Staat, Recht, Zwang

Author(s): Wilhelm G. Jacobs / Language(s): German Issue: 37/2020

Forced labor is a perversion of the law, an activity to which one is forced, to which one is not freely obliged, and for which there is no legal basis. Of course, laws can be passed that regulate forced labor. But such laws turn out to be an injustice, if one reflects on them. Therefore, I will first outline the subject of the article, the forced labor of foreigners under National Socialism. Then I will discuss the principle of forced labor, the “disenfranchisement”, then its implementation. Finally, I will deal with the relationship between law and morality.Forced labor is a perversion of the law, an activity to which one is forced, to which one is not freely obliged, and for which there is no legal basis. Of course, laws can be passed that regulate forced labor. But such laws turn out to be an injustice, if one reflects on them. Therefore, I will first outline the subject of the article, the forced labor of foreigners under National Socialism. Then I will discuss the principle of forced labor, the “disenfranchisement”, then its implementation. Finally, I will deal with the relationship between law and morality.

Between the Projection of Danger, Objectification, and Exploitation. Medical Examination of Polish Civilian Forced Laborers before their Deportation into the German Reich

Author(s): Eva Hallama / Language(s): English Issue: 37/2020

Before crossing the German border, Polish civilian forced laborers who had been recruited for work in Nazi Germany had to undergo medical examination and delousing. The German authorities wanted to ensure that they deported only able-bodied persons to Germany who had been examined for being free from infectious diseases and vermin. In this paper, I explore to what extent the medical examinations may be regarded as strategies for the objectification and dehumanization of the forced laborers. Focus is put on the question of how the Nazi authorities defined “work ability” because the medical assessment was decisive for the choice and selection of foreign manpower. As it turns out, the definition of work ability was essentially determined by factors such as the need for manpower, force, and oppression. Thus, I put the medical assessment of the forced laborers’ work ability into the context of Nazi ideology and economic policy.

Polen als Patienten während der Ns-Zwangsarbeit

Author(s): Katarzyna Woniak / Language(s): German Issue: 37/2020

This paper focuses on the patient-doctor relationship in Polish forced laborers during WW II. As the analysis of historical documents shows, this relationship was mainly shaped by ideological and economic factors during Nazi rule. In treating Polish patients who had been deported for forced labor, several protagonists who had different scopes of acting were involved. Besides to the German doctor, employers and health insurance companies had significant influence on the intensity (or lack) of medical care. Instead of adhering to ethical principles, these institutions focused on an economy-driven strategy with the prime target of maintaining the laborers’ workforce by minimal efforts. The workers’ health needs and their consent were not paid attention to. Under these circumstances, patient-physician relations were even more unequal und far more hierarchical than among members of the German “Volksgemeinschaft.”

Raphael Lemkin: Ohne Auftrag. Autobiografie. Hrsg. von Donna-Lee Frieze, Irmtrud Wojak und Joaquín González Ibáñez

Author(s): Konstantin Rometsch / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2021

Review: Raphael Lemkin, Ohne Auftrag. Autobiografie. Hrsg. von Donna-Lee Frieze, Irmtrud Wojak und Joaquín González Ibáñez. Aus dem Engl. (und Span.) übers. von Stephanie A r z i n g e r . (Bibliothek Literatur und Menschenrechte.) Buxus Stiftung. Eschenlohe 2020. 421 S., Ill. ISBN 978-3-9817614-3-6. (€ 28,–.) (Konstantin Rometsch)

Irene Hauser: Dziennik z Getta Łódzkiego / Das Tagebuch aus dem Lodzer Getto. Hrsg. von Ewa Wiatr und Krystyna Radziszewska

Author(s): Nicole Silvia Widera / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2021

Review: Irene Hauser: Dziennik z Getta Łódzkiego / Das Tagebuch aus dem Lodzer Getto. Hrsg. von Ewa Wiatr und Krystyna Radziszewska. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego. Łódź 2019. 142 S., Ill. ISBN 978-83-8142-453-0. (Nicole Silvia Widera)

Sağ popülizm ve faşizm kavramlarina Bolsonaro iktidarindan bir bakiş

Author(s): Özgür Yılmaz / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2020

The two concepts become prominent describing the rightist movements which are gaining power or getting power: Firstly rightwing populism and the second one, fascism. These two concepts are used for replacing each other. It cannot be prohibited if these two concepts are the same kind or not. One of the main leaders who take place in the midst of this incomprehensibility –right-wing populism and fascism- is Jair Bolsonaro who got power in 2018 in Brasil. For some people Bolsonaro is a fascist, for the others he is a right-wing populist. Therefore researching the government of Bolsonaro and characterising this govrnment can help describing other global rightist movements. In this study firstly is analized Latin America which Bolsonaro’s Brasil took place. The past of Bolsonaro and the process of government are analized and then it is developed a thesis about incomprehensibility between rightwing populism and fascism. We will analysis on the political regime due to case analysis.

