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Ksiądz Józef Nierostek (1901—1943). Patriotyczny duszpasterz, redaktor i publicysta z Cieszyna

Author(s): Adrian Uljasz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2016

Father Józef Nierostek descended from the Polish worker family from Zaolzie. Since 1926 until the outbreak of World War II he worked as a priest in the Evangelical Augsburg parish in Cieszyn, first by perfoming the function of a curate and then of an auxiliary parish priest. He performed his activities among the Evangelical young people and among the scouts. He took part in charitable activities. In the 1930s he was the editor of the periodicals “Głos Młodzieży Ewangelickiej” [“The Voice of the Evangelical Youth”] (Wisła—Cieszyn) and “Poseł Ewangelicki” [“The Evangelical Legate”] (Cieszyn). He wrote anti-Hitler articles in these periodicals. In 1937 he published a school textbook devoted to the history of the Church which he wrote. Pastor Nierostek died in 1943 as a prisoner of the Majdanek concentration camp in Majdanek.

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Pearl S. Buck and the Forgotten Holocaust of the Two-Ocean War

Author(s): Valeria Gennero / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2014

During the Second World War, Pearl S. Buck was both a successful novelist and an influential political organizer, involved in well-known campaigns against racism and imperialism. In January 1942 she published “Dragon Seed”, a novel which described the Japanese sack of Nanking in 1937 and engaged the issues of nationalism and male violence from a gendered perspective. Buck wrote the novel before the United States entered the war: she hoped to promote American awareness of the Chinese fight for freedom, knowing that the tragic events which took place in Nanking after the fall of the city were virtually unknown in the United States. I argue that, despite its original propagandistic intent, “Dragon Seed” succeeds—as Buck’s novels often do—in problematizing the notion of national identity, foregrounding the sexual politics of war.

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FROM PEOPLE’S LIBERATION WAR AND REVOLUTION TO ANTIFASCIST STRUGGLE

Author(s): Davor Marijan / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

The topic of this work is the treatment of antifascism in Croatian (and, up to 1990, Yugoslav) historiography. The term antifascism was inaugurated on the eve of the Second World War by the Communist Party of Yugoslavia(KPJ) based on guidelines from the Communist International. During the Second World War, the KPJ managed to seize power and restore Yugoslavia thanks to its practical application of antifascism. After the war, antifascism was entirely ignored, and the war was interpreted exclusively as a people’s liberation struggle and socialist revolution. Public use of the term antifascism returned during the collapse of communism and the disintegration of Yugoslavia from 1990 to 1992. Moving away from the structures associated with the former ruling communist elite (members of the Communist Party and Partisan war veterans), antifascism imposed itself as a component of democratic ideology that could not be subjected to scrutiny, rather it had to be unquestioningly accepted. Historical antifascism served the communists to exploit non-communists to then seize authority, while contemporary “antifascism” serves their direct and ideological heirs to prevent a re-examination of communist crimes and the undemocratic character of socialist Yugoslavia.

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Od krytyki demokracji parlamentarnej do pochwały dyktatury. Niemiecka myśl nacjonalistyczna 1918–1933

Author(s): Marek Maciejewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2016

The article deals with the question of the formation – since the end of World War One until the emergence of the Nazi regime – of various conceptions of the political system in influential and widespread intellectual circles of the so-called revolutionary conservatives who represented nationalist, anti-liberal and anti-parliamentarian views. This political ideology adopted a clearly critical position regarding political, constitutional and legal solutions adopted in the Reich after the fall of the Hohenzollern empire in 1918. Criticizing parliamentary democracy, though not necessarily democracy as such, revolutionary conservatives announced the need to establish a system of dictatorial leadership in Germany, modeled after the rule of Napoleon Bonaparte, oftentimes seeing the then President of the Reich, Paul von Hindenburg, as a suitable person for this role (they rather sporadically perceived Adolf Hitler in this way). Some of them not only approved of an authoritarian model of government understood as an opposition towards the so-called Weimar system, but also accepted the principles of totalitarianism (e.g., C. Schmitt, E. Jünger, E. Niekisch). Since 1933, the Nazis partly adopted the anti-liberal, anti-parliamentarian and authoritarian conceptions of revolutionary conservatives, reaching for – among others – Carl Schmitt’s theory of decisionism or Ernst Jünger’s idea of the total mobilization of the nation.

