"Скорозрейно" и "нетрайно" ли е българското развитие?

Author(s): Hristo Matanov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Publication Year: 0

This paper analyses the critically well-known thesis of Prof. Peter Moutafchiev about the raises and falls in Bulgaria's development. We know that, counting the studies of the Russian scholar Alexander Hilferding, Prof. Moutafchiev came to the conclusion that Bulgaria's development was erratic and did not have periods of "peace" - everything featured rapid progress and equally rapid decline and crises. The Bulgarian scholar cited Serbia as an example of slower for more regular progrss. The author attempts to question the general validity of this opinion. First of all, it was dedicated by the historical period in which Prof. Moutafchiev lived and worked. Then Bulgarian history itself was transmitted under the influence of the notion that it consisted of a series of successes and failures. Serbia could hardly be a comparison factor as the main sources about its development are the vitas of its rulers written by their sons and close relatives. Third, there are hardly societies and countries on a European or world scale that have not been subject to the "historical sine" of which Moutafchiev speaks. The author of the article appeals for abandoning the romantic approach in reconstructing the Bulgarian past, which demands rapid events with a fatal outcome. Instead, he offers a narration based on Fernand Braudel's idea of continuity and longue duree.

(Ne)legitimni revizionizam: pravo i (pseudo)istoriografske revizije na zapadu i istoku

Author(s): Vladimir Petrovic / Language(s): Serbian / Publication Year: 0

The contribution is analyzing the legal aspects of historiographical revisionism, in an attempt to highlight the role of the courts in delineating between legitimate historical reevaluation of the past and the denial of essential historical facts, the latter being referred to as negationsim. The experience of Western countries in combating negationism through criminalisation of various forms of denial of mass crimes or through the civil litigation is juxtaposed to the confused postotalitarian dynamics in Eastern Europe and its anarchic reception in the region of the former Yugoslavia.

(Re)konstrukcija suvremene hrvatske / jugoslavenske povijesti u pregledima / sintezama nakon 1991. godine

Author(s): Damir Agicic / Language(s): Croatian / Publication Year: 0

The author concentrates on the treatment of contemporary Croatian/Yugoslav history in several monographs, overviews, and summaries of Croatian history published over the past ten years. In addition, he completes a short re¬view of research on contemporary history included in the scientific-historical projects financed by the Republic of Croatia’s Ministry of Science, Education, and Sport. He concludes that when guided exclusively by scholarly criteria, the matrix of Croatian historiography is developing in a satisfactory manner.

1968 - четрдесет година после

Author(s): / Language(s): Serbian / Publication Year: 2008

1968 – Forty Years Later represents a collection of historiographical works of 26 authors from different countries (Serbia, Russia, Czech, Croatia, Bulgaria, and Germany) about the international relations and the foreign-relation temptations of Yugoslavia and also about the domestic circumstances in Yugoslavia during the years 1967-1969. The first part of the book is dealing with topics like: 1968 as the turning-point for Eastern Europe, „Prague Spring“ after the increase of Soviet pressure on Czechoslovakia (July 1968), „Prague Spring“ and the attitudes of the Hungarian leadership, its influence in Bulgaria, the phenomenon of the Czechoslovak opposition after the defeat of the „Prague Spring“ in 1969-1972, the year 1968 as a point of departure of the new Yugoslav foreign policy orientation, Yugoslav reactions to the crisis in the Middle East and dictatorship in Greece, Yugoslav-Soviet, Yugoslav-Romanian and Yugoslav-Italian relations in the days of the Soviet intervention in Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia relations with the Federal Republic of Germany in 1960s, Yugoslav economic emigration in West Germany and the visit of the crew of Apollo 11 to Yugoslavia in 1969. The second part of the book is consisted from the works about Yugoslavia's activities in domestic and foreign policy after the intervention of the Warsaw Pact in Czecholsovakia in 1968, Yugoslav People’s Army’s ordeals in 1960s, the echo of the global student revolt of 1968 in Yugoslav youth and student press, student demonstrations in Belgrade and Yugoslavia in 1968, the case of Krunoslav Draganovic as one aspect of Yugoslav − Vatican relations, liberalization of Yugoslav theatre, and „rebellious“1968 in Istria. Most works are based on the new historical researches and they, after forty years, try to give a new answer and point of view on the issues connected with the happenings in 1968. The book contains also Chronology of the important events in 1968 and Bibliography of the selected Works on 1968.