КОН ДЕПОРТАЦИЈАТА НА ЕВРЕИТЕ ОД ВАРДАРСКИОТ ДЕЛ НА МАКЕДОНИЈА

Author(s): Aleksandar Manojlovski / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 1-2/2015

МАКЕДОНКАТА ВО НАЦИОНАЛНООСЛОБОДИТЕЛНОТО ДВИЖЕЊЕ ВО ЕГЕЈСКИОТ ДЕЛ НА МАКЕДОНИЈА (1941 ‒ 1949)

Author(s): Katerina Mirčevska / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 1-2/2013

The inclusion of Macedonian women in the national liberation movement of the Macedonian people from the Aegean part of Macedonia during the Second World War and the Civil War in Greece had two objectives – achieving gender equality in all spheres of sociopolitical and cultural life and the recognition of the national rights of Macedonians in Greece. Therefore, their involvement in political life occurred through the prism of the leftwing movement, at first through the Greek organizations of the resistance, then in the Macedonian institutions active in the struggle during the Second World War, and then in the period of the Civil War through national Macedonian organizations such as the National Liberation Front, the National Liberation Youth Union and the Antifascist Organization of Women. The Antifascist Organization of Women managed to include Macedonian women in all aspects of the resistance movement and, although only for a short time, succeeded in realizing both of its main objectives.

The Bitburg Controversy from the New Cold War Perspective: Reagan’s Views on WWII Nazi Germany’s Soldiers’ Victimhood

Author(s): Grzegorz Nycz / Language(s): English Issue: 22/2021

Why to go back to 1985 to discuss present-day key concerns of international relations fromthe perspective of World War II history during the Cold War? The May 5, 1985 Bitburg cemetery celebrations, when US president altogether with German chancellor (Helmut Kohl) paid tribute to WWII veterans (of both sides of the conflict) was an example of the Ronald Reagan administration’s public relations fiasco: the “Great Communicator” failed to refer to WWII history in a manner that would save him from harsh criticism. Importantly, the 1985 debate concerning the Bitburg ceremony and the moral aspects of a homage to German (Axis) WWII soldiers gave an incentive to “Historikerstreit” in Germany, a dispute regarding WWII history in a manner comparable to Holocaust responsibility as a collective burden carried by Germans. The Bitburg cemetery, since the 1930s a monument (Kolmeshöhe Ehrenfriedhof) to WWI German military victims, and then to their younger colleagues during WWII (Wehrmacht and, controversially, Waffen-SS) remained a broadly commented upon focal point of Cold War disputes, allowing such questions that might bring about a possibilityof ground-breaking change in present-day political rivalries caused by failed (or successful) Cold War propaganda related to WWII choices. The Bitburg case as a particularly illustrative one and could also shed more light on the post-Soviet Russian effort to increase its influence by relying on the myths of the “Great Patriotic War”.

Pljačka i teror Dinarske četničke divizije na području općine Krivi Put 28. i 29. prosinca 1944.

Author(s): Mihael Sobolevski / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2004

