Bosna i Hercegovina - 15 Godina Dejtonskog Mirovnog Sporazuma. Medunarodni Simpozijum – Knjiga Sazetaka

Author(s): / Language(s): Bosnian,English

By producing his most important work "L'Esprit des lois", Montesquieu showed th at the strength of a law is in the spirit that it carries. It is of decisive importance that the law is not simply a mechanistic sum of various influences that have been gathered in one place, but that it combines historical conditions making it consistent. And then the law makes sense and only within the context of realm of reality, set in such manner, it is enforceable. The law, which would be immediately taking over the text of a 'legal science's modern state' does not seem to make sense, as equally as the composition which would be composed on the principles of aesthetics and art theory, and that would not have contained the creative impulse of the spirit of freedom. The Dayton agreement is not the law, but it represents a kind of legal document which has been derived from a certain political will. In this sense, its topicalising can not be primarily based on positive law's issues. Discussing the Dayton agreement as the legal act, unless it has been fully understood in the context of positive law, debate, on these grounds, must remain ineffective an d may not rep resen t the basis of perspective construction of Bosnia and Herzegovina as an orderly society in the state form. As an agreement th a t stopped a war, this document is more a political ac t representing a form of political agreement or a compromise that aims, above all, at the giving of a possibility for creating new perspectives of Bosnian society, which no longer should be based on conflict and violent forms of resolving political issues.

Legal Aspects of the Private Sector in Bulgaria: Legal and Institutional Framework of the Private Sector

Author(s): Valentin Georgiev / Language(s): English

Following the socialist revolution in 1944, the legal system and legislation served the purpose of fortifying the economic framework of socialist society. A number of laws adopted in the first years of socialism put public property and socialist planned economy in the foreground. Private property was rejected and certain laws were passed stipulating the expropriation of private means of production, the collectivization of farm land, and finally, the nationalization of personal property of citizens - housing, and others.

Debt-Equity Swaps In the Context of Privatization: the Case of Bulgaria

Author(s): Sophia Kassidova / Language(s): English

Bulgaria is continuing transformation towards market-driven economy in a rather strained environment - huge foreign debt burden, sustained losses due to the Gulf War and the UN embargo against Serbia and Montenegro. The establishment of private property and market-oriented legislation, and the ongoing law reform aim at promoting private sector expansion and removing restrictions to foreign capital inflow.

Bansko Municipal Privatization Investment Fund: Rules for Organization and Activities

Author(s): Daniela Bobeva,D. Batchvarov / Language(s): English

The municipal privatization Fund is being established pursuant to the provisions of Article 6, par. 2 (3) of the Law on Privatization and Transformation of State and Municipally Owned Property. According to this section, "the remainder (from the total revenues from the privatization of municipal enterprises, entering a separate account to the respective municipal budget, as set forth in Article 6, par. 2 of the same law) amounting to 88 percent shall be set aside in a special Fund under the discretionary authority of the municipal council, and the funds shall be used in order of priority to cover uncollected debts incurred by municipal enterprises, including payment against loans extended for pending construction projects, as well as for investment purposes.

The Reform in the Bulgarian Banking System

Author(s): Ivan Tabakov / Language(s): English

The economic reforms that were launched in Bulgaria following the democratic changes in late 1989 are meant to carry out the transition from a centrally planned, to market oriented economy. The banking reform is one of the chief preconditions for the organization of a financial system that conforms with market economy principles, which can facilitate the overcoming of the crisis and restoration of macroeconomic stability. The process of institutionalization of the banking system in the country was supposed, within a relatively short period of time, to settle several critical groups of questions. Most notably these were: to lay the foundations of the money and foreign exchange market; to secure stability and trust in the financial institutions; to encourage competition between them. The highlight of the reform of the financial and credit system was the transformation of the Bulgarian National Bank from an instrument of centralized planned management and a banking monopoly, into a central banking institution in a position, through its independent monetary policy, to guarantee the stability of the national currency and the viability of the banking system in Bulgaria.

