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Maritime tourism is one of the fastest growing tourist branches, bringing significant revenue to the cities and ports that develop it. Baltic cruises generates about 20% of all maritime tourist traffic. However, Polish ports, as shown through the example of Gdynia, have a small marketshare. The article presents results of the analysis of changes in the volume of traffic of cruise ships and the number of tourists arriving in Gdynia. The undertaken research is aimed at assessing and indicating the direction of changes in maritime tourist traffic in Gdynia in the years 1997–2016. The subject of the study are changes in the number of visits of cruise ships and tourists in the port of Gdynia. The data for the analysis of the traffic volume of the cruise traffic come from the reports and information from the Port of Gdynia Authority S.A. in Gdynia and cited in the literature. The work used basic statistical methods, including the analysis of changes in the volume of tourist traffic in particular years. It has made it possible to indicate a decisive decrease in the number of visits made by cruisers in Gdynia in the analyzed period, with the number of tourists stabilizing at 80–90 thousand per year in the last four years. However, this number results from the fact that Gdynia had visits of larger cruisers in last years than it was in the previous period. The location of the port in Gdynia and the lack of significant investments in port infrastructure for maritime tourism lead to the stabilization of tourist traffic at the present level.
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The article attempts at identifying the structural characteristics of both employment and education that are conducive to innovativeness of national economies. The author assumes that innovation is determined on the one hand by structural changes in the economy, as manifested in a modern employment structure, and on the other by the structure of higher education which corresponds to the needs of innovative economy. This study report consists of three sections. In the first one, the Summary Innovation Index (SII) was used as the instrument for selecting the European economies with the highest level of innovation to establish the benchmark for further analysis. The second part presents results of a comparative study on the structure of employment across the EU member countries. The comparative analysis is continued in the third part, but there it focuses on the number and structure of higher education graduates by field of study. The analysis covers the years 2008–2016 and its spatial scope covers the EU-28. The methods used include both descriptive and analytical approach, including comparative analysis. The analysis results show that the countries normally seen as the “Leaders of Innovation” set certain directions of structural change which may or may not be followed by the runners-up. Changes in the structure of economy, in their turn, give rise to changes in the level and fields of education.
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The aim of the article is to assess selected spatial aspects of industrial restructuring in the Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) countries in the run-up to the 2008 economic crisis. The study includes both a comparative analysis of deindustrialisation processes at the national level as well as changes in the importance of the industrial sector in the NUTS3 regions of the CEE countries. In particular, the analysis enabled to identify regions that, on the one hand, achieved economic success measured by GDP growth in comparison to the national average, and on the other hand regions that noted an increase in the importance of industry in the gross value added structure. In three selected regions an in-depth qualitative research was conducted, aimed at identifying development factors, including the role of institutions and external intervention in the economic restructuring processes. The study shows that the scale of success of regions that underwent a successful restructuring of industry was relatively small. In the development processes of the regions exogenous factors played a decisive role, in particular the inflow of foreign capital. In turn, the importance of endogenous factors, such as the growth of innovativeness of enterprises or the development of small and medium-sized enterprises was relatively small. What was identified as a particularly important factor was cooperation between the main stakeholders of the regional and local development, resulting in properly formulated strategies of the territorial structures’ development.
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Tourist traffic plays an important role in the development of tourism in the world. The Hawaiian Islands are one of the best developed regions, as well as regions that are most frequently visited by tourists. Changes in the spatial arrangement (layout) are determined by, on the one hand, internal and external demands, and, on the other hand, development possibilities of individual islands. The aim of this article is to establish the changes in the range of tourist flows (tourist attendance) in spatial and temporal arrangement (layout) in the field of five islands within the range of the Hawaiian Islands, namely O’ahu, Maui, Kaua’i, Moloka’i and Hawai’i. The statistical analysis was performed on the basis of the data from the Report prepared by the Hawaii Tourism Authority 2005–2016 and the data from the Bank of Hawaii. Results of the research indicate changes in tourist flows (attendance) in the years 2005–2015. According to the data, the Hawaii Islands were visited by over 7.6 million people in 2007. In 2009 the economic crisis in the US and Japan slowed the flow of tourists by over 1.1 million, and its subsequent increase was recorded a year later, as well as in the following years. The greatest tourist flows were observed on the island of O’ahu. Domestic tourists constitute over 67% of the visitors to Hawaii. The development of touristic functions of the islands is diverse and depends not only on the size of the tourist flows as well as arrival reasons, but also on the touristic management. Moreover, the characteristic features of the existing tourism in Hawaii focus on the mass scale, spatial expansion and the increase in the standard of services.