1968. година – повратна за Източна Европа

Author(s): Iskra Baeva / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

The year 1968 was one of crisis, both for Eastern and Western Europe. There was a similarity in student-riots (in France, Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia), but mutual differences were much greater. An attempt at revamping the social system which had been established after WWII under Soviet influence was made in Eastern Europe in 1968. The new leadership of the Czechoslovak Communist Party, headed by Alexander Dubček undertook a reform with the goal of making the state socialism more democratic, in order to weld social security with human rights („socialism with human face”). In connection with reforms in the neighboring Czechoslovakia, Polish students stood up to protect intellectual freedoms. However, the government managed to stir up anti-intellectual and anti-Semitic sentiments and supress the dissatisfaction. Władisłav Gomułka came out against reforms. The changes in Czechoslovakia – abolition of censorship, preparation of the Action program with the aim of making socialism more democratic, economic reforms of Oto Šik – led to troubles in the relations between the countries of the Eastern Bloc. At meetings in Dresden (March 23), Moscow (May 8) and Warsaw (July 14–15), the leaders of the Warsaw-Pact countries increasingly criticized Czechoslovak reforms and demanded increasingly more determined that they be rescinded. Finally the danger of a reformist spill-over led to the decision to intervene militarily in Czechoslovakia on August 21, 1968. The military intervention changed the relations in Eastern Europe. Yu goslavia and Romania felt endangered and they reacted sharply. The suppression of the ”Prague Spring of ‘68” influenced mostly the attitudes of Eastern Europeans. They realized the preservation of the system and power was more important in the Eastern Bloc than the interests of the society.

60 godina od završetka Drugog svjetskog rata: kako se sjećati 1945. godine

Author(s): / Language(s): Bosnian / Publication Year: 2006

Ovaj Zbornik radova je rezultat konferencije koju je Institut za istoriju u Sarajevu organizirao 12. i 13. maja 2005. povodom 60 godina od završetka Drugogsvjetskog rata. Smatrali smo da je šezdeset godina od završetka Drugog svjetskog rata prilika da se o tome događaju povede naučna rasprava iz perspektive onoga što je slijedilo u kasnijem povijesnom razdoblju.

A Mindszenty-per

Author(s): Margit Balogh / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 07/2012

On December 26, 1948, Cardinal Mindszenty, Archbishop of Ersztergom and Prince-Primate of Hungary, was arrested by the Communist government. He was sentenced to life imprisonment, deprivation of political rights and confiscation of all personal property on February 8, 1949. His trial and condemnation were meant to send multiple messages: the exclusion of Catholics from public life and the political isolation of the Catholic Church; the issuing of a threat to the priests of Hungary and other Eastern-European countries; the general demonstration of the fact that no ecclesiastical establishment or member of the clergy is safe from Communist power; to disclaim the moral authority of the US and the West by showing that the beneficiaries of political power can violate religious freedom with impunity, they can ignore public opinion and infringe upon the rights of citizens.

A történelem vonatán

Európa és Magyarország a 20. században

Author(s): Mária Ormos / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 2005

“The Train of History” by Mária Ormos invites the reader to two different „journeys”. Reception of both, history and historiography. It is a comprehensive study with author’s vision on Europe, focusing on the Hungarian history and Hungarian identity.

Anglo-American Views of Gavrilo Princip

Author(s): Slobodan G. Markovic / Language(s): English / Issue: XLVI/2015

The paper deals with Western (Anglo-American) views on the Sarajevo assassination/attentat and Gavrilo Princip. Articles on the assassination and Prin¬cip in two leading quality dailies (The Times and The New York Times) have par¬ticularly been analysed as well as the views of leading historians and journalists who covered the subject including: R. G. D. Laffan, R. W. Seton-Watson, Win¬ston Churchill, Sidney Fay, Bernadotte Schmitt, Rebecca West, A. J. P. Taylor, Vladimir Dedijer, Christopher Clark and Tim Butcher. In the West, the original general condemnation of the assassination and its main culprits was challenged when Rebecca West published her famous travelogue on Yugoslavia in 1941. An¬other Brit, the remarkable historian A. J. P. Taylor, had a much more positive view on the Sarajevo conspirators and blamed Germany and Austria-Hungary for the outbreak of the Great War. A turning point in Anglo-American perceptions was the publication of Vladimir Dedijer’s monumental book The Road to Sarajevo (1966), which humanised the main conspirators, a process initiated by R. West. Dedijer’s book was translated from English into all major Western languages and had an immediate impact on the understanding of the Sarajevo assassination. The rise of national antagonisms in Bosnia gradually alienated Princip from Bosnian Muslims and Croats, a process that began in the 1980s and was completed during the wars of the Yugoslav succession. Although all available sources clearly show that Princip, an ethnic Serb, gradually developed a broader Serbo-Croat and Yu¬goslav identity, he was ethnified and seen exclusively as a Serb by Bosnian Croats and Bosniaks and Western journalists in the 1990s. In the past century imagining Princip in Serbia and the West involved a whole spectrum of views. In interwar Anglo-American perceptions he was a fanatic and lunatic. He became human¬ised by Rebecca West (1941), A. J. P. Taylor showed understanding for his act (1956), he was fully explained by Dedijer (1966), challenged and then exonerated by Cristopher Clark (2012–13), and cordially embraced by Tim Butcher (2014).