Възможности за създаване на Централен регистър на юридическите лица и Електронен регистърен център в България – доклад на Работната група към Центъра за изследване на демокрацията

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Bulgarian

The presented report was prepared by the Working Group on Registry Reform at the Center for the Study of Democracy during the period 2001-2003 and reflects the recommendations and suggestions made during its preparation by state institutions, NGOs, representatives of the business and Bulgarian and foreign experts. The main ideas of the report were presented at an international seminar "Modernizing the Commercial Register in Bulgaria", organized on 9 February 2004 by the Ministry of Justice and the Ministry of Economy with the support of the US Agency for International Development.

Доклад за оценка на корупцията 2002

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Bulgarian

Coalition 2000 is an initiative of Bulgarian non-governmental organizations launched in the spring of 1997 with the aim to counter corruption in Bulgarian society through a partnership between state institutions, non-governmental organizations and individuals, who developed and have been implementing an Anti-Corruption Action Plan, a Corruption Monitoring System, and an anti-corruption public awareness campaign. The Corruption Assessment Report - 2002 follows the structure and approach of the Action Plan adopted by the Policy Forum of Coalition 2000 in November 1998. The Report contains a general evaluation of the state and dynamics of corruption in Bulgarian society and of anti-corruption efforts in the year 2002.

Hidden Economy Indexes in Bulgaria 2002-2015: Results and Methodological Notes

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English

The current document presents the methodology for calculation of the Hidden Economy Indexes in Bulgaria among the population and the business, as well as the results of the surveys for the period 2002-2015. Hidden economy surveys in Bulgaria have been carried out by the Center for the Study of Democracy and the market and social research agency Vitosha Research since 2002. Based on data from these surveys, a system of synthetic measurements in the form of composite indices for assessment of the hidden economy was developed. The reason for choosing these particular indicators was to reduce the multiple aspects of the hidden economy phenomenon to a manageable number of illustrative and easy to interpret the indices. The survey questions and sub-indexes, which form the Business Hidden Economy Index and the Index of the Hidden Economic Activity of the Population, are presented in the document. The authors underline the difference between the terms official economy (legal and reported), informal economy (legal, yet unreported), illegal (black) economy (illegal and unreported) and undeclared (gray) economy (legal, formally registered, yet unreported). The last three form the composite term hidden economy.

Индекси на скритата икономика в България 2002-2015: резултати и методологически бележки

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Bulgarian

The current document presents the methodology for calculation of the Hidden Economy Indexes in Bulgaria among the population and the business, as well as the results of the surveys for the period 2002-2015. Hidden economy surveys in Bulgaria have been carried out by the Center for the Study of Democracy and the market and social research agency Vitosha Research since 2002. Based on data from these surveys, a system of synthetic measurements in the form of composite indices for assessment of the hidden economy was developed. The reason for choosing these particular indicators was to reduce the multiple aspects of the hidden economy phenomenon to a manageable number of illustrative and easy to interpret the indices. The survey questions and sub-indexes, which form the Business Hidden Economy Index and the Index of the Hidden Economic Activity of the Population, are presented in the document. The authors underline the difference between the terms official economy (legal and reported), informal economy (legal, yet unreported), illegal (black) economy (illegal and unreported) and undeclared (gray) economy (legal, formally registered, yet unreported). The last three form the composite term hidden economy.

Корупционни индекси. Регионален мониторинг на корупцията в Албания, Босна и Херцеговина, България, Македония, Румъния, Хърватска, СР Югославия Март 2001

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Bulgarian

The present report outlines the key findings of the Regional Corruption Monitoring carried out in seven countries of South Eastern Europe – Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Romania, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro), and Croatia. The surveys conducted in these countries were based on the methodology of the Corruption Monitoring System of Coalition 2000 and marked the beginning of the implementation of a Regional Corruption Monitoring System. The main goal of this comparative analysis of the seven countries from the Balkan region is to show the public significance of the problem of corruption and the extent to which corruption has penetrated into the various elements of society.

Корупционни индекси. Регионален мониторинг на корупцията в Албания, Босна и Херцеговина, България, Македония, Румъния, Хърватия и Югославия Април 2002

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Bulgarian

The report presents key findings about the level of corruption and corruption related perceptions in a cross country perspective. The analysis is based on national sample (n=1000) surveys of the population aged 18 and over in seven countries of Southeast Europe. It also includes comparative data from the 2001 survey conducted using the same methodology.