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It is widely known that innovation has got an impact on economic development, although there are still not many quantity studies on this topic. In developed countries new solutions are the effect of the domestic R&D production, but in those that are still catching up, like Poland, technology transfer is dominating and the innovation expenditure structure is a quite different. Additionally, it is complicated to measure this phenomenon, because of the short time series in public statistics. The main aim of the article is the identification and evaluation of the impact of innovation expenditures on innovation and their structure on manufacturing production value in Poland in 2006–2015 years, including regional differences, time delays and weight system. What is responsible for manufacturing development in Poland – domestic R&D or passive technology transfer, including foreign one? We were using multiregression panel data (time and spatial) model to find and describe some of the discoveries. We observed that there was a changing influence of every category of expenditure on the manufacturing production value. There was a growing importance of the domestic R&D, with parallel strong meaning of the imported passive technology transfer, on manufacturing. Additionally, used time delays were also significant. Finally, there is a necessity to use regional diversity to measure this phenomenon in less development countries.
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In the globalisation process, the largest corporations are becoming stronger despite the emerging economic crises. Cities with large corporations in their area can develop command and control functions in the global economy. In this case, Beijing has the strongest command and control function and next are New York, Tokyo, London and Paris. The aim of the study is to determine the level of resilience of command and control function to the crisis of the dominant sector creating this function in the cities of the United States and the perspectives of their resilience by 2025. The application was based on the perspectives of the World Economic Center Index (WECI). The ratio was based on the standardised values of the financial results of corporations located in the metropolitan area, taking into account its economic potential and sectoral diversification. In 2006–2016, most of the American World Economic Centers (WEC) dropped the number of headquarters, but at the same time increased resilience to the crisis in the main sector, and the most important WEC in the USA are now New York, Chicago, Houston and San Jose. It has been shown that the resilience of US cities to the command and control function crisis increased later than the market value of companies after the economic slowdown of 2008. In turn, in 2025, the most important World Economic Centers in the United States will be New York, Chicago, San Jose and San Francisco. No spatial dependence was observed in the projected dynamics of WECI values. Declines in value, as well as increases occur more or less evenly across the entire country. Also, the impact of a specific sector on the dynamics of the WECIs are not visible.
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The aim of the study is to analyse the changes in the command and control functions of cities in 2006 and 2012 based on the method of gravity centres. The analysis was performed both for individual sectors of the economy, as well as for European ones. On the basis of the International Potential Indicator, the shift of the centre of gravity of the command and control functions of cities to the East was noted. Nowadays, mainly due to the development of Central and Eastern Europe and the progressive European integration (rising to the East and South), the relocation of many companies from West to East and the growing importance of local companies in developing countries are increasing. It can be said that the importance of the command and control functions of cities in developing countries has increased (Russia, Poland). There was a decline in the importance of the blue banana region and British and German cities. This is especially visible in terms of the number of headquarters in the Eastern part of the continent. However, the capital shift is not that clear and the German and British corporations still remain strong leaders in Europe.
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The subject of this article are the structural changes in the armaments industry in Poland after 1990 regarding the background of worldwide transformations that took place at that time, in particular related to the consolidation of enterprises. The aim of the article is to provide answers to the following questions about the current structure of Polish armaments industry. First – to what extent is the structure similar to the concentrated model of the USA and Western Europe arms industry? Second – is the structure of Polish arms industry suitable for rebuilding its position on the global armaments market in the conditions of gradual reduction of protectionist barriers in Europe? Various research methods have been used to achieve the goal of the article. The basic one becomes the analysis of Polish and foreign literature of the subject and unpublished materials from the former Ministry of Economy. The second method – qualitative – uses the technique of free interview. The author interviewed nearly 20 chief-executive officers of Polish armament companies during several specialist military equipment and armament fairs in 2016 and 2017. The basic conclusions of the research are not optimistic. While the structure of Polish arms industry is not very close to the solutions applied in the US and Western Europe, it is more related to the concentrated models in national structures (holdings and concerns) characteristic for Central and Eastern European countries, the process of concentration was executed too slowly and in a random way. Nevertheless, the main problem is that existing structure does not improve the competitiveness of the Polish arms industry in the face of dynamic changes in the European one.
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The purpose of the paper was to synthetically characterise the changes of spatial differentiation of industry innovation in Poland in 2005–2015 in the context of research problems of innovativeness with the use of the cross product. The availability of data limited the scope of the research. For example, innovative activity was presented through the analysis of the share of innovative units in the total number of industrial enterprises and the size of expenditure on innovative activities incurred by industrial enterprises. The analysis of the share of innovative products in the value of total production and net revenues from sales of innovative products in net revenues from total sales was also made. The analyses mentioned were presented against the research and development situation in Poland as a whole and by voivodeship. Research confirmed that significant spatial diversity distinguishes the spatial structure of innovation in Polish industry by voivodeship. Moreover, it is significant that innovative expenditures show low efficiency. Spatial structure of industry innovativeness in Poland was highly stable in the analysed period. The changes in the spatial structure were insignificant and reached only 4% in synthetic terms. More substantial transformations of the structure, often of an abrupt character, concerned only the selected features of industry innovativeness.
