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Спогади Лева Биковського про Варшавське повстання: біографічний та краєзнавчий вимір

Author(s): Ihor Stambol / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 9/2021

The article analyzes the memoirs of the Warsaw Uprising of 1944, written by one of the most prominent Ukrainian bibliologists, librarians and bibliographers – Lev Ustymovych Bykowski (1895–1992), who also joined the librarianship of Czechoslovakia and Poland and served as director of the Warsaw Public Library in the most dramatic moments in the history of the Polish capital – the anti-Nazi uprising. Among the figures mentioned in the memoir are: Janina Peszynska (1887-1949) – head of the Arts department of the Public Library and an active participant in the Warsaw Uprising; Regina Tchaikovsky – daughter of famous writer Alexander Sventokhovsky; Professor Jerzy Kowalski (1893-1948) – classical philologist, writer, professor of Lviv and Wroclaw universities; writer Maria Dombrovska (1889-1960); Mayor of Warsaw Julian Kulski; Prince Victor Viktorovich Kochubey (1893-1953); former minister of UPR Stanislav Stempovsky – former minister of UPR and others. In the context of local lore, the events around the Warsaw Public Library and the situation on Marshalkowska, Koszykova, Poznanska, Emilia Plater, Goza, etc. are most noted. There is also a lot of evidence in the memoir of Warsaw’s cultural institutions and their condition after the uprising.

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Muslimanske rezolucije – integralni tekstovi

Author(s): Hikmet Karčić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 88/2021

By signing the texts of the Resolutions at the beginning of the Second World War in years 1941 and 1942 against violent oppression of citizens, especially Jews, Serbs and Roma, in, then newly created, Independent State of Croatia, Bosniaks have primarily expressed their humanity. In the time when the evil of Nazism, almost without any public condemnation, raided Europe, Bosniaks from Prijedor, Sarajevo, Mostar, Banja Luka, Bijeljina, Tuzla, Zenica, Bosanska Dubica and Bugojno stood up, raised their voice against the Nazi evil. In this article, for the first time in Bosnian language we bring entire texts of ten Muslim resolutions that condemned the crimes committed over the innocent citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina at the beginning of the Second World War.

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Život a smrt poslance Františka Schwarze

Author(s): Jiří Plachý / Language(s): Czech Issue: 01/2022

František Schwarz (1891–1947) was one of the principal critics of the adoption of the Munich Agreements and the emerging totalitarian system of the so-called Second Republic. He joined the foreign resistance just a few weeks after the German occupation had started, and spent most of the war in Great Britain, yet his life ended in a Pankrác prison cell a year before the communist coup d’état, in February 1947. The reason was his the opposition he showed during World War Two.

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Poveste cu final așteptat: Rebeliunea legionară din ianuarie 1941

Author(s): Gheorghe Onisoru / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1-2/2021

The bankruptcy of the authoritarian regime of King Carol II facilitated the establishment in September, 1940 of the “National-Legionary” State. Led by General Ion Antonescu and politically supported by the Legionary Movement, the new regime went bankrupt in four months. Our study aims to identify the motives and motives that led to the “rebellion” of January, 1941.

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ĆAMIL SIJARIĆ, „OSLOBOĐENI JASENOVAC”- PODIJELJENA TRAUMA ŽRTVE

Author(s): Dragana Kujović / Language(s): Slavic (Other) Issue: 1-2/2022

Ćamil Sijarić, a Montenegrin writer and participant in People’s Liberation War, TANJUG reporter, and journalist, was one of the first to enter Jasenovac concentration camp in April 1945, immediately after its liberation In his writings Oslobođeni Jasenovac, between fiction and journalistic style, Sijarić testified a few decades later about the horrors andmost terrible suffering of camp prisoners and shares with readers the traumatic memory of suffering, pain and misfortune of the persecuted. Most ofthem were not combatants of the national liberation movement. In his notes on the Jasenovac concentration camp, Sijarić follows the facts about the severe violence that took place there and inserts images of victims into the entire Yugoslav memories of war horrors, which surpass, as much as symbols,the particularity of historical memories

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TRINAESTOJULSKI USTANAK I NOP U OKUPATORSKOJ ŠTAMPI NA TERITORIJI CRNE GORE TOKOM 1941. GODINE

Author(s): Božena Miljić / Language(s): Slavic (Other) Issue: 1-2/2022

After the capitulation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the April war, the occupation authority of fascist Italy was established on the territory of Montenegro. The revolt of a part of the population culminated on July 13, 1941, when a mass uprising broke out. Even after the collapse of the uprising, members of the People’s Liberation Movement continued to resist the occupier – first the Italian, then the German authorities. The occupying power also established control over the press, as a means of informing the population. The focus of this paper will be on how the press, which was under the supervision of the occupying authorities, presented (or rather, did not present) the Thirteenth of July Uprising and how throughout 1941 the newspapersreported on the actions of members of the partisan movement. It is interestingto follow how the occupation propaganda functioned, through newspapers available to the ordinary population, with which they wanted to impose a different view of reality in Montenegro.