Germany’s Labour Market Opens to Non-EU Workers: Implications for Poland

Author(s): Katarzyna Michalska / Language(s): English

In March 2020, the new ”Skilled Immigration Act” for qualified professionals from non-EU countries will come into force in Germany. Polish employers are concerned that better employment conditions in that country will encourage Ukrainian economic migrants to leave Poland. However, only some of them will meet the criteria stipulated in the act. If Poland adopts a new labour law improving the procedures for employing foreigners, there likely will be no mass emigration of Ukrainians to Germany in the coming years.

Otwarcie niemieckiego rynku pracy na pracowników spoza UE – konsekwencje dla Polski

Author(s): Katarzyna Michalska / Language(s): Polish

W marcu 2020 r. w Niemczech wejdzie w życie ustawa o imigracji wykwalifikowanej, skierowana do pracowników spoza państw UE. Polscy pracodawcy obawiają się, że lepsze warunki zatrudnienia zachęcą do wyjazdu z Polski ukraińskich migrantów zarobkowych. Jednak tylko niewielka część z nich będzie spełniać kryteria przewidziane w niemieckich przepisach. Jeśli dodatkowo w Polsce zostanie uchwalona ustawa o rynku pracy, która powinna usprawnić procedury zatrudniania cudzoziemców, w najbliższych latach nie dojdzie do masowej emigracji Ukraińców do Niemiec.

Transparency of Public Procurement in Bosnia and Herzegovina - Between Theory and Practice

Author(s): Nermina Voloder / Language(s): English

Transparency is often singled out as one of the key indicators of a just and functional public procurement system, and it refers to the availability of all relevant information that enables stakeholders to become familiar with the rules and procedures applied in the public procurement process. If a public authority fails to ensure a sufficient level of transparency, it is impossible to ascertain whether the public procurement procedure was conducted impartially and in line with the rules. In that context, transparency in the implementation of public procurement contributes to increasing the accountability of public authorities and more efficient control of public spending. Contracting authorities in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) are under the obligation to transparently conduct public procurement procedures and ensure fair and equal treatment of all tenderers in order to achieve the best value for public money. These principles are stipulated in the Law on Public Procurement in Bosnia and Herzegovina (hereinafter: LPPBiH) adopted in April 2014 as part of the public procurement system reforms and harmonisation of domestic legislation with European Union acquis. The new, modernised legal framework was established in BiH ten years after the adoption of the first Law on Public Procurement in 2004, which had shown numerous shortcomings in practice, including some to do with transparency. Although the new law introduced better norms for the aspect of transparency in public procurement, shortcomings that may have significant implications in practice are still evident. One of the aims of this analysis is to assess the extent to which the legal framework ensures an adequate level of transparency in public procurement in BiH, and how transparency could be improved. The analysis offers insight into the main obstacles to transparency in public procurement, especially in light of international standards and comparative practices, focusing primarily on existing legal and institutional solutions in this domain. It should be noted that the new Law on Public Procurement of BiH has been in force only since November 2014, and that certain bylaws relevant to transparency have not yet been adopted. That is why at this stage of research, insight into the practice of public procurement is still limited. This report focuses on the obligations of public institutions stipulated under the Law on Public Procurement of BiH to independently publish key information on public procurement that will enable the public procurement procedure and provide public insight into the process for awarding contracts. Access to all public information in the possession of any institution in BiH, including specific information on public procurement, may also be requested in line with the laws on free access to information adopted at the state and entity level, but this aspect of transparency is not the subject of the present analysis. This report takes into account the main conceptual discussions of transparency in public procurement processes. It then gives an overview of international standards in this area, focusing on European Directives for conducting public procurement procedures, and on decisions of the European Court of Justice. It also presents comparative practices in transparent public procurement in European Union countries with innovative approaches to improving the public procurement system, such as Slovakia and Portugal. The legal frameworks and practices of Western Balkan countries that have in the past few years made innovations to their legal and institutional frameworks for public procurement as part of the European Union approximation process are subject to a separate analysis. This primarily pertains to the experiences of Croatia, Serbia and Slovenia. Past reports on these issues, as well as the old and new legislative and institutional framework are also analysed. Finally, interviews were conducted with representatives of key institutions, including the Public Procurement Agency (hereinafter: PPA) and the Procurement Review Body (hereinafter: PRB), as well as with representatives of the business community in BiH.

