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REFLECTIONS ON DATA OF ORAL HISTORY COLLECTED BY THE SURVEYS OF THE JEWISH COMMUNITY FROM ORADEA

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REFLECTIONS ON DATA OF ORAL HISTORY COLLECTED BY THE SURVEYS OF THE JEWISH COMMUNITY FROM ORADEA

Author(s): Anca Oltean / Language(s): English Issue: 13/2021

This is a paper based on my PhD thesis “The history of the Jews from Romania and Hungary (1945-1953) in the Romanian and Hungarian Historical Writings”. From the consultation of the edite bibliography that we put at the basis of the present study it results that we have studied of an appreciable literature dedicated to the study of Jewish phenomena after the Second World War, published in Romania and Hungary. Written by Romanian and Hungarian historians, some of Jewish origins, the edite bibliography reveals us a series of particularities of the evolution of Jewish community during communist period in Central Europe. The sources of oral history allow us to give new insights on a community on fighting for the coming out from the tragedy of Holocaust, the adaptation to the newly political economical realities of the area, but also for the prezervation of identity. Thus were questioned 8 members of the Jewish Community of Oradea, who either them or members of their family members were returned from deportation with the view of the early postwar years in Oradea and their welcoming back in the community near the Crisul Repede River.

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Violence and Movement: Conflict, Genocide and the Darker Side of ‘Travel’

Author(s): Jonathan Locke Hart / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

Travel is often thought to be an adventure, an exploration, a way of knowing self and world, a break from the stresses of everyday life, a vacation. But there can be a dark side to travel, as in voyages that are part of invasion, conflict and enforced transport. Here, I wish to concentrate on conflict, domination, murder and genocide and do so, at various moments, by referring to the Norse sagas, including the encounter with the Skrælings in the New World and, more briefly, Columbus’ and the Spaniards’ violent treatment of the Natives in the New World and the German transport, torture and murder of Jews in the Shoah, or Holocaust.

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Pamięć o Żydach w wielkich słownikach języka polskiego. Rekonesans

Author(s): Wojciech Chlebda / Language(s): Polish Issue: 33/2022

Nine centuries of Polish-Jewish contacts in all spheres of life left a mark in Polish. The author of thearticle decided to check how significant and how durable this trace is, looking in the great dictionariesof the Polish language for units considered as carriers of memory of Jews. The author asksthe question which prejudges the fact that a certain unit of language can be considered as a carrierof the memory of Jews and wonders in which linguistic forms this Jewish element can be manifestedin dictionaries. The initial analysis included 240 carriers of memory (“verbal judaics”), sampled fromjournals, memoir literature and tourist guides edited after 2000, as well as two dictionaries intendedfor the mass audience: the Dictionary of Polish edited by M. Szymczak and Another Dictionary of Polishedited by M. Bańko. It turned out that these dictionaries recorded only 25% of the collected corpsof verbal judaics, often depriving the definitions of these units of the Jewish component. The authorreflects on the social consequences of this state of affairs and its relationship with the “collective narcissism”of the Polish society, and on the historical policy pursued by the Polish state.

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Anotácie

Author(s): Tomáš Pastucha,Pavol Vlček,Samuel Červeňanský,Lukáš Tkáč / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

Annotations of: 1. Jelínek, Pavol (ed.). „Čriepky : Zborník Martine Kušnírovej in memoriam“, Malacky : Pavol Jelínek, 2020, 232 p. ISBN 978-80-570-1700-4; 2. Prudovič, Marek. „Ústava rímskej republiky“, Praha : Leges, 2021, 179 p. ISBN 978-80-7502-545-6; 3. Wright, Nicholas Thomas. „Pavol: Život a dielo apoštola národov“, Bratislava : Porta Libry, 2021. 400 p. ISBN 978-80- 8156-237-2; 4. Vrábel, Ferdinand. „Vlastenci a hrdinovia : Slováci v prvom odboji“, Bratislava : Nadácia Milana Rastislava Štefánika, 2021, 168 p. ISBN 978-80-972465-3-2; 5. Snyder, Timothy. „Čierna zem: Holokaust ako história a varovanie“, Bratislava : Premedia, 2. vyd., 2019. 432 p. ISBN 978-80-8159-696-4; 6. Hlavinka, Ján – Salner, Peter (ed.). „Tábor smrti Sobibor : Dejiny a odkaz“, Bratislava : Ústav etnológie a sociálnej antropológie SAV, Dokumentačné stredisko holokaustu, Marenčin PT, 2019, 262 p. ISBN 978-80-569-0449-7.