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The participation of private partners in the implementation of public tasks contributes above all to increasing the effectiveness of management in the public sector and accelerating the development of territorial units. Public-private partnership (PPP) is a tool that supports infrastructure development while reducing public expenditure. First PPP deals were made in 2009. Since then local government units remained the main initiatiors of the projects. The article aims to assess the use of public-private partnership in Poland in the years 2009–2019. The study also takes into the account the obstacles which impede the development of PPP in Poland. Local governments have implemented the largest number of projects in the field of transport infrastructure in Poland. The most active were public entities located in the regions with the best economic development. The obstacles that limit the PPP initiative are mostly financial, legal, attitudinal. Lack of knowledge and skills also obstructs the development of PPP. Overcoming these barriers requires increasing knowledge of PPP projects in order to promote public-private cooperation as a modern way of implementing public tasks.
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Tourism is one of the basic sectors of the European economy. Tourism initiatives funded by the European Union promote entrepreneurship and development of regions. The author emphasizes the role of education in this field as it can create entrepreneurial attitudes and improve the quality of human capital. The aim of the article was to present the legal basis and competences of EU institutions in the field of tourism and the European funds financing tourism projects. The author presents tourism projects financed from the EU funds in Małopolskie Voivodeship in relation to Poland. Therefore, the article is divided into three parts. The study refers to the programming period of 2007–2013. In the light of the conducted considerations, we can see that tourism sector has not been a preferential one for a long time in the EU policy. There is still a lack of financial instruments entirely oriented on tourism projects. The most important role in the Małopolskie Voivodeship played projects in the category of business development, science and education, as well as work and social integration. Tourism projects played a smaller role in the total number of projects supported by EU funds. However, it is important that many tourism projects are international and support regional entrepreneurship.
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This article aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the Communist Party of Ukraine’s crisis at the time of perestroika (1985 to 1991). The consequences of the crisis were mass resignations, the formation of fractions and platforms, and the regionalisation and decentralisation of party structures. Furthermore, the crisis contributed to a continuing fall in the authority of the CPSU in general and of the CPU in particular. This was due to limitations on its access to real levers of influence upon transformational processes, the loss of control throughout reforms, the growth of spontaneity, chaos, and the uncontrollability in the development of society. In order to overcome the crisis, the Communist Party attempted a generational change in the Soviet party nomenclature, which is supposed to have significantly rejuvenated the political elite of the USSR and the Ukrainian SSR. However, the authors of the article, having analysed archival documents, prove that in the Ukrainian SSR, a generational change did not take place, and the young cadres who came to power had no real influence. An attempt to change generations in the country’s political elite failed and became the cause of internal political conflict.
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The paper discusses the transformations of memory caused by the preservation, removal or redefinition of memorials. These transformations indicate the competi- tion between political and ideological views in Bulgarian society after 1989. Two cases are analysed: the deconstruction of Georgi Dimitrov’s already-empty mausoleum in 1999 and the Monument to the Soviet Army, still standing in Sofia. Both instances are significant indicators of power constellations, which, in the second case, also have a precise foreign policy dimension (relations with Russia). The peri- odically activated debates, especially concerning the Monument to the Soviet Army, indicate the absence of a coherent memory policy and general ambiguous attitudes in Bulgarian society towards the communist past.
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Entrepreneurship can contribute to the well-being of the society by creating innovative products and services that can meet the needs of customers and improve their quality of life. Entrepreneurs can also support local communities by engaging in social development projects and creating jobs, which help raise the standards of living. The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor report annually tracks the evolution of international entrepreneurship. The paper aims to identify various components related to entrepreneurship in order to outline an overview of the publications that integrate global entrepreneurship monitor data. The bibliometric analysis was performed using VOSviewer software based on 1.063 articles extracted from the Web of Science database. The results of the paper highlight the exploration of the constituent aspects of entrepreneurial research, identifying the analyses that were based on the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor reports from 2004 to 2023.
