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Ulukısla is a borough where bound to Nigde administratively. The big section of borough ground is in Adana Region of Mediterrenean Region, small section of borough is at Middle Kızılırmak Section of Middle Anatolia Region. Ulukısa, is on a line where roads passing since historical terms. In the Ottoman Empire Ulukısla was on a land way and railway junction point which was used especially during wars. In the national struggle Even though Ulukısla was not invaded the people Ulukısla did not remain silent against to the occupying forces During the second World war Ulukısla had an important role as transportation of military supplies. This article aims to explain the role and significance of Ulukısla.
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The extent of human suffering and loss of life during World War II gave a new dimension to the matter of guilt for war crimes and the need to punish their perpetrators. Therefore, near the end of the war and in its immediate aftermath, a process that’s known under several names in professional literature – reprisal or retribution, purges or, more recently, transitional justice – took place in all the countries involved in the war. Summarising the research published to date, we can conclude that the post-war policy of reprisal was marked by three new processes: first, a new definition of war crimes and extraordinary courts as the executors of the new legal principle; second, the massive scale of punishment; and third, this was the first time that heads of state were put on trial.Research on the history of wartime collaboration and the post-war process of reprisal has shown the decisive influence of politics on punishment for war crimes and various categories of guilt. In all European countries, Western or Eastern, it was politics that, based on their strategy for building a future, made the decisions regarding the intensity, scale, and duration of retribution. They determined how to combine politics and law, i.e. they determined the balance between punishing perpetrators and creating a future, rebuilt and integrated society. The countries of Western Europe quickly saw that harsh punishment and other forms of excluding former collaborators prevents the rebuilding of society and the stability of the state. Therefore, punishment of collaboration was massive, but it was implemented quickly and the punishments were relatively mild. On the other hand, in the countries that would comprise the future Eastern Bloc, the process was exactly the opposite, since dealing with nazism and fascism was also used as a pretext for conducting a social (socialist) revolution. The “enemies” included not only collaborators, but also opponents of the revolution, and the “purging” process was conducted on a much greater scale. Even though the information in literature is incomplete, Croatia/Yugoslavia can without a doubt be compared to the states where reprisal against collaboration, but also against broadly-defined “enemies of the people”, was at its harshest according to the number of people killed in purges, the number of people put on trial, and the punishment the leaders of the defeated collaborator regime were subjected to.
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The history of the Romani population from their settlement in medieval Europe until today was for the most part marked by periods of violent persecution, which often had the goal to completely assimilate them into the majority population of a certain area. Periods of peace and a certain form of peaceful coexistence with the majority population were rare, and the Romani population continued to “survive” on the socio-economic margins of European societies. The Roma had similar predominantly negative historical “experiences” in Croatian areas. Thus, they also experienced periods of repressive assimilation, which reached their climax during the Independent State of Croatia. The Romani population then found itself targeted by Ustasha racial policy and excluded from Croatian society, which led to their deportation, torture, and killing in various concentration camps, primarily Jasenovac. The consequence of this policy was the almost complete demographic “eradication” of the Roma in Croatian areas. The research presented in this paper is focused on the village of Bošnjaci in Srijem (Syrmia), which was home to several hundred Roma before World War II. Most of them led sedentary lifestyles and constituted an integral part of the community through their economic activity, crafts, trade, and agriculture. After the establishment of the IndependentState of Croatia, Ustasha racial policy encompassed this rural community, and as a result the Roma were labelled as “dangerous enemies” and “parasites” upon “the pure Croatian racial body”. The deportation of the Roma was conducted in June 1942, when the Roma from Bošnjaci were taken on foot to the county railway station, and then by train to Vinkovci. From this town, they were deported by train to Jasenovac. Only two Roma survived – they were soldiers of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, captured by the German military and sent to perform forced labour in German and Italian camps. The number of Romani victims from Bošnjaci still hasn’t been fully researched despite 11known attempts. It is, however, known that nobody declared themselves as Romani in the village of Bošnjaci and the entire surrounding district at the time of the next population census (1948). Almost the entire pre-war Romani community, which numbered at least a few hundred Roma, was destroyed as a consequence of Ustasha racial policy. According to the most recent population census, only seven people in this village declared themselves as Roma.
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This paper examines the authenticity of the published document that, according to Yugoslav historiographical data, was sent by the 8th Dalmatian Corps to the General Staff of the Yugoslav Army on 25 February 1945. The document describes the Mostar Operation, which is thematically split into three phases (Operation Bora, the Battle for Široki Brijeg, and the Battle for Mostar). Yugoslav historiography treated this document as the basic historical source for the reconstruction of this military operation. However, there are five factors that put into question its authenticity, including not only its contents, but also the issue of the original document as well as its basic form.
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Security apparatus was a very important vehicle which was used by communists during the fight for power after II World War. Thousands of functionaries needed the appropriate schooling. During 1945–1947 they were trained by Central School of Ministry of Public Security in Łódź. The lecturers in this School were the prewar Polish communists and so-called „kujbyszewiacy” – the graduates from NKVD [People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs] – a course which was organized in the period between April–July 1944 in the Soviet town Kuybyshev on the river Volga. The personnel was characterized by young age and lack of professional experience. Therefore their usefulness for education of functionaries of security apparatus in the postwar Poland was minore.