Analysis of Legal Protection in Public Procurement Procedures in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Author(s): Stanka Pejaković / Language(s): English

Legal protection in public procurement procedures implies a set of legal norms which govern the mechanisms available to participants in these procedures with the objective of protecting their rights and interests. The legal protection framework ensures the realization of several important objectives of public procurement. Competitive and transparent procedures in public procurement assist legal public authorities to get the best value for money when they procure products and services. This results in cost-effective spending of public funds, faster economic growth and greater competitiveness among entrepreneurs. Open and transparent procedures in public procurement influence prevention of discrimination, cronyism and corruption. From the standpoint of the European Union (EU) the objective of public procurement is also to open the market of public procurement for member states, enabling the participation of entrepreneurs in public procurement procedures outside the boundaries of a particular state. Legal protection is very important for the realization of the above objectives of public procurement. Legal protection regulations should ensure equal legal position for all entrepreneurs in public procurement, the efficient and timely implementation of public procurement procedures, and should also enhance legal security in this area. Unregulated or insufficiently regulated legal protection may cause direct damage to the economy as it enables the choosing of bids that are not necessarily the best. The fallout of this includes other negative effects (political, economic, sociological). Efficient legal protection increases the trust of the public in the transparency of procedures, and encourages entrepreneurs to participate in public procurement procedures. Efficient legal protection can also act as a preventive measure against a concrete contracting authority or other contracting authorities, in the sense of ensuring that there is no infringement of public procurement rules. Apart from their prominent position in any legal system, national norms regarding legal protection in the EU member states, candidate status states and accession states are founded in European Law, and as such, they are the result of the harmonization of national legislation with the requirements of European law. In this way the harmonization of legal protection in member states, candidate states and potential candidates is achieved. The request for harmonized procedures in member states derives from an understanding that different procedures in different states have a negative impact on the functioning of a unified European market. The European legislation is important for Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) not only as an instrument for the strengthening of the economy, but also in respect of the commitments undertaken earlier to gradually harmonize BiH legislation with that of the EU. One of the areas where BiH legislation is harmonized with European law is the area of public procurement. The subject-matter of this study is legal protection in public procurement procedures in Bosnia and Herzegovina, which is implemented as an administrative and administrative-judicial protection, in the manner of critically deliberating the relevant issues of legal protection of participants in public procurement procedures. The present analysis deals with the existing rules that govern legal protection in public procurement procedures having in mind the potential consequences of incomplete or inadequate regulation, which affects the rights and interests of participants in public procurement procedures. Above all, this study is focused on the analysis of rules which govern the basic legal remedy available to participants in the public procurement procedures against the decision of the contracting authority of the aforementioned action or omission of action or the procedure of the contracting authority, followed by an analysis of appeal in an administrative dispute. In this sense, the present study suggests the direction of possible legal intervention which could improve the legal protection rules in public procurement procedures in BiH with regard to the relevant European and comparative law. Accordingly, in addition to a review of legal protection in accordance with the existing de lege lata, this study also includes questions with regard to what this protection should be in view of the requirements of European law (de lege ferenda). The initial assumption in this analysis is that legal protection in any state is regulated independently, but the autonomy of member states (and future member states that have already undertaken some commitments) is restricted by EU rules. As a result, the conclusions in this study inevitably deal with the influence of the relevant European law regarding the provision of effective legal remedies in public procurement procedures by observing the practice of the European Court of Justice in Luxembourg (the European Court), and the regulations that govern the availability of legal remedies in the area of legal protection in some member states that have implemented European law (such as Croatia and Slovenia). The objective of this study is to see what lessons can be drawn from the experience of the aforementioned states and in what manner these lessons can be applied in BiH law with the aim of further improving the legislation of legal protection. Thus an insight is gained about the relationship between legal regulation and practice, and in this respect the inadequacies in the existing legal protection norms in public procurement procedures in BiH can be observed. The presentation of the methodological and analytical framework of this study (Chapter 2) is followed by a summary of the relevant EU legal acts (Chapter 3) and a subsequent analysis of the legal and institutional framework of public procurement in BiH (Chapter 4). In the chapter on legal protection (Chapter 5) procedural rules are analyzed. The results of this analysis are summed up in the Conclusion (Chapter 6). In Chapter 7 there is a list of proposals for possible decisions with regard to the previously recognized problems.