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Instruments of Murder - Leadership Styles and Compliance in the SS-Einsatzgruppen

Author(s): Maayan Armelin / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

The article follows two Einsatzgruppen officers and explores how their leadership styles encouraged rank and file members under their command to participate in mass executions. Reading into post-war testimonies, the study traces the historical, social, and organisational factors that shaped the officers’ approaches, and how they manifested during their Einsatzgruppen operations. The inquiry utilises social psychology to distinguish and characterize each leadership style, and to assess how their separate and combined influences prompted followers’ apparent willingness to participate in mass murder.

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Survival in the Ghetto of Moghilev-Podolsky. A Microhistorical Inquiry

Author(s): Julie Dawson / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

The ghetto of Moghilev-Podolsky was the largest in Romanian-controlled Transnistria. Despite this, no study devoted exclusively to this ghetto exists to this day. In the present article I take a microhistorical approach to illuminate aspects of ghetto life and probe the experience of the individual. Framed around the narrative of one man’s oral history held at the Fortunoff Archive of Holocaust Testimonies, I follow the stations of passage within the ghetto, seeking to highlight those places where agency engendered survival and where circumstances overtook any control an individual may have held.

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From Exclusion, Deprivation, and Persecution to Suicide. Analysing Data on the Suicides of Jews in Vienna 1938–1945

Author(s): Wolfgang Schellenbacher / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

Between 1938 and 1945, at least 1,100 Jews in Vienna died by suicide in the face of exclusion, deprivation, and persecution. This article examines data on suicides in Vienna put together for a symposium and commemoration ceremony, drawing from the databases of the Documentation Centre of Austrian Resistance. Suicides peaked after the “Anschluss” of Austria in March 1938, but also increased during the November pogrom and at times when people feared losing their housing. While research had already suggested a connection between the mass transports from Vienna between autumn 1941 and autumn 1942, the data allows for an in depth-analysis into the correlation between transports and suicides and can demonstrate this on the level of individual transports leaving Vienna. Additionally, the article looks into the average age, the types of suicides, and demographic aspects, such as differences according to gender.

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Forgive and Forget. The Vatican and the Escape of Nazi War Criminals from Justice

Author(s): Gerald J. Steinacher / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

The Vatican and other Catholic leaders’ ideas about crime and punishment were different from those of the Allies. The leadership of the Catholic Church – Pope Pius XII, his closest advisors, and many cardinals and bishops – opposed the Allied war crime trials and denazification efforts after World War II, and their opposition intensified over time. This included criticism of war crime trials as well as rejections of widespread administrative purges. Catholic organisations assiduously provided moral, financial, and material support for accused and convicted Holocaust perpetrators. By 1948, the efforts of saving Nazis from the gallows had turned into a full-blown Catholic crusade against Nuremberg. The Vatican Secretariat of State and the Pope himself obstructed Allied justice by violating international agreements for the extradition of war criminals to the countries where they had committed their crimes (e.g. the Moscow Declaration). By using archival sources, I illustrate this second point with the case of the Croatian war criminals and quislings hiding in Italy – some of them inside the Vatican – which were circumstances that did not escape the attention of the Allies. Also, I make it clear that the Papal Aid Commission was extensively involved in helping Nazi war criminals escape justice by channelling them overseas, to places where they could not be extradited. Very few studies investigate in tandem the Vatican responses to Nuremberg justice and the issues of the so-called “Ratline”. In my view, these two – often separately discussed – topics are closely intertwined, and establishing the link between them is one of the major contributions of this paper. While actively aiding Nazi escape and shielding perpetrators from prosecution represent different points on a spectrum, it is often unclear where one ends and the other begins.