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Between Terror and Self-Transformation: Petition Writing, Subjectivity and Survival under Ustasha Rule, 1941–1942

Author(s): Rory Yeomans / Language(s): English Issue: 8/2016

The everyday lives of citizens in the early months of the Independent State of Croatia were defined by petition writing more than by any other activity. It was through petitions to state ministries, agencies and local Ustasha authorities that ordinary people sought to gain social advancement, achieve justice and negotiate their dayto- day existences. Cumulatively, they provided officials with a picture—however fragmentary—of public opinion in the state. By contrast, the Serbian and Jewish communities, whom the Ustasha state had targeted for destruction, used petitions as a means of mediating Ustasha terror. Petitions were never just a mode of communication between the state and citizens; they were imbued with subjective meaning. For those included in the envisaged national community, petition writing provided an opportunity to demonstrate that they had been inculcated with the state’s new ideological and cultural orthodoxies, transforming themselves from Croatian citizens into Ustasha subjects; for those “undesired elements” outside the national community, petition writing constituted nothing less than a search for salvation. Yet, paradoxically, it was the state’s “community aliens” who had to demonstrate in their writing the greatest evidence of transformation. In reproducing the language of the state and separating their transformed consciousnesses from other members of their community, they hoped to gain admittance to the national community and avoid terror. The cadre of ambitious young experts and students who poured into state ministries in the spring and summer of 1941 engaged with state ministries and agencies in a very different way, aiming to be active agents in the remaking of society. Nonetheless, they also aimed to provide evidence of their transformation into Ustasha subjects imbued with the state’s values.

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Zagłada jako horror. Kilka uwag o literaturze polskiej 1985–2015

Author(s): Przemysław Czapliński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 12/2016

The author suggests that the depictions of the Holocaust in Polish literature of 1918–2014 should be categorized as horror. From the chronological perspective, Czapliński divides those thirty years into three shorter periods: 1) the initial period (from Claude Lanzmann’s Shoah and Jan Błoński’s essay “The Poor Poles Look at the Ghetto” to Wilhelm Dichter’s and Michał Głowiński’s memoirs) was dominated by white horror, which presented Jews as ghosts demanding a place in the Polish memory; 2) during the second period (from Marek Bieńczyk’s Tworki and Jan Tomasz Gross’ Neighbors until the end of the 2010s) the horror poetics was used to reveal those principles of pre-war and occupation-period normality which helped the Germans conduct the Holocaust and which conditioned the exclusion of Jews from the Polish circle of ‘normal humanity’; 3) during the third period (from Gross’s Golden Harvest until now) Jews return as the undead, violating the rules of distance and obliging Poles to physically touch the disgusting topic of the Holocaust. The contact with the Holocaust as something abhorring becomes a condition for self-knowledge, purging, and establishment of a new imaginary community.

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Izložba Izopačene umetnosti u Minhenu 1937. godine – pogreb moderne umetnosti

Author(s): Tamara Biljman / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2015

This research represents a different perception of the „Degenerate Art” Exhibition, not as a merely grotesque cultural event from the Third Reich history, but as an extremely powerful mean of Nazi propaganda. With the help of articles, preserved guide of the said expo, documentaries and documented statements of visitors, I was able to identify multiple layers and true message of this exhibition. After the horrors of World War One, German artists set themselves on a mission to unmask false idols, destroy imposed ideals and put the light on the new force which threatened to swallow the weakened people of Germany. The party in question was new-born National Socialist Movement, an opponent that would sentence them to symbolic death in 1937 at the „Degenerate Art” Exhibition. However, the reason of this exhibition does not lie simply in an attempt to „clean” a new culture of modern elements in order to return to classicist ideals nor to get rid of “noisy” artists. This was a very important playground for political propaganda which Nazis used to promote anti-bolshevist and anti-Semitic ideas, eradication of everything primitive, foreign and uncontrolled, as well as everything which was pacifist or had an individualistic tendency. The very name of this exhibition indicates another purpose of this event, an attempt of shaping public awareness about one of the most problematic issues of Nazi policy – eugenics. Only a few years later groups and ideas marked as unfit at the „Degenerate Art” Exhibition became the true victims of senseless bloodshed.

