understood to have rather taken jobs no longer desired by the natives and generally paid lower wages than natives for doing them. This study particularly raises the role of skill gaps in the local market, changes in the meaning of work in the local population and informal-formal sector interdependence due to price pressures by global value chains in understanding the effect of refugees on locals’ labour market outcomes.
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The European Union has proved to be ineffective in covering the needs of millions of people who seek asylum, while trying to satisfy the security claims of the Member States. The EU institutions have decided to reform the Common European Asylum System to coordinate the procedures, requirements, and conditions for acceptance, aiming to harmonise the national legislative frameworks. One of the most notorious aspects is the extension of the integration measures and conditions to asylum seekers. Nonetheless, the new rules still fail to offer a solution for those asylum requests that are going to be denied after long waiting periods even if the applicants have benefited from the integration programs. In order to avoid such legal implications for the long-term asylum seekers, this article encourages the EU institutions to adopt an ultimate solution, even if a bit creative, that would be coherent with the goals of the CEAS reforms.
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Migrant domestic work has played complex, dynamic, and multilevel roles in the evolution of families, and the corporatisation of domestic work across the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, particularly the United Arab Emirates (UAE). With the increasing globalisation process in the UAE, migrant domestic work has not only deepened families’ critical dependency towards domestic work, but also influenced the state’s logic to institutionalise reforms to control, govern, and corporatise domestic works sector in recent years. Using primary and secondary literature sources, this article examines the historical and contemporary evolution of migrant domestic work in the UAE and of the GCC region. It argues that the UAE’s domestic work sector has historically transformed from informally structured sector—heavily dependent on the sponsorship of local family structures—to emerging corporatised sector across the UAE labour market. This article presents empirical and theoretical contributions because it highlights the evolving corporatised approach of the state in managing and governing domestic work and its impacts on local family structures in the UAE.
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This article, based on a qualitative methodology that includes in-depth interviews with 43 Mexican sex traffickers, analyses the strategies used by sex traffickers to recruit women from Mexico and Central America demanded by the US illegal sex industry. We conclude that trafficking is a demand-led industry. Traffickers recruit vulnerable women from Mexico and Central America who fit with US procurers’ requirements. Foreign girls smuggled into the United States should be young (in many cases underage girls), beautiful, slim and healthy. Mexican sex traffickers’ job is to entice with salaries in US dollars impoverished Latin American girls who do not want to migrate or enter prostitution. Maintaining trafficked women captive against their will is more time consuming and less profitable than wining women’s will with a salary.
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This article studies how educational aspirations of children are shaped in Biblián, Ecuador, a traditional sending country. Data sources were a multi-level survey and semi-structured interviews that were analysed using logistic regression and thematic analysis, respectively. Several theoretical relationships are confirmed: the household socioeconomic status, caregiver’s educational aspirations and age are the most important variables that predict the educational aspirations of children. Child migratory dreams and the absence of the father or the mother only predict the educational aspiration of getting a high school degree, but do not predict the aspiration of a graduate degree. Thematic analysis suggests that, besides seeing education as a means to have higher incomes, mothers perceive it as a sign of social status and assign it an intrinsic value.
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Language proficiency is crucial for migrants’ social position in the labour market and therefore plays a key role in the (re-)production of social inequalities in modern societies. There are different ways of capturing language skills in quantitative studies. However, it is important to question the extent to which existing language measures mirror migrants’ realities and relevant linguistic everyday life practices. In our paper, we contribute to this question by disentangling various measures of language proficiency. We use a large sample of migrants in Germany (GSOEP) that contains numerous language measures. We conduct detailed quantitative analyses on how various language variables influence migrants’ social position, by which we mean migrants’ socioeconomic status (as measured by ISEI). The ISEI is mainly based on occupation, but also on education and income. Our findings indicate that especially the self-assessed German speaking proficiency is an important and parsimonious predictor for migrants’ social position in Germany.
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The worldwide spread of COVID-19 first reported from Wuhan in China is attributed to migration and mobility of people. In this article, we present how our understanding of migration and livelihood could be helpful in designing a mitigating strategy of economic and social impact of COVID-19 in India. We conclude that there are many challenges migrants face during the spread of COVID-19 resulting from nationwide lockdown. Many internal migrants faced problems such as lack of food, basic amenities, lack of health care, economic stress, lack of transportation facilities to return to their native places and lack of psychological support. On the other hand, COVID-19 has also brought into sharp focus the emigrants from India and the major migration corridors India shares with the world as well. There is a huge uncertainty about how long this crisis will last. This article further provides some immediate measures and long term strategies to be adopted by the government such as improving public distribution system, strengthening public health system, integration of migrants with development, decentralisation as a strategy to provide health services, and providing support to return migrants to reintegrate them, and also strengthen the database on migration and migrant households.
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Environments of human insecurity are a widespread problem in our globalised world, particularly for migrant workers, one of the most vulnerable groups in society today. These experiences of insecurity have been heightened in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. In this article, we examine the collective experience of insecurity among migrant workers in Malaysia. In our analysis, we outline collective insecurity at two levels: the micro level of migrant workers’ daily, subjective experiences of insecurity; and the macro level, in which insecurity is a consequence of structural forces, specifically the globalisation of labour. These two levels interact symbiotically, producing states of insecurity that are concretely experienced as anxiety and fear. Migrant workers in Malaysia also practice agency through small forms of resistance that they use to bolster one another and reduce their insecure experiences. Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent Movement Control Order (MCO) in Malaysia, migrant workers have been further marginalised by the state, but they have also become connected to one another through acts of solidarity and resistance. However, the sustainability of these forms remains unclear.
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Malaysia has become a popular destination for many foreign workers since getting independence in 1957, owing to its rapidly growing economy and industrialisation. Most of the migrant workers in Malaysia are low-skilled or uneducated, and public debate is going on their outcome, whether it is substantial or not. The purpose of this study is to manifest the role and contribution of imported labour to the Malaysian economy. Evidence is collected from secondary sources- journal article, relevant books, and online databases. The review finds that the impact of migrant labour on Malaysian growth has not been studied holistically and sufficiently. Existing evidence shows that although it is somewhat positive, the public attitude is most adverse to illegal and irregular migrants. Therefore, more empirical research is required to determine the role of imported temporary workers on the economy of Malaysia, for its ongoing vision- to become a high-income nation.
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This review article discusses recent research about two major religious and linguistic minorities among the Kurds of Turkey and their efforts to define distinct identities. The books reviewed include: Celia Jenkins, Suavi Aydin & Umit Cetin, eds., Alevism as an Ethno-Religious Identity: Contested Boundaries, Oxon and New York: Routledge, 2018, 130 pp., (ISBN 978-1-138-09631-8). Erdal Gezik & Ahmet Kerim Gültekin, eds., Kurdish Alevis and the Case of Dersim: Historical and Contemporary Insights, Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2019, 172 pp., (ISBN 978-1-4985-7548-5). Eberhard Werner, Rivers and Mountains: A Historical, Applied Anthropological and Linguistical Study of the Zaza People of Turkey Including an Introduction to Applied Cultural Anthropology, Nürnberg: VTR Publications, 2017, 549 pp., (ISBN 978-3-95776-065-4).
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