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Artefakte der Holocaustliteratur in der Aufarbeitung des Völkermordes in Ruanda

Author(s): Messan Tossa / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2022

This paper explores intertextual entanglements between the Holocaust Literature and the Literature to genocide in Rwanda. The evidence of thematic, formal and aesthetic connections confirms the paradigmatic position of the Holocaust linked with the construction of a global memory regarding trauma representation. The paper points out the dialogic dimension of this entanglement by analysing a corpus of ten literary works dealing either with the Holocaust or with the genocide in Rwanda.

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Erzwungener Freitod. Selbstmorde von Wiener Jüdinnen und Juden während der Shoah

Author(s): Winfried R. Garscha,Eleonore Lappin-Eppel,Michael Preitschopf,Joseph Pardes / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2022

Im Jahr 1944, im Lager Janowska tröstete Simon Wiesenthal die Leute, die um ihn herum begonnen hatten zu weinen, so: „Ich war im Gefängnis, habe drei Selbstmorde versucht und Sie sehen, ich lebe. Und wahrscheinlich ist es uns beschert zu leben.“ Erlauben Sie uns, dieses Symposium mit seinen Erinnerungen zu eröffnen.

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Zwischen Ignoranz, Missbrauch und Konkurrenz. Zum Stand von Geschichtspolitik, Erinnerungskultur und Holocaust-Gedenken

Author(s): Dirk Rupnow / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2022

Questions of historical politics and culture of remembrance are once again the focus of public attention. After the phase of its globalisation and institutionalisation, Holocaust remembrance also seems to be subject to a far-reaching process of change. The lecture tries to outline the current status and the current challenges in the European, “Western” and global context. This raises (again) questions about the significance of Holocaust remembrance in European migration societies, not least in times when immigration to Europe was perceived as a crisis and the resulting isolationist tendencies, as well as a clearly evident racism and a steadily growing Islamophobia; and at the same time about the global competitive relationship between the memory of the Holocaust and the crimes of European colonial powers in the world as well as their place in a European memory – none of which are new questions, but still or probably increasingly relevant and controversial.

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Eliyana R. Adler: Survival on the Margins. Polish Jewish Refugees in the Wartime Soviet Union

Author(s): Klaus-Peter Friedrich / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2022

Review of: Klaus-Peter Friedrich - Eliyana R. Adler: Survival on the Margins. Polish Jewish Refugees in the Wartime Soviet Union

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KLISZE PAMIĘCI. LABIRYNTY MARIANA KOŁODZIEJA W CENTRUM ŚW. MAKSY MILIANA W HARMĘŻACH I ANONIMOWE SZKICE PRZECHOWYWANE W ZASOBACH MUZEUM GROSS -ROSEN JAKO DOKUMENTY CZASU ZAGŁADY

Author(s): Lucyna Sadzikowska,Aleksandra Giełdoń-Paszek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 118/2022

On the lower floor of the Church of Our Lady of the Immaculate in Harmęże, which is part of the St Maximilian Centre, an exhibition has been installed entitled ‘Memory Files. Labyrinths’. The exhibition features drawings by Marian Kołodziej, a former Auschwitz prisoner designated as no. 432. The Archives of the Gross-Rosen Museum in Rogoźnica contain a collection of sketches by an anonymous author, most likely a prisoner at the concentration camp, as yet unpublished in their original form with back matter. The authors of this article jointly present the individual drawings by Kołodziej as well as the anonymous drawings which are preserved in the museum’s archives. Their value as testimonials is emphasised and the undeniable artistic value of the illustrations is highlighted. Both ‘Memory Files. Labyrinths’ and the drawings from Gross-Rosen, which Henryk Motowilczuk donated in 2007 to the Archives of the Gross-Rosen Museum (ref. 11022/DP), have documentary value and enrich the study on World War II. Seven compositions – drawn in pairs of two or four sheets of wrapping paper and a single drawing on three sheets – and the exhibition of Kołodziej’s drawings served as the sources for the article, which follows the case study method. From the perspective of an art historian and literary scholar, the text is a synthetic presentation of testimony: a composition of drawings created after almost 50 years of silence on the subject of Kołodziej’s experiences in the concentration camp and a document of camp life found behind a picture frame almost 60 years after the camp was liberated, seen from an individual perspective. The paper addresses the issue of the analogy of drawing to reality, touches on the essence of each sketch individually and outlines the strategies undertaken by the draughtsman.