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Konference: Rok 1953 v Československu Pořadatel: Ústav pro studium totalitních režimů, Jihočeské muzeum v Českých Budějovicích, Státní okresní archiv v Českých Budějovicích Datum a místo konání: 17.–18. dubna 2013, České Budějovice

Author(s): Martin Tichý / Language(s): Czech Issue: 22/2013

A conference report.

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Pustejovsky, Otfrid: Stalins Bombe und die „Hölle von Joachimsthal“ (Uranbergbau und Zwangsarbeit in der Tschechoslowakei nach 1945) LIT Verlag, Berlín 2009, 847 stran

Author(s): Milan Bárta / Language(s): Czech Issue: 17/2010

Review of: Pustejovsky Otfrid "Stalins Bombe und die „Hölle von Joachimsthal“ (Uranbergbau und Zwangsarbeit in der Tschechoslowakei nach 1945)" LIT Publishing, Berlín 2009, 847 pages by: Milan Bárta

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NJEMAČKA JE PRIHVATILA ODGOVORNOST ZA HOLOKAUST, A RUKOVODSTVO RS IZRIČITO PORIČE GENOCID

Author(s): David Pettigrew,Hikmet Karčić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 70/2017

At the occasion of the 22nd anniversary of the genocide committed against Bosniaks in the UN Safe Zone “Srebrenica”, we asked the professor to share his thoughts on the issues of memory, terminology, denial of crimes and the role of literature in shaping the memories of these crimes. David Pettigrew, professor of philosophy at the University of Southern Connecticut in the United States. Professor Pettigrew is the author of several books and a number of articles. Over the past few years, he has been actively involved in the issues of justice, memory and politics in post- Dayton Bosnia and Herzegovina

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Italian Futurism in the Polish Press

Author(s): Monika Gurgul / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2015

The topic of this article is the role of the Polish press in disseminating knowledge about Italian Futurism in the years 1909–1939. It is the press, both daily and more or less specialized periodicals on culture, that is the most important and unrivalled source of information on the Italian avant-garde in Poland. The collected bibliography, on which the present text is based, contains one hundred sixty-five references. The published materials can be divided into several groups: critical sketches, articles and all kinds of informative notes by Polish authors on Futurism, translations of Futurist theoretical texts, poetry and theatre, as well as reproductions of works of art, photographs and drawings portraying Futurists. From the beginning, the press commentators devoted most of their attention to the figure and activities of Marinetti. In the ’30s, the interest in Futurism was effectively fuelled by his visit to Poland in relation to the staging of his drama Prisoners in the theatre in Lviv. Painting and theatrical experiments (mainly by Prampolini) also compose a large bibliography. Besides, Futurist literary manifestos influenced the new Polish poetry, creating hot press polemics, and the language of media itself. In addition to aesthetic issues, attention was drawn to Futurist proposals to rebuild social relations and to the link between Futurism and Fascism. Among the most important promoters of the Italian movement we list two poets, Peiper and Kurek, as well as writers and translators Kołtoński and Boyé, while the most well-deserved press titles are “Wiadomości Literackie” (Literary News) and “Zwrotnica” (Switches).