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Tymczasowa siedziba władz Generalnego Gubernatorstwa. Łódź jako okupacyjny ośrodek administracyjny i siedziba Hansa Franka jesienią 1939 roku

Author(s): Marcin Przegiętka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2022

As soon as the German military authority established temporary administration for the occupied Polish area in September 1939, its main administrative centre was located in Łódź. The decision was made in accordance with Hitler’s will in order to degrade the status of Warsaw. Łódź was the headquarters of Chief of Administration Hans Frank, who was personally appointed by Hitler and later, after 26 October, became Governor-General. His headquarters still remained in Łódź after the establishment of the General Government (at the end of October and at beginning of November). It was there that he made his firsts decisions concerning the entire area of the General Government. Hans Frank only moved to Krakow on 7 November.

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The Murders of Jews by the 707th Infantry Division in Belarus in 1941/42. The Diary of a Regimental Commander

Author(s): Peter Lieb / Language(s): English Issue: 3-4/2021

The Wehrmacht as institution was involved in the murder of the Jews during Operation Barbarossa. However, it was very rare that individual units participated directly in the genocide. The 707th Infantry was an exception though as approximately over 10,000 Jews were killed under its command in Belarus in 1941/42. The personal diary of Colonel Carl von Andrian, a regimental commander in this division, gives insight into the mindset of a perpetrator. Andrian harboured strict anti-semitic views and did not protest when a limited number of Jews were shot as ‘reprisals’. However, he rejected systematic genocide, particularly the murder of women and children, and forbade his regiment to participate in these killings.

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Formația germană a lui Nicolae Iorga de către el însuși relatată și concepția sa asupra istoriei

Author(s): Sorin Cristescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 5-6/2021

Nicolae Iorga’s proficiency in German offered him the possibility to study at various German universities. At Leipzig, his doctoral supervisor was the historian Karl Lamprecht (1856- 1915), who was one of the chief proponents of the “history of culture” (Kulturgeschichte). Later, the influence of his German mentor could be seen in the way Nicolae Iorga wrote about various aspects of the Romanian civilization. His knowledge of German history gave the Romanian scholar the possibility to anticipate the defeat of both the Imperial Germany and Nazi Germany.

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Zbrodnicze eksperymenty medyczne dotyczące układu kostno-szkieletowego kończyn dolnych, wykonywane na Polkach – więźniarkach w KL Ravensbrück oraz ich następstwa dla stanu życia, zdrowia i późniejszego funkcjonowania operowanych

Author(s): Maria Zima,RADOSŁAW GÓRSKI / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2021

This interdisciplinary article discusses the experiments conducted by German doctors at Ravensbrück concentration camp on Polish women and their impact on the fate of the operated patients. The experimental lower-limb bone operations conducted under a antiseptic regime and with intended contagion were discussed. Medical reports and recollections of the operated patients, the course of the operations and their consequences are presented based on evidence. After the war, these experiments were recognised as war crimes and crimes against humanity. Depending on the degree of mutilation caused by the operation and the lack of medical post-procedure care and rehabilitation, the war stress and the poor camp conditions, the state of the operated patients deteriorated. The authors considered the experiments to be criminal medical experiments. They were carried out by doctors, but in violation of medical ethics. They were carried out on healthy women. The experiments resulted in physical impairment, which even led to disability. In addition, they suffered severe post-traumatic stress disorder, compounded by the post-experiment trauma and the harm associated with the experiments. Some women were excluded from social roles because of their ailments.

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HUMAN DIGNITY AND THE PROBLEM OF EVIL

Author(s): Iosif Riviș-Tipei / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2021

The manifestation of evil poses one of the greatest challenges to the notion of human dignity. This article starts from the premise that it is profitable to conceive of human dignity in a negative way, by identifying aspects of human societal behaviour that constitute attacks on, and abuses of, human rights and liberties. It then offers a discussion of evil and its manifestations as challenge to human dignity, exemplified by the Holocaust, the Stalinist trials and by Adolf Eichmann. The article concludes with an account of Ellie Wiesel’s theological response to the problem of evil, identifying in it a way towards partial restoration of dignity for victims of abuse.