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Przed obliczem wadowickiej Temidy (cz. II)

Author(s): Marcin Witkowski / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 17/2014

Anzelm Anton Pilarek came from a Polish Silesian family living in Laurahütte near Katowice. As a young boy, he fled to Poland in 1919, where he participated in the Polish-Bolshevik war. Released from the army, he returned to the German Silesia and engaged in various jobs on the edge of the law. In 1936, he was arrested for having insulted Reich Minister Göbbels and sentenced to 4 years of imprisonment. He was not released, as he was sent as a criminal prisoner to the Auschwitz concentration camp. Exercising the function of vorarbeiter and untercapo in the ‘wooden yard’ of the DAW kommando, he committed numerous crimes against his fellow inmates, whom he beat, tortured and killed. He inspired fear among prisoners and had the reputation of a sadist. In 1944 he was compulsorily conscripted into the Dirlewanger Brigade, but he escaped during his transport to Minsk. After the war, Anzelm Pilarek was captured by the British and deported to Poland. Witnesses’ confessions during the investigation and trials irrefutably proved his guilt and on 18 June 1949 he was sentenced to death by the Regional Court in Wadowice. His execution took place in the Wadowice prison.

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Съдбата на евреите от Югозападна България през 1940–1944 г.

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Съдбата на евреите от Югозападна България през 1940–1944 г.

Author(s): Ivan Hadhiiski / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3-4/1998

On the basis of newly discovered and unpublished documents the author shows the unenviable camps at the town of Doupnitsa prior to their being transported to the concentration camps in Poland and Germany, and the attempts of compassionate Doupnitsa citizens to ease their lot as far as they could and, despite the strict prohibitions, supplying them with food, clothes and medicines. Stress is laid of the role of a group of members of the 25th Ordinary National Assembly, supported by eminent Bulgarian public figures and intellectuals, in opposing the decision of the Bulgarian Government to extradite also the Bulgarian Jews from the old boundaries of the State to the concentration camps in Eastern Europe. Set against the background of the struggle for rescuing the Bulgarian Jews which met with success, the author describes the selfless assistance by patriotic Bulgarians from the small towns in SW Bulgaria who offered assistance and material and moral support to the Jews.

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Zwykła organizacja, nadzwyczajna przemoc państwowa. Polska policja granatowa a Zagłada we wschodniej części dystryktu krakowskiego

Author(s): Tomasz Frydel / Language(s): Polish Issue: 17/2021

This (abridged) article proposes a conceptual model of social interaction to consider the behavior of the ‘ordinary men’ of the Polish ‘Blue’ Police (Polnische Polizei) and the Holocaust. It suggests three key factors shaped the actions of its rank-and-file members: the German Order Police, the Polish Underground State, and the local population. This triangular matrix of pressures represents the structure within which the limited agency of the policemen must be placed. The analysis employs a broad, regional thick description of approximately 30 postwar trial proceedings of former members of the Blue Police and others tried or investigated on the basis of the August Decree of 1944, capturing some 70 named Blue Policemen. Its emphasis is on the so-called third phase of the Holocaust, characterized by widespread manhunts for fugitive Jews following the German deportation Aktions to death camps from mid-1942 to late 1944. The geographical focus of the investigation is the Subcarpathian region, which corresponded to seven counties (Kreise) in the eastern half of District Kraków of the General Government. The article finds that the behavior of the policemen was far more situational than it was ideological in nature. The case of the Blue Police points to a less determinate role of antisemitism in the spectrum of motivation. This does not negate the presence of antisemitism in its ranks or the deadly role the policemen played in relation to Jews in hiding, but it does question the attitude-behavior consistency as a sufficient explanation for participation in mass murder.