Preporuke za unaprjeđenje pravne zaštite u postupcima javne nabave u Bosni i Hercegovini

Author(s): Not Specified Author / Language(s): Bosnian

Pravna zaštita u postupcima javne nabave podrazumijeva skup pravnih normi koje uređuju mehanizme koji stoje na raspolaganju sudionicima u postupcima javne nabave u Bosni i Hercegovini (BiH), ako smatraju da su im odlukom ugovornoga tijela povrijeđena njihova prava i pravni interesi. Adekvatan normativni okvir osigurava i ostvarivanje temeljnih ciljeva pravne zaštite u postupcima javne nabave, kakvi su poticanje konkurencije, sprječavanje diskriminacije, nepotizma i korupcije. Na temelju takvog normativnog okvira, omogućava se i nabava roba i usluga bolje kvalitete za nižu cijenu (engl. best value for money), utječe se na racionalno trošenje javnopravnih sredstava i na brži gospodarski razvoj, te se osigurava i prilagodba temeljnim načelima i drugim standardima europskoga prava.

Transparentne javne nabavke u Bosni i Hercegovini: Nova rješenja za stari problem

Author(s): Nermina Voloder / Language(s): Bosnian

Iako je usvajanjem Zakona o javnim nabavkama u Bosni i Hercegovini iz 2014. godine donesen i niz novih odredaba koje imaju za cilj unaprijediti transparentnost u procesu javnih nabavki, i dalje u tom domenu postoje ograničenja koja mogu imati značajne negativne implikacije na praksu. Zakonskim okvirom, između ostalog, nije osigurana adekvatna dostupnost informacija o planiranim javnim nabavkama, budući da se planovi javnih nabavki ne objavljuju na portalu javnih nabavki. Objavljeni planovi nabavki ne uključuju postupke za dodjelu ugovora male vrijednosti, niti se odluke o dodjeli ugovora putem ovih postupaka objavljuju javno. Uočljiv je nedostatak odredaba koje bi doprinijele objavljivanju ugovora koje javni sektor sklapa sa ponuđačima. Također, nisu razvijene smjernice za primjenu kriterija za ocjenjivanje ponuda, posebno kriterija ekonomski najpovoljnije ponude. Stoga je od ključne važnosti unaprijediti zakonsku regulativu kako bi se uklonile uočene manjkavosti, te osigurao znatno veći nivo transparentnosti u javnim nabavkama u Bosni i Hercegovini.