In this article, based on archival research and other sources, the author represents the passage of the Dinara Četnik Division and one part of Lika’s Četniks and refugees (Četnik families) across the Croatian Coast to Slovenia in the direction of Brlog-Prokika-Mrzli Dol-Krivi Put-St. Jakov-Krmpote-Povile-Novi Vinodolski-Bribir-Grižane-Tribalj-Drvenik-Križišće-Hreljin-Praputnjak-Krasica-Škrljevo-Grobnik and further to Slovenia. The 5,000 Četniks and 13,000 of their families participated in this travel of about 100 kilometres and which lasted from 26th to 31st of December in 1944. Their passage was assured by the German occupying army and the government of the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) with whom these Četniks collaborated in the war against the Popular Defence Army of Croatia and Yugoslavia. The Dinara Četnik Division was under the command of the duke and priest Momčilo Đujić. The Lika Četniks were under the command of Mile Marijan together with their families. Passing through the Croatian Coast they robbed and killed 33 people and burnt to the ground the village of Bribir. The author paid special attention to the passage of those Četniks and their families through the Krivi Put region during 28th and 29th of December in 1944. Četniks pillaged more than 79 families, molested and abused more people and killed two people. They robbed 27 horses, five mules, 12 sheep, two pigs and a cow. They took all the food and clothes which caused many problems for the local people especially because of the winter period and war conditions with no possibility of buying these things on the market. Četniks took 1,166kg of pork, 195kg of pig fat and other food products. They stole 262 pairs of men and women’s underwear, 88 women’s dresses, 36 men’s suits, 24 coats and a great amount of bed linen. They took peoples watches and rings forcing them directly from their hands and fingers as well as forcing them and beating them to give them their money. The author gave numerous details about this outrageous crime and terror and concluded that this was probably one the one of the largest tragedies in the Krivi Put community during WWII.

Rujan 1943. u Otočcu.

Author(s): Josip Grbelja / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2004

If we take into consideration everything written about this hospital/war episode in the dramatic historic events of the Lika region, it could be concluded that (public) history is still waiting for somebody who will identify the massacred wounded and ill people and give an answer to the question why, even after half a century, they have been unknown to us and did they really exist or they were so insignificant in history to be continuously mentioned only in propaganda – emotional phrases in superficial newspapers articles.Occasional publications which contain memorable (or artistic) notes rather than scientific, often do not inspire trust and evidence. Only personal perceptions and the facts which suit the occasion are given.Occasional texts contain intolerance and hatred - history is not science of this. History has to serve general purposes (positive or negative) about the reality lived by some persons, tribes, people and humankind and everything which is proven, witnessed and confirmed. Can the truth, in anyway, finally be known about the massacre of those unknowns in the Otočac Hospital and those 16 murdered citizens, who were killed in retaliation and the (non) human act of five nuns-nurses because they are also a part of Croatian history? At the moment this truth is not public. It is rather secret.

Sedíme tu v pasti na myši

Author(s): Annette Kraus / Language(s): Czech Issue: 01/2021

Fritz Seemann (1900–1942) had just twenty years for his life’s work. The German-speaking composer from northern Bohemia had become famous in his early years, and his comic operas were performed on Czech as well as German stages during the First Czechoslovak Republic. He was fascinated by the new media of the time, which was radio. From 1926 he worked for the German-speaking broadcast of Czechoslovak Radio and eventually became editor of Prager Tagblatt, a liberal newspaper of the German minority. After the Nazi occupation in March 1939, however, he began to be persecuted for his Jewish origin.

Heinrich Reiser – válečný zločinec ve víru studené války

Author(s): Petr Kaňák,Jan Vajskebr,Jan Zumr / Language(s): Czech Issue: 38/2021

After the Nazis seized power in Germany, Heinrich Reiser (1899–1978) became an official of the secret police (Gestapo), and participated in the occupation of the Czech hinterland in March 1939. In the summer of 1940 he was ordered to France, where he specialised in the suppression of the left ‑wing resistance and the Soviet espionage network that came to be known as the Red Orchestra (Rote Kapelle). At the end of the war, he took part in the repressions against the foreign workers under forced labour in Germany. When the war ended, he spent some time in hiding and was briefly impris‑ oned by the French army. After the war alliance between the victorious powers broke up, Reiser’s knowledge and abilities were used by the Gehlen Organisation, on the foundations of which the West German security service (BND) was later established. As part of the denazification process in the security services in the late 1950s, agents with a Nazi past were fired, or sent into retirement, which was also the case with Rei‑ ser. The justice of the Federal Republic of Germany was only ever interested in him as a witness in investigating other members of the Nazi repressive apparatus, and he was never punished for his crimes.

Walki SS-Sonderregiment Dirlewanger o Wolę a egzekucje zbiorowe ludności cywilnej

Author(s): Hubert Kuberski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2021

The participation of the SS-Sonderregiment Dirlewanger in the pacification of the Warsaw Uprising is one of the many unresolved problems relating to the events that took place from August to October 1944 in Warsaw. The purpose of this article is to present the most recent state of research on the actions of this controversial German unit during the first days of the German pacification, i.e. during the Wola Massacre (Genocide Wola 44).