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Na polach Treblinki. Profanacja terenów po obozie śmierci w świetle relacji i dokumentów

Author(s): Michał Kowalski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 17/2021

New documents and testimonies concerning the infamous, but incompletely described practice of the profanation of the Treblinka mass graves in the years after the war, show that it was a popular process, the scale of which has not been completely determined. The mass graves began to be dug up immediately after the Germans’ escape in August 1944. The practice continued, gaining momentum particularly throughout 1946‒1947. Testimonies dating back to that period are surprisingly convergent. From the materials collected emerge important threads of spontaneous or criminal organization of that practice, the system of middlemen who helped sell the unearthed valuables, and the astonishing paralysis of the law enforcement agencies.

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Co widać zaraz po wojnie? Zapomniane obrazy Zagłady z lat czterdziestych

Author(s): Jan Borowicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 17/2021

This article concerns forgotten short stories, films, and plays written during the first years after the war (1945‒1949) which evoked the chronologically close Holocaust experience. The author ventures a thesis that during that short period emerged representations that touched upon the most difficult aspects of the Holocaust and the relations between the Jewish victims and the ethnically Polish witnesses. The re-articulation of those issues was possible only nowadays. The works which took up the topic of the Polish surroundings’ hostility to the Jews, the appropriation of Jewish property by the Poles and the their compliance in the Holocaust have either been forgotten or – as in the case of movies – their distribution was discontinued. The period immediately after the war facilitates a closer look on the Polish awareness of the wartime and occupation-period events and also shows how the dominant Holocaust narration which was being born at that time obscures those diagnoses.

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Feliks Tych. Historyk (ocalały z) Zagłady

Author(s): Tomasz Siewierski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 17/2021

This article presents the biography of Feliks Tych, historian, researcher of the left, a long-standing employee of the Party History Institute of the Party History Institute of the Central Committee of the Polish United Workers’ Party, Central Archives of the the Central Committee of the Polish United Workers’ Party, director of the Jewish Historical Institute. The text focuses on previously unknown threads of Tych’s life, concerning his Jewish home in Radomsko, and of his imprisonment and escape from the ghetto in the town on the eve of the great liquidation operation, as well as the circumstances of his survival in occupied Warsaw. The post-war fate of the historian is subsequently discussed, reflecting on the consequences of war-time experiences and their impact on Tych’s career choices.

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W poszukiwaniu lokalnej pamięci o Zagładzie. Przypadek upamiętniania społeczności żydowskich w mniejszych miejscowościach we współczesnej Polsce

Author(s): Marta Duch-Dyngosz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 17/2021

In the article I analyzed different strategies of representing the Holocaust in initiatives commemorating Jewish communities in local Poland. The annihilation of the Jews is the example of a difficult memory. The social phenomenon undermines the group values and social norms. With regard to local communities the difficult memory has often stemmed from the experience of “being close to the Shoah”. The particular position toward suffering of Jewish community had become a ground for varied attitudes of (co)responsibility and (co)participation of members of local communities regarding the Holocaust. Generally, memory about those events was subject of a vernacular transmission after the war, yet it didn’t become public one. In the consequence, in towns inhabited by numerous Jewish communities till the Holocaust, a specific community of memory had been shaped aftermath: characterized mainly by conspiracy of silence regarding Jewish history and culture. Yet, in the recent time in those social spaces one may observe more and more commemorative initiatives which has been invoking various aspects of the local Jewish heritage. Usually, in commemorative practices and products a group portraits itself. Thus, referring – by almost exclusively non-Jewish social actors – to Jewish history and culture has raised some ethical concerns. In the article I took into consideration form, content and social actors involved in selected commemorative practices (such as days of memory, lectures, walks, performances) and commemorative products (books, documentaries, inhibits of local museums, memorials) which concern the annihilation of the Jewish community. It enabled me to characterize a self-perception (actual or desired) of a group in the context of invoked history of the Holocaust. Important was what in this specific representation of the past remained absent or silenced. In the article I distinguished three strategies of representing the annihilation of the Jews, which are as follows: 1) neutralizing and closing up difficult themes; 2) counterbalancing, excluding and subordinating history of the Shoah; 3) including and recognizing the Jewish memory. I applied critical discourse analysis referring to Elżbieta Janicka and Tomasz Żukowski’s study of philosemitic violence, among others.

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