Antifašistička borba u Drugom svjetskom ratu u političkim interpretacijama hrvatskih predsjednika 1991-2006.

Author(s): Nikica Baric / Language(s): Croatian / Publication Year: 0

The author illustrates how Croatian Presidents Franjo Tuđman and Stjepan Mesić have interpreted the anti-fascist struggle during the Second World War. Especially interesting are the author’s comments on the use of particular historical events in the political context. Additionally, the author reviews different perspectives about antifascism in Croatia in the post-Yugoslav era.

Arhiv OZN-a s osvrtom na godinu 1945.

Author(s): Diana Mikšic / Language(s): Croatian / Publication Year: 0

This article provides a brief overview of the creation and development of the state security service during the war, reviewing the system and scope of activity of the security service before its official formation as the Odjeljenja zaštite naroda (OZN – Department of National Defense) in May 1944, and follows its activities up to its restructuring in 1946. The article features the fond for OZN operations in Croatia stored in the Croatian State Archive, which numbers 49 archival boxes and 3 books. The fond has been inventoried and catalogued. A selection of the sources the fond contains for 1945 were presented to the conference to address its theme. Indeed, there is much interest in this period, and an examination of the sources can serve to advance scholarly research and personal or other needs.

Bogdan Morfov (1870–1948) et son engagement à la cause Bulgarie de la mer Égée

Author(s): Rumen Karaganev / Language(s): French / Issue: 3-4/2014

Along with his interesting, diverse and successful career (of civil engineer, Director of Railways, minister plenipotentiary), Bogdan Morfov was directly engaged tied with Bulgaria’s cause of achieving an outlet to the Aegean Sea. He experienced the vicissitudes in this national aspiration both as an ordinary citizen of the kingdom and a direct participant in the formation of its changing in time configurations. In particular, the author reveals B. Morfov’s perceptions and efforts to implement them before the Balkan War (1912–1913); Expert activity in the early post-WWI period and his participation in the Bulgarian delegation at the conference in Lausanne (1922–23); later, his efforts in the respective direction as minister plenipotentiary in Paris and his activities in the preparation of the conference in Montreux (1936) as well as in the dramatic 1940 in connection with the anticipated return of Western Thrace within the borders of Bulgaria

Bosanski fratar na boljševičko-komunističkom sudu

Author(s): Ante Škegro / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 43/2015

Even before the Bolshevik-Communists took over power in 1945 in Bosnia and Herzegovina they mercilessly systematically eliminated their real or fi ctive enemies. The most drastic example of this practice is the execution of all the Franciscan friars in their monastery in Široki Brijeg in west Herzegovina in the beginning of February 1945. With varied intensity murder, persecution and discrimination of religious lasted as long as their State Yugoslavia existed. Apart from Archbishop of Zagreb Aloysius Stepinac (1937–1960) and Bishop of Mostar Peter Čule (1942–1980) a large number of other priests suffered persecution, amongst them was a Bosnian parish priest D.Th. Fr Borivoj Batinić (1913–1965). During the days of communist systematic persecution of religious, persons of dubious moral stature, provocateurs from the ranks of the secret Yugoslav police and even members of other religions were used, the latter to foment interreligious and national frictions. Fr Borivoj Batinić was a victim of this practice already from the middle of 1945, while he was a spiritual assistant of the Catholic Parish of Prophet St. Elijah in Zenica in middle Bosnia. In the Supreme Court judgment of the Bolshevik-Communist Peoples Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina of March 2, 1953 it was stated that he was sentenced to a strict prison sentence of 3 years and six months for, amongst other “sins”, of being a “highly educated person”.