Stanisław Filipek: Dyskryminacja wsi wadowickiej przez okupanta hitlerowskiego w latach 1939–1945.

Author(s): Paweł Glugla / Language(s): Polish Issue: 22/2019

Source edition of the manuscript of Stanisław Filipek, preserved in the Archives of the Institute of National Remembrance in Krakow, entitled: „Discrimination of the village of Wadowice by the Nazi occupant in 1939-1945”, created in Wadowice in September 1969.

Prvé kontury ľudovodemokratického zriadenia v povojnovom Československu

Author(s): Peter Mosný / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 13/2020

The study deals with the ideas of domestic and foreign Slovak resistance during the World War II on the form of the post-war Czechoslovak Republic regime. In addition to the opinion on the consistent state restoration of Czechoslovakia (1918—1938), there was also the idea of modifying the regime of Czechoslovakia (1918—1938) through its transformation, which under the influence of strengthening the importance of the Soviet Union in the war took the form of a people’s democratic establishment.

„Obrona Lwowa 1939”. Tom 1: „Dokumenty 1—16 września” (341 s.). Tom 2: „Dokumenty 17—22 września” (421 s.), red. nauk. A. Wesołowski, Copyright © 2018 by Tetragon (b.m.w.)

Author(s): Andrzej Wrzyszcz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 13/2020

Guilty Wonder. An Exploration of the Aesthetic, Affective, and Political Implications of the Wondering Gaze

Author(s): Jandra Boettger / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

Wonder’s affective neutrality and perceptive firstness have led to its connotation with innocence and naïveté. This paper challenges the perception that wonder is a value-free stimulus. Instead, it explores wonder’s potential to unveil, expose and denude—thus playing on the difference between norm and exception. Wonder’s history is loaded with othering’s cruelty, the spectacularization of difference, and the libidinous entanglement of voyeurism, leading to the question, to what extent wonder is comprised of guilt? Subsequently, this paper supplements the notion of guilt with a differentiated account of indebtedness, following the hypothesis that wonder can also be conceptualized as a politically mobilizing affect if taken seriously.

Między kosmopolityzmem a nazizmem – konteksty przestrzeni symbolicznych czterech filmów nakręconych przez niemieckiego operatora Franza Weihmayra

Author(s): Daria Mazur / Language(s): Polish Issue: 36/2020

The paper is a comparative analysis of the circumstances influencing symbolic spaces in four movies by Franz Weihmayr in the years 1931–1942: Dzikie Pola [Wild Fields], Halutzim, La Habanera and The Great Love. The analysis allows for delineating the development of the German cinematographer Franz Weihmayr’s career, which, in the context of historical-political and ideological-artistic circumstances, can serve as an example of a broader phenomenon: a particular fluctuation of choices made by German cinematographers over the Weimar, Nazi, and post-war periods. This analysis is of pioneering importance because of the paucity of publication heretofore dedicated to Weihmayr’s works, who at the time worked together with, among others, Leni Riefenstahl, Frank Wysbar, and Hans Detlef Sierck, as well as Polish directors, such as Józef Lejtes and Aleksander Ford. The framework for semiotic analyses of the symbolic spaces of the movies mentioned above are two groups of contexts connected with ideas stemming from contradictory bases: the idea of cosmopolitism and the idea of Nazism.

Spór o jurysdykcję nad parafiami w województwie białostockim jako element konfliktu między Polskim Autokefalicznym Kościołem Prawosławnym a Patriarchatem Moskiewskim

Author(s): Stefan Dudra / Language(s): Polish Issue: 18/2020

The article presents an analysis of the jurisdiction conflict in the Polish Autocephalous Orthodox Church (PAKP) in the Bialystok province in 1944–46. After the border changes imposed after World War II, only four Orthodox deaneries were in the area. The majority of the clergy rejected the authority of Bishop Tymoteusz from the PAKP and subordinated to the Archbishop Bazyli of Minsk. In consequence, Patriarch of Moscow Alexei (Simanski) took over the canonical jurisdiction of all parishes in Bialystok. However, the strong position of the Ministry of Public Administration led to the restoration of Polish sovereignty over Orthodox parishes in this area.