Transparentnost javnih nabavki u Bosni i Hercegovini - Između teorije i prakse

Author(s): Nermina Voloder / Language(s): Bosnian

Transparentnost se često izdvaja kao jedan od ključnih pokazatelja pravednog i funkcionalnog sistema javnih nabavki, a podrazumijeva dostupnost svih relevantnih informacija koje omogućavaju zainteresiranim subjektima da budu upoznati sa pravilima i procedurama koje se primjenjuju u procesu javnih nabavki. Ukoliko javni organ ne osigura adekvatan nivo transparentnosti, nije moguće provjeriti da li je postupak javne nabavke proveden nepristrasno i u skladu sa procedurama. U tom kontekstu, transparentno provođenje javnih nabavki doprinosi većoj odgovornosti javnih organa i efikasnijoj kontroli trošenja javnih sredstava. Ugovorni organi u Bosni i Hercegovini (BiH) dužni su transparentno provoditi postupke javne nabavke, osigurati jednak i fer tretman svih ponuđača, a sve sa ciljem postizanja najbolje vrijednosti za javni novac. Ovi principi propisani su Zakonom o javnim nabavkama u Bosni i Hercegovini (u daljnjem tekstu: ZJNBiH), koji je usvojen u aprilu 2014. godine, kao dio reforme sistema javnih nabavki i usklađivanja domaćeg zakonodavstva sa legislativom Evropske unije. Novi, modernizirani zakonski okvir u BiH uspostavljen je deset godina nakon usvajanja prvog Zakona o javnim nabavkama iz 2004. godine, koji je u praksi pokazao brojne manjkavosti, između ostalog, i u domenu transparentnosti. Iako je novim zakonom bolje normiran aspekt transparentnosti u javnim nabavkama, i dalje su uočljivi nedostaci koji bi mogli imati značajne implikacije na praksu. U ovoj analizi upravo je jedan od ciljeva procijeniti u kojoj mjeri zakonski okvir osigurava adekvatan nivo transparentnosti u javnim nabavkama u BiH, te na koji bi se način transparentnost mogla unaprijediti. Analiza nudi uvid u glavne prepreke transparentnosti u oblasti javnih nabavki, posebno u svjetlu međunarodnih standarda i komparativnih praksi, prvenstveno se fokusirajući na postojeća zakonska i institucionalna rješenja u ovoj oblasti. Potrebno je napomenuti da se novi Zakon o javnim nabavkama BiH primjenjuje tek od novembra 2014. godine te određeni podzakonski akti relevantni za transparentnost još nisu doneseni. Iz tog je razloga uvid u praksu javnih nabavki ograničen u ovoj fazi istraživanja. Ovaj izvještaj stavlja fokus na obaveze javnih institucija da, u skladu sa Zakonom o javnim nabavkama BiH, samoinicijativno objavljuju ključne informacije o javnim nabavkama, koje omogućavaju provođenje postupka javnih nabavki, ali i uvid javnosti u proces dodjele ugovora. Također, pristup svim javnim informacijama u posjedu bilo koje institucije u BiH, uključujući i specifične informacije o javnim nabavkama, moguće je zahtijevati u skladu sa zakonima o slobodnom pristupu informacijama, koji su usvojeni na državnom i entitetskom nivou, no taj aspekt transparentnosti nije predmet ove analize. Za potrebe ovog izvještaja u obzir su uzete glavne rasprave konceptualne prirode kada je u pitanju transparentnost u procesima javnih nabavki. Potom je urađen pregled međunarodnih standarda u ovoj oblasti, sa fokusom na Direktive Evropske unije o provođenju postupaka javne nabavke, kao i na presude Evropskog suda pravde. Također, predstavljene su komparativne prakse u domenu transparentnih javnih nabavki u zemljama Evropske unije, koje imaju inovativne pristupe unapređenju sistema javnih nabavki, poput Slovačke i Portugala. Posebno su analizirani zakonski okviri i prakse zemalja regije zapadnog Balkana, koje su u posljednjih nekoliko godina inovirale svoj zakonski i institucionalni okvir u ovom domenu, kao dio procesa približavanja članstvu u Evropskoj uniji. Ovdje se prije svega misli na iskustva Hrvatske, Srbije i Slovenije. Analizirani su i dosadašnji izvještaji u ovoj oblasti, te stari i novi zakonski i institucionalni okvir. Konačno, urađeni su intervjui sa predstavnicima ključnih institucija, uključujući Agenciju za javne nabavke (u daljnjem tekstu: AJN) i Ured za razmatranje žalbi (u daljnjem tekstu: URŽ), kao i sa predstavnicima poslovne zajednice u BiH.

Zakończenie

Author(s): Edyta Małecka-Ziembińska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Strategie firm w obliczu sankcji nałożonych na Rosję

Author(s): Beata Stępień,Szymon Truskolaski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Purpose: In this chapter, we analyse how companies responded to sanctions imposed on Russia after its invasion of Ukraine. We examine the impact of selected external (public-legal pressure, the size of sanctions and crisis caused by the war) and internal factors (strategic agility, code of ethics and sustainable conduct) on the degree of compliance with sanctions and the type of adaptation strategies adopted. Design/methodology/approach: The objects of the study are medium-sized companies from countries that have imposed sanctions (here, Poland, Germany and the US). The results come from an electronic questionnaire survey conducted in 2023 among 610 medium-sized companies operating in industries directly or indirectly affected by trade restrictions. Findings: The company’s code of ethics and the perceived severity of the crisis have the greatest impacton the approach to sanctions and respective adaptation strategies. At the same time, external and internal pressure affect companies in opposite directions, with consequences for their adaptation strategies.