Bosanskohercegovački Hrvati za vrijeme Drugog svjetskog rata (kao dio hrvatskog nacionalnog korpusa)

Author(s): Ivo Goldstein / Language(s): Croatian / Publication Year: 0

In this article, the author examines the changes that occurred within the Bosnian and Herzegovinian Croatian community during the Second World War that led individuals to sympathize with different warring factions. Although the entire Croatian nation gradually joined the Partisan cause, this process happened more quickly in the coastal regions of Istria and Dalmatia and several smaller Croatian inland areas. For a number of reasons the Bosnian and Herzegovinian Croats lagged behind their Croatian counterparts in joining the Partisan movement. Except for individuals who had been Communists in the pre-war period, Bosnian and Herzegovinian Croats did not side with the Partisans until the autumn of 1943. After that point, the number of Croats in the Partisans steadily increased until the end of the war.

Bosna i Hercegovina u vrtlogu

Promjene u prikazivanju Drugog svjetskog rata u literaturi na engleskom jeziku od 1945. do 2005. godine

Author(s): Robert J. Donia / Language(s): Bosnian / Publication Year: 0

In the past six decades, English-language accounts of the Second World War in Bosnia and Herzegovina have evolved, starting with the perspective of Allied strategic military interests and moving toward an understanding of the conflict as a struggle among regional actors. In the late wartime years, English readers saw the Second World War largely through the portal of Allied military observers who visited Tito or Mihailović. Early postwar scholarly accounts of the war echoed English readers’ obsession with the gargantuan military struggle and the reasons for Allied victory. Since then, English-language histories have increasingly drawn upon the voluminous documentary record and emphasized the role of the national question in the course and outcome of the war. Some authors have adopted a regional approach and focused principally on the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The quality of recent histories is excellent, but there is a lamentable absence of social history in these works, and horrible fate of the Jews in the Second World War has all but disappeared from more recent accounts.

Bosna je … naša! Mitovi i stereotipi o državnosti, nacionalnom i vjerskom identitetu te pripadnosti Bosne u novijim udžbenicima povijesti

Author(s): Damir Agicic / Language(s): Croatian / Publication Year: 0

Važnost udžbenika u izvođenju nastave povijesti gotovo je posvuda u svijetu vrlo velika. Istraživanja provedena u nekim tranzicijskim zemljama pokazuju da je udžbenik na prvom mjestu od svih didaktičko-metodičkih sredstava koja stoje na raspolaganju nastavnicima. U tranzicijskim je zemljama značenje udžbenika u nastavnom procesu tim veće jer je udžbenik shvaćen kao “katalog” znanja i često jedina ispravna interpretacija povijesti, odnosno jer se pretpostavlja da su u njemu sadržane “povijesne istine”. (Na području Bosne i Hercegovine, Hrvatske i Srbije sustav školstva čak ni ne dopušta nastavnicima mnogo slobode u njihovu radu niti su nastavnici spremni da se tom slobodom služe.)

Cazinska buna 1950. – tajne dosjea “Cazinski ispad’’ sa aspekta postojećih povelja i konvencija UN-a (1945, 1946, 1948)

Author(s): Fikret Midžic / Language(s): Bosnian / Publication Year: 0

Based on the available literature and new archival sources, the author gives a detailed overview of this event in relation to the UN human rights laws and conventions that Yugoslavia had signed prior to putting down the rebellion. In addition, the author connects these events to the social-political situation of Bosnia and Herzegovina at the end of the twentieth and beginning of the twenty-first century.

Civilna obramba med osamosvajanjem Slovenije

Author(s): Marjan Malešic / Language(s): Slovenian / Issue: 2/2012

The process of attaining the independence of Slovenia was based upon the plebiscitary determination of the Slovenian citizens to establish an autonomous and independent state. Civil defence performed successfully in this process and it was fully complementary to military defence. It allowed the authorities to function in a legal and continuous manner, enabled a more or less stable supply of defence forces and the population, and made it possible for the »will to resist« to be strengthened among the citizens before and during the war. The non-violent resistance of the civil society and political institutions against the federal forces contributed significantly to the attainment of the Slovenian independence. The rescue and protection system ensured the notification, evacuation and protection of the civilian population as well as the detection and designation of dangerous zones.

Dan pobjede prema sarajevskom ratnom “Oslobođenju ” 1995. godine - šta nam kazuje jedna proslava?