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The painting of St. Vladimir’s Cathedral in Kyiv, which appeared in the late 19th century thanks to the work of the outstanding artist V.M. Vasnetsov, served as the beginning of a new trend in religious art, more precisely, in monumental church painting. Creating new compositions, the artist was based on texts from the Holy Scriptures. The motives of V.M. Vasnetsov also played an important role in the design of Orthodox churches in the East of Ukraine, painted in the late XX – early XXI century, that is, in the historical period after the celebration of the 1000th anniversary of the Baptism of Rus’. The purpose of the work is to determine the most common iconographic scenes (created by V.M. Vasnetsov) in Orthodox churches in the east of Ukraine, as well as the reasons that incline designers and customers of church painting to such a choice. iconographic, iconological, cultural, hermeneutical, historical-comparative, observational, analysis and synthesis, semiotic. Results. The most widespread plots were “The Last Judgment”, “The Crucified Jesus Christ” and “The God of Hosts”, written in 1885–1896 for the Kyiv Vladimir Cathedral (to the 900th anniversary of the Baptism of Rus’). The “Last Judgment” is depicted on the western wall, the plots “The Crucified Jesus Christ” and “God Sabaoth” are most often located in the vaults of the central and lateral parts of the temple. Nevertheless, among the works of V. Vasnetsov there are also plots that have not aroused interest among modern masters and customers of painting: for example, the compositions “The Bliss of Paradise”, “The Temptation of Eve”. The reason for “ignoring” these plots is most likely that these works are closest in style to paintings on religious themes, but not to icon art and are completely far from icon painting canons. One of the reasons for the wide distribution of Vasnetsov’s motifs at the end of the 20th century is the availability of these subjects for reproduction by secular artists, not icon painters, who are unfamiliar with the canons of the classical Byzantine icon painting style. Most of the Orthodox churches built and restored during this historical period were painted by such masters. There-fore, the use of plots by V.M. Vasnetsov is typical for Orthodox churches, painted in whole or in part in the style of academic painting. The inclusion of these plots in the program of church painting often does not imply compositional unity with all other plots, and often they stand out against the general background. Common to most of Vasnetsov’s stories is the perception of time. Even in complex iconographic compositions, time is instantaneous, that is, the events depicted occur simultaneously, which gives the plots greater richness and even tension.
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The professional development of teachers has been an interesting area for educational researchers. The educational transformation initiated in South Africa since 1994 due to the new democratic dispensation necessitated a process of reskilling the entire South African teaching corp. For schools to achieve their goals of effective teaching and improve learning, professional development should be at the top of the pedagogical agenda. Drawing from teacher professional development theory, the study explored how the Council for Educators’ point system policy functions and whether the policy promotes teacher professional development. For the researcher to explore and understand the views of participants, a qualitative approach, which was analytic, descriptive and interpretive, was deployed. Data was collected through the use of semi-structured interviews. The findings of the study show that there is a discrepancy between what the policy aspires to do and the teachers’ praxis. In addition, the findings conclude that in the main, most teachers in this study demonstrate inadequate comprehension despite the fact that the policy has been in operation for five years. Based on these findings, it can confidently be argued that the policy does not enhance teacher professional development.
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The catechetical act addresses today an evolving world. This approach is not only in full agreement with Gaudium et Spes Constitution, which considers that the Church needs to adapt to the modern world, taking over its hopes and fears, but it also points to the fact that catechesis is an essential pastoral activity nowadays and, therefore, must be necessarily contextualized. The Church is interested in everything that contributes to the human evolution, to the child’s progress in a society where the spiritual dimension is fading. It does not elaborate a doctrine about Jesus Christ, it lives from his presence and facilitates the encounter with him. By approaching Jesus Christ in this way, with conceptual, pedagogical and relational means, within the Church community, it is possible to seize the mystery of His person and meet Him as He represents for us, today. Thus, the profession of faith is not just an intellectual adhesion, but it is rather an ecclesial commitment based on dialogue and conversion.
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Towards the end of the 20th century, the self-writing is taking on increasing importance, while undergoing profound changes at the same time. The desire to renew the autobiographical genre and to adapt it to the new realities of the time led to the invention of a new self-writing, a hybrid and protean form: “autofiction”. Our intention here is to make a short incursion in the history of this new "genre", by examining in particular its evolution, its various configurations, its stakes and its literary, psychological and socio-political conditioning.
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The article contains a bibliometric analysis conducted on the basis of bibliographic data from the years 1996–2022, extracted from the Scopus database (May 2022). The method used involved steps beyond the traditional counting of publications and citations as well as drawing conclusions based on reading the content of academic papers. Complete biographic datasets were used for advanced analyses performed in the program CiteSpace. The state of research into digital culture may be described as follows: (1) it constitutes a new area of research that has seen particularly intensive development for the last 15 years or so; (2) systematic research is conducted by a small set of researchers; (3) they publish the findings of their research in a small selection of journals (around a dozen) and in books; (4) books contribute most to the development of such research (mainly around a dozen of the most popular ones); (5) the subject-matter of this research embraces mainly such issues as: copyright law, critical digital studies, digital art, network society, digital media, digital modernity, information technology, digitalisation, influencers, the internet era, memes, new media, social media, social networks, video games, and visual culture.
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