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Pamięć nieumarła. Czytając Kazimierza Wykę w Polsce roku 2016

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Pamięć nieumarła. Czytając Kazimierza Wykę w Polsce roku 2016

Author(s): Joanna Tokarska-Bakir / Language(s): Polish Issue: 6/2016

In Western Europe, memory studies are marked by an effort to give voice to those silenced by dominant narratives. In Poland, meanwhile, the current ‘memory turn’ openly flirts with post-truth and paves the way for a new hegemony. This way of framing memory takes advantage of the poststructuralist humanities’ defenceless position, and it gradually appropriates its tools and yokes them to the rhetoric of propaganda. The new project of collective memory breaks with Ricœur’s triad of blocked memory – memory of repetition – obligated memory. It privileges blockage and repetition as modes of commemorating (‘undead memory’ – a paradoxical posthumanist realization of the category of the undead). Tokarska-Bakir demonstrates this tendency in a case study on the development of public discourse on the Kielce pogrom of 1946.

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Churchill, Israel and the Jews Understanding Their Place in His World View

Author(s): Allen Packwood / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2025

This article examines Winston Churchill’s evolving world view through the lens of his relationship with the Jewish people, Zionism, and the establishment of the State of Israel. It contextualises his actions and rhetoric within his broader imperial and strategic priorities, highlighting the interplay between his Western-oriented values, personal aspirations, and British national interests. Churchill’s stance on Zionism and Jewish immigration, while grounded in philo-Semitism, was often pragmatic, shaped by geopolitical realities and the constraints of his time. Drawing on archival materials and key biographical accounts, the article traces Churchill’s relationship with Jewish communities, from his early opposition to the Aliens Bill (1905) to his advocacy for a measured Zionist policy during his tenure as Colonial Secretary from 1921 to 1922. It also explores the complex dynamics of his wartime leadership, including his support for the Jewish Brigade and calls to address the Holocaust. Despite his consistent condemnation of antisemitism and his acknowledgment of Jewish contributions to Western civilisation, Churchill’s actions were limited by the systemic and political structures in which he operated. The article argues that Churchill’s support for Zionism reflected both his romantic idealism and realpolitik, as he sought to balance imperial priorities with humanitarian concerns. By situating Jewish and Zionist issues within Churchill’s broader worldview, the study sheds light on the nuanced and often contradictory nature of his leadership, revealing both the possibilities and limitations of his influence during a transformative era.

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Were the Nazis Conducting a “War Against the Jewish Child”?

Author(s): Boaz Cohen / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2025

This article investigates the concept of a distinct “war against the Jewish child” during the Holocaust, exploring child-targeted policies, actions, and systemic atrocities. The deliberate, bureaucratic organisation of these atrocities, and the discussions at multiple levels on the murder of Jewish children, reflect a military-like campaign against them, setting the Nazi treatment of Jewish children apart from historical and contemporary norms of war. The article argues that the examination of pre-war and wartime policies, along with the organised logistics of extermination, validates the concept of a “war against the Jewish child”.

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The “Final Final Solution” The War Against Jewish Fetuses in Their Mothers‘ Wombs

Author(s): Miriam Offer / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2025

Operation Barbarossa was a turning point between the array of dehumanising “solutions to the Jewish question”, hitherto concocted by the Nazis, and the gradual escalation into mass systematic annihilation in forest ravines, gas vans, and extermination camps. This article examines the distinctiveness of the decree against births imposed in the Jewish ghettos of Lithuania, established in the second half of 1941, in comparison with the Polish ghettos, as well as the possible connection to the Wannsee Conference decisions. Furthermore, the article addresses the coping strategies adopted in the ghettos. In view of the Wannsee Conference Protocol and the chronological proximity of the conference to the decree’s announcement, the decree appears to have constituted an additional frontier to ensure the “Final Final Solution” discussed at the meeting at Wannsee.

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Intelligence, the Polish Resistance, and Government-in-Exile The Sabotage of Railways and the Aerial Bombing of Auschwitz (or Lack Thereof)

Author(s): Glen SEGELL / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2025

In 1981, Sir Martin Gilbert published his influential work Auschwitz and the Allies, arguing that the West was unaware of the “true nature” of Auschwitz Birkenau until 1944. He wrote about this in the context of whether to bomb railway lines and the camp itself. This did not materialise and has come to symbolise in the popular mind callous indifference to – or even complicity in – the crimes the Nazis committed there. This article contributes to the debate and discipline by focusing on how the Polish resistance, its intelligence operations, and government-in-exile in London provided a constant flow of information from 1942, some of which was made public at the time. Furthermore, this article argues that, on the one hand, the Allies lacked the accurate bombing capability until April 1944. However, on the other hand the viable option of sabotage of railways by the Polish resistance was not even attempted to prevent Jews being taken to their incarceration and death. Could Britain and the Allies, including the Polish resistance, have done more to stop the horrors of Auschwitz? The answer is “yes”.