Author(s): Sonja Dujmovic / Language(s): Bosnian / Publication Year: 0

This article analyzes the history of the “Victory Day” (V-Day) commemorative celebrations and compares it to the 1995 Liberation of Sarajevo. By tracing how the narrative of V-Day evolved over the past half century, Dujmović describes how the government used this celebration to mystically connect the past to the present, to manipulate history in the interest of contemporary political ideologies, and to symbolize the beginning of a new society and government. She notes that the purpose of such a celebration was to demonize the previous system and diminish its successes, to establish and strengthen notions of a homogenous community defined in opposition to its enemies, and to lay the foundations for a de-secular value system which can unify society. The celebration reveals, however, that a universal principle of citizenship is in a serious crisis; that community loyalty exists but that individuals are wary of it. Although the community is maturing, it is difficult for individuals to find alternatives to homogenous and isolated identities.

DEUTSCHER HISTORIKER ALEXANDER KORB KORRIGIERT EINSEITIGE JUGOSLAWISCHE GESCHICHTSSCHREIBUNG

-

Author(s): Alexander Korb,Gojko Boric / Language(s): German / Issue: 1/2017

„In the Shadow of World War. The Ustasa’s mass violence against Serbs,Jews and Roma in Croatia, 1941 1945“. This is the title of the German first edition of a history book by Alexander Korb which appeared in 2013. The Englishand Italian translations will follow at the end of this year. In an interview with the author he mentions attacks on him by Serb nationalists who labelled him pro-Croatian, whilst at the same time he was awarded a prize by a Serbian cultural institution in Bonn. Dr. Korb is Associate Professor in Modern European History at Leicester University in England and is a specialist in genocide research.His interest in the history of Croatia has accompanied him since the beginning of his studies and as he speaks Czech, it was easier for him to learn the Croatian language. Reviewing the corresponding documents proceeded without problems. In his opinion, the Croatian nationalist Ustasa have been demonised by the Yugoslav historiography. It was a part of the founding myth of communist Yugoslavia that all Yugoslav ethnic groups fought against the occupying forces and their accomplices whilst only a few collaborateur acted against the interests of the people. The truth of the matter is that there was a civil war between 1941 and 1945 and there could be no hint of any unity between the various ethnic groups.The Ustasa movement had also non-fascist role models but in accordance with its self-perception its global outlook corresponded with that of the German and Italian fascists. In this connection, however, the author rejects the frequently misused term used by the communists of „Clero-fascism“. This is because it was the aim of the Ustasa to create a secular and not a religious state.The intention of the Ustasa to forcefully create an ethnically homogenous state failed because of its own shortcomings, because of the 6.3 million inhabitants some two million non-Croats lived in the territory of the Independent Stateof Croatia. Right from the beginning there was never any plan to destroy the Serbs. What did exist though were essays and papers on the creation of an ethnically homogenous Croatian state. Similar intentions existed in other European countries, likewise without any realistic basis. The frequently quoted claim that a third of the Serbs were to be catholicised, another third were to be expelled and the rest were to be murdered is simply not substantiated by any documentary evidence.After the creation of the Independent State of Croatia it took a year before any concessions by the Ustasa regime vis-a-vis the Serbs could be identified. Inits policy vis-a-vis the Jews, the Independent State of Croatia followed its German role model. Meanwhile, several thousand Jews managed to rescue themselve sby fleeing into the Italian zone of influence or into partisan-controlled areas. Protection was also granted through the regime’s willingness to grant„honorary Aryan“status to individuals who had served the Croatian people in one way or another. A small Jewish community in Zagreb survived the war until May, 1945.Relations between the Independent State of Croatia and Italy were for long on a „secret war-like footing“, whilst the German military either didn’t care about or had little regard for Croatian circumstances. However, the Germans were not talking with one voice. Some were supportive, others were critical of Pavelic’s regime. Hitler did not intervene, even though – as the author claims– „the Independent State of Croatia harmed German interests more than it benefited them“.According to Alexander Korb, the latest Yugoslav war opened up old wounds and deepened the rifts from the Second World War. Some symbols of the Ustasa remain part of the mainstream in Croatia. In answer to the question as to whether Croatia could learn from Germany’s coming to terms with the past in view of both countries’ experience with both nationalist and communist regimes, this is not suited in his opinion as an „export article“. Korb literally:„Croatian society is heavily polarised. Were one to recognise the crimes committed by its own side, for many that would feel like admittance of defeat and a political victory for the other side. But therein exactly lies the formula for success: to make a start at casting light on the darker sides of the history of ones own political situation.“