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As a result of the Potsdam Conference, territory of Poland was shifted west. This Decision forced the masses to migrate, and Polish government to populate and develop the new lands. Settlement of West Pomerania, Lubusz Land and other areas was started; priests came along with the crowds. The Church, trying to meet the expectations of the lost and anxious people, wanted to mark its presence in former German and Protestant areas. Curia was needed for this purpose – and its manager. Father Edmund Nowicki was first to be elected in 1945, however as a result of hostile policy of the authorities against the Church, he was replaced in 1951 by Fr. Tadeusz Załuczkowski. After his sudden death, the Curia manager position was taken by Zygmunt Szelążek. He occupied it until the end of 1956. Each one of the three had a huge influence on the religious life in the region. They built the Church structures virtually from scratch, they brought priests and religious, took over evangelical churches for the use of the Latin rite. They worked in the reality of the Polish People’s Republic, risking reprisals. On one hand, they were being defined by the circumstances of place and time, on the other, they were determined to achieve their goals and realize uneasy task of leading the Church in the most demanding and neglected, largest territorial unit in Poland at the time. The article depicts their struggle, insufficiently described in the literature, as of yet.
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This paper presents some of the results of the oral history research on the image of the Jews from Maramureş in collective memory. 1 It is based on interviews taken between 2005 and 2012 with Holocaust survivors, their descendents, and Christian witnesses: the neighbours or acquaintances of the survivors. We analyzed the experiences of Jews from Maramureş, an area of northern Transylvania, in the period after their liberation, the details of the changed world into which they were expelled after their terrifying experiences, and the way these were perceived and interpreted by the survivors as well as by the observers. After the long months in the camp, with their main aim to develop strategies to avoid death, 2 the return home was not a sudden positive transformation and a well deserved physical and psychological recovery for many of the survivors, but a time of new psychological.This paper presents some of the results of the oral history research on the image of the Jews from Maramureş in collective memory. 1 It is based on interviews taken between 2005 and 2012 with Holocaust survivors, their descendents, and Christian witnesses: the neighbours or acquaintances of the survivors. We analyzed the experiences of Jews from Maramureş, an area of northern Transylvania, in the period after their liberation, the details of the changed world into which they were expelled after their terrifying experiences, and the way these were perceived and interpreted by the survivors as well as by the observers. After the long months in the camp, with their main aim to develop strategies to avoid death, 2 the return home was not a sudden positive transformation and a well deserved physical and psychological recovery for many of the survivors, but a time of new psychological traumas, whether gradual or occurring at different stages of their lives.
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Communist machinery of state, which was formed in Polish territory since 1944, needed numerous amount of workers. One of the sources of them were participants who took a part in the Spanish Civil War in 1936-1939. In this situation it was predictable that in the post-war Poland participants of XIII ‘Jarosław Dąbrowski’ International Brigade, would be nominated for main offices in different institutions. This problem was analyzed mostly on a base of col. Mieczysław Broniatowski history – one of near 4 thousands of ‘dąbrowszacy’. In conclusion it occurred that ‘dąbrowszczacy’ played symbolic role, rather than group of pressure in PRL. In times of crisis they often were in different camps. Despite the fact that they were surrounded by a nimbus of heroes of the war in Spanish, they didn’t exercise main functions. On this background, it can be said that Broniatowski’s career wasn’t specially different from experiences of his comrades from ‘dąbrowszczacy’. He quickly became one of new regime creators, however he didn’t managed to came to the top.
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The article is a biography, showing the life and work of Bolesław Wojciech Sadaj (1908–1997) as a creator of pedagogy in Szczecin in the organizational and scientific terms. Bolesław Sadaj was a teacher, organizer of teacher training in Szczecin, school superintendent, university teacher, researcher, social and educational activist. He Was an important person for the education in Szczecin and Western Pomerania in the second half of the twentieth century, examining the work of teacher, the profession of teacher, their need for education, training and improvement as well as the participation of schools and teachers in the integration processes in Western Pomerania After World War II.
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The authors of the article present the phenomenon of the historical reenactment on the basis of the First World War reenactment, mainly on Polish territory. In the first part of the article, J. A. Daszyńska focuses on the origins of the mentioned reenactment in the world as well as in Poland in the 90’s. The additional attention will be paid to explain the popularity of reenactment groups which deal with the First and the Second World War. In the second part of the article, J. Chańko describes and grades the educational value of reenactment and so-called lessons of the living history concerning the First World War as well as the possibilities of the media usage while performing. Additionally, the author present the pedagogical profits and dangers connected with reenactments.
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The head of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs called on his long standing diplomatic experience and exceptional interpersonal skills by preparing conditions for negotiations which general Sikorski held in the United States between 23rd and 30th of March 1942. During the negotiations Raczyński, and later Sikorski, ensured financial resources for the operations of the Polish Underground State and included Poland into the Lend- Lease Act. The failures were the lack of Polish-American political agreement and approval of US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt to the idea of the European Central Federation.