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Popravený odbojář Petr Křivka získal zpátky svou hodnost

Author(s): Luděk Navara / Language(s): Czech Issue: 04/2024

Petr Křivka, a courageous soldier and resistance fighter, was posthumously reinstated to his original rank of infantry sergeant by the Czech Ministry of Defense in 2024, correcting a historical injustice. Křivka, who served in the Czechoslovak foreign army in France and Great Britain, was executed in 1951 after being stripped of his rank due to political persecution. His daring escape from Gestapo captivity in 1940 and subsequent journey through Europe to join the Czechoslovak army in Britain exemplify his bravery. Despite his family's suffering under Nazi and later communist regimes, Křivka continued to fight for his country's freedom. His rehabilitation began in 1990, culminating in the restoration of his military rank and the reinstallation of his grave marker in 2025. This act of recognition honors his legacy and the sacrifices he made for his nation.

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Martin Renghart: Zwischen Bischof und NS-Staat

Author(s): Gregor Ploch / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2025

Review of: Martin Renghart: Zwischen Bischof und NS-Staat. Das Breslauer „Katholische Sonntagsblatt“ im Dritten Reich (1933–1941). (Beiträge zur Kirchen- und Kulturgeschichte der Deutschen in Ostmittel- und Südosteuropa, Bd. 30.) Aschendorff Verlag. Münster 2023. 726 S. ISBN 978-3-402-10188-9. (€ 69,–.).

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Polizei und Holocaust

Author(s): Felix Schnell / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2025

Review of: Polizei und Holocaust. Eine Generation nach Christopher Brownings “Ordinary Men.” Hrsg. von Thomas Köhler, Jürgen Matthäus, Thomas Pegelow Kaplan und Peter Römer, unter Mitarbeit von Annika Hartmann und Kathrin Schulte. Brill Schoeningh. Paderborn 2023. 305 S., Ill. ISBN 978-3-506-79282-2. (€ 24,90.).

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Избежавшие возмездия: нацистские военные преступники в Австралии [Рец. на кн.: Persian J. Fascists in exile. Post-War displaced persons in Australia. London; New York, 2024]

Author(s): A. V. Antoshin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 48/2024

The article is a review of the book by Associate Professor at the University of Southern Queensland (Toowoomba, Australia) Jane Pershian “Fascists in exile. Post-war displaced persons in Australia”, published in 2024. It is dedicated to the fate of collaborators and Nazi war criminals who found themselves in Australia after the Second World War. It is shown that J.Pershian’s work is distinguished by a very solid source base: the monograph is based on a large array of documents from the collections of the National Archives of Australia, as well as on materials from the country’s periodical press. The Australian historian argues that the historical roots of collaboration were in anti-Soviet nationalism, which was very popular in Central and Eastern Europe during the interwar period. The review shows that J.Pershian emphasizes the responsibility of the collaborators who ended up in Australia for the massacres of civilians in the occupied territories during the Second World War. The author pays considerable attention to the participation in Jewish pogroms of members of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists, as well as Lithuanian and Latvian units of the Waffen-SS.J.Pershian proves that a significant part of Nazi war criminals were able to avoid retribution. J.Pershian characterizes the policy of the Australian authorities as keeping silent about the existence of this problem, despite the attempts of Jewish and left-wing organizations in the country to expose Nazi war criminals. The reviewer argues that J.Pershian’s monograph makes a significant contribution to understanding this painful topic for Australian historical memory. The publication of this work indicates the presence in Western historical science of researchers striving for an objective coverage of the events of the Second World War.

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