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PRINTRE „PRIETENII DUȘMANI”. SITUAȚIA LEGAȚIEI ROMÂNIEI DIN BRATISLAVA (AUGUST 1944 – APRILIE 1945)

Author(s): Radu Florian Bruja / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 20/2021

This paper details the situation of the Romanian Legation in Bratislava after the political and military turn of August 1944. Romania and Slovakia were partners in the Tripartite Pact and had worked closely together until then. Without a declaration of war, the Romanian political turn brought them face to face in the final confrontations of World War Two. Slovakia’s dependence of Nazi Germany and the failure of the national uprising profoundly affected the status of the Romanian diplomats in Bratislava. Led by Gheorghe Elefterescu, the diplomatic mission was prevented from leaving Slovak territory and was kept in a state of permanent insecurity. Quite numerous, diplomatic and contract staff lost their diplomatic status and had great financial difficulties during the winter of 1944–1945. The Slovak authorities and hostile Germans violated the international legal norms of the time. The efforts of the Romanian diplomacy and the mediation of the Swiss Legation in Bratislava could not change the situation of the former Legation. The uncertain status worsened after the loss of any connection between Bratislava and Bucharest in February–April 1945. Only after the arrival of Romanian and Soviet troops, the staff of the former diplomatic mission was rescued and brought back to the country.

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Boje druhej svetovej vojny na juhozápadnom Slovensku v spomienkach priamych účastníkov, príslušníkov Červenej armády. Memoárová literatúra ako vojenskohistorický prameň. 2. Časť

Author(s): Pavol Šteiner / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2021

The memoir literature can be used as a basic historical source besides the archival documents. Even combats of the final phase of the World War II in southwester Slovakia can use some of such books. There are several groups of Soviet authors: Generals (Matvei V. Zakharov, Issa A. Pliev) were largely responsible for leading Soviet military operations in this area. They offer their point of view, seen from their commanding positions, focusing on operational problems, sometimes denying their failures, sometimes overestimating their own contributions. The other group of authors (Dmitri F. Loza, E.-N. Leonid S. Loginov, Gagni B. Uladjiev) consist of non-commanding officers and common soldiers. They report of their experiences much more common way, recording their everyday problems, fears, opinions. Sometimes they reveal many operational details that enable us to see several tactical features of combats that had taken place more than seventy years ago.

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KONFERENCA E BUJANIT GUR THEMELI I SHTETËSISË SË KOSOVËS

Author(s): Alban Dobruna / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 51/2021

The National Liberation Movement in Kosovo, after strengthening its military and political position in the end of 1943, and as it became increasingly clear that the end of World War II was approaching, Fadil Hoxha, one of the leading figures of the Anti-Fascist Movement in Kosovo, proposed that the Bujan Conference to be held on 31 December 1943 and 1 and 2 January 1944 in the village of Bujan in the Gjakova Highlands. The most important thing, on the basis of which this conference is mentioned, is that it conveyed the will of the people of Kosovo and its alignment with the anti-fascist allies. The resolution, which, among other things, states that the Albanian people of Kosovo and the Dukagjini Plain, expresses its free will that after the war, Kosovo joins the mother country - Albania. The Bujan Conference and its decisions have a special importance in the Albanian history, as they became the points of support and the most important and legitimate arguments of the demands of the Albanians for the independence of Kosovo and self-determination.

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ORGANIZIMI SHTETËROR NËN UDHËHEQJEN E REXHEP MITROVICËS (5 NËNTOR 1943 - 16 QERSHOR 1944)

Author(s): Haxhi Ademi / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 51/2021

The paper deals in detail with the internal and external organization of the government of Rexhep Mitrovica (November 5, 1943-16 June 1944), as well as the general circumstances of the position of Albanians in that period. Thus, after the retreat of the Italian forces, their place was taken by the German army, which continued to pursue a policy of rapprochement and peace towards the Albanians, in order to achieve their goals. Albanians largely opposed the German occupation, however, also those who "cooperated" declared neutrality with other states through Mehdi Frashëri. The main goal of Rexhep Mitrovica and many nationalists was to protect the independence and territorial integrity of Albania, ie Ethnic Albania. Under these conditions, many Albanians outside of political Albania, once ethnically, politically and economically oppressed by the Yugoslav state, found it very difficult to distinguish where their interests differed from those of the occupiers. Therefore, Albanians fearing the return of the past remained indifferent to the Anti-Fascist War or understanding towards Nazi Germany.