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The aim of the article is to discuss the losses sustained by the Diocese of Kielce in relation to the sacral bells during the Second World War. This issue was not so far discussed in detail in historical literature. On the basis of available sources (materials stored in the Archive of the Diocese in Kielce) it should be noted, that during the last war the diocese of Kielce lost more than 160 church bells because of the German military requisition and at least a few as a result of the warfare. The highest intensity of the action of confiscation bells by the Nazis were recorded in 1941–1942, after that time it took place only very occasionally. Among the confiscated bells were 43 antique ones, cast before 1900. The most historical bells, as many as five, lost the Parish of Gnojno. The oldest bell, looted by the Germans from the Church dedicated to the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Książ Mały, was cast in 1500. The most of the bells made before 1900 was the work of unknown artists. Only a few of them bear the signature of the craftsman. Bells funded in the interwar period came mostly from the three Polish foundries, that is factories of Felczyński Brothers in Kalush (Kałusz) and Przemyśl, workshop of Karl Gustav Schwabe in Biała near Bielsko and the „Bells Foundry Francis Lott, Michael Dziarski and Company” („Odlewnia Dzwonów Franciszek Lott, Michał Dziarski i Spół- ka”), located in Pustelnik near Warsaw.
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Islandia to niewielkie państwo położone w Europie Północnej na wyspie Islandia i kilku mniejszych wyspach w północnej części Oceanu Atlantyckiego. Kraj ten początkowo pozostawał poza sferą zainteresowania polityką międzynarodową. Mimo to jego parlament, zwany Althingiem, uważany jest za jeden z najstarszych na świecie.
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During World War II the idea of “the civil society” was not known. The paper is to show that although the notion was not used, yet it already functioned. The author tries to prove that in order to carry out the war activity successfully, both the ordinary military structure and the relations between the soldiers, besides the official ones, are necessary. The idea of Gen. W. Anders to build a certain structure of the civil society during wartime seems to be important. The ethical principles were the foundations of the society. In this regard, the role of military chaplains was invaluable.
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„Bitwa o każdy grób”. Semantic, syntactic & functional analysis of the titles in the guidebook Przewodnik po powstańczej Warszawie The aim of this article is the presentation of the titles functions such as informative, compositional and ideational in the guidebook of the Warsaw Uprising 1944. The authors of the book tell about the places, but they present also participants and witnesses of the Warsaw Uprising. The semantic and syntactic analyses of the nominalizations, which served as the titles in this book are presented. The purpose of this section is to demonstrate relations between the syntactical shape of particular title and the content of the given text. The article shows the connection between shape of semantic structure and the informative power of the particular text. The article brings also formal classification of the analyzed titles. Some of them consist of nominalizations (18%), some perform as the sentences (5%), as phrases with participles (9%), as phrases with infinitives (1%). In the conclusions I claim, that the formal choices in the titles are suitable for modern reader, which is capable of perceiving the news from the new media, such as Internet.
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The article presents the profile of Blessed Gerhard Hirschfelder, a Catholic Priest, with particular respect to his attitude towards National Socialism in the Third Reich. His life testimony proves his radical rejection of this browshirtideology, introduced by Adolf Hitler. Born and raised in Klodzko, Poland, and ordained a priest in Wroclaw, he performed his pastoral duties first in Czermna And then in Bystrzyca. The author provides a number of examples of his noble approach to people, filled with dedicated love at the price oh his health and life, of which he was eventually deprived in the concentration camp in Dachau. His testimony of faith has been alive thanks to those who witnessed his life.Nowadays, this faith legacy is fostered particularly by the clergy as well as the lay people of the Šwidnica Diocese, headed by Bishop Ignacy Dec, the first bishop of the Diocese.
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Glubczyce area covers Southern part of Opole Voivodeship. It is bordered with the Czech Republic in the south and west. From 1038 or 1039 this territory was taken away from Poland and since then it belonged to the Czech Republic. From 1526 it was under Habsburg Monarchy. In 1742 it went under control of Prussia and was not returned to Poland until 1945.In the Church terms, the territory belonged to the Czech diocese and from 1777 it belonged to Olomouc archdiocese. In 1751 Frederic II, the king of Prussia,appointed Olomouc Bishop Commissioner with his registered Office in Glubczyce County. The bishop became the intermediary between the governing bodies of Prussia and Olomouc Bishopric governed by Habsburg monarchy.Prelate Joseph Martin Nathan was the last Archbishop Commissioner. Не wasserving in Braniče, Glubczyce County. In 1924 prelate Nathan was given the title of Vicar General, and in 1943 he received the title of Provisional Bishop. After World War II the General Vicariate in Braniče was cancelled and its area went under control of Polish Apostle Administration of Silesia, Opole.
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Review of: Wiesława Duży - Tomasz S. Ceran, „Szmalcówka”. Historia niemieckiego obozu w Toruniu (1940–1943) na tle ideologii nazistowskiej, Bydgoszcz– –Gdańsk 2011, ss. 167
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