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Imaginea Germaniei și a germanilor în jurnalele de călătorie românești publicate între 1900 și 1940

Author(s): Armand Guță / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2015

In this ethno-historic study we deal with another category of documents contains German contemporary history having unpublished information about the hard socio-economic situation of German people within interwar period because of the intransigent Paris Peace Treaty System decisions after the First World War. It is clear, therefore, that there are significant differences between German official documents and the Romanian tourist or journalist point of view. The benefits of interpretation from such a very different range of information presented in this type of documents must be linked by the researching method itself. There are several and interesting differences in the manner that the travelers or journalist had understood historic events and how they were really interpret or misinterpret it. Each author has a different approach about this very interesting domain concerning the image of the others. In this essay, each person had refined and reinterpreted the information because of its various structures, but before deciding how to draw right conclusions, we need to examine the differences between the two types of documents. All official and some private document interpretation were under the overwhelming influence of Nazi ideology. So, that we have to tackle with prudence these kind of information. The range of subjects concerning within these documents in a broad sense of 20th century Nazi ideology is enormous. We hope that we had succeeded in our attempt concerning the extraction and analyzing main essential ethnologic and historic information from these books.

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A SOLI DEO GLORIA ÉS A MAGYAR TESTVÉRI KÖZÖSSÉG KAPCSOLATA

Author(s): Nóra Szekér / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2022

The Relationship between the Soli Deo Gloria Student Association and the Hungarian Fraternal Community. The Reformed Youth Organization, i.e. the Soli Deo Gloria Student Association, and the Hungarian Fraternal Community were closely related. The Community was a secret organization with an anti-Nazi stance and was dissatisfied with the social system of the Horthy era. Soli Deo Gloria embraced the social problems and opposed Nazism. The common approach has created cooperation. The Hungarian Fraternal Community as a secret organization became the main defendant in the Conspiracy Trial of 1947. It was accused of wanting to overthrow the republic and was called a terrorist organization. The presentation of the cooperation between Soli Deo Gloria and the Community aims to reveal the true nature of the latter. The Hungarian Fraternal Community wanted to provide help from the background and not to enforce its will.

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VIKTOR E. FRANKL: OMUL ÎN CĂUTAREA SENSULUI VIEŢII

Author(s): Gabriel Nedelea / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 44/2019

Review of: Viktor E. FRANKL, “Omul în căutarea sensului vieţii”, traducere din limba engleză de Silvian Guranda, Bucureşti, Editura Meteora Press, 2018.

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Questioning on Several Forms of Fascism

Author(s): Štefan Šumah,Anže Šumah / Language(s): English Issue: 26/2022

The concept of fascism has been defined quite precisely by researchers in the field of political science and sociology, who also defined its main features or characteristics. However, with the word fascism (and its derivatives, e.g. fascists, fascist...) members of the left often label their opponents, thus, this is word is often misused. In essence, fascism is a word that has become synonymous with the word totalitarianism. With the analysis that was based on similar characteristics we concluded that totalitarianisms of both poles (if the classical left–right political spectrum is applied) exhibit more common features than, for instance, totalitarianisms and classical dictatorships, which are also often called fascist or semi-fascist regimes. Thus, German Nazism (often also presented as one of the forms of fascism) and Russian Bolshevism (as one of the extremes forms of socialism) or Titoism in Yugoslavia have more in common than e.g. German Nazism and Pinochet’s dictatorship in Chile or the dictatorship of colonels in Greece (both also frequently referred to as fascistic regimes or semi-fascist regimes). Using the word fascism is often not so much about denoting the actual content as it is more for political propaganda and slandering the opponent. If it was based on actual characteristics, fascism (fascist, fascists...) could become an adjective to denote all totalitarianisms (left fascism, right-wing fascism, Islamic fascism...).

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Amir Brka, Kenotaf za ubijene tešanjske Rome

Author(s): Mina Kujović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 53/2022

Review of: Amir Brka, Kenotaf za ubijene tešanjske Rome Udruženje za modernu historiju Sarajevo, Centar za kulturu i obrazovanje Tešanj, 2022. str. 220

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