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Among the Working Papers of a Paleographer: the Discovery of a Territory and its Culture

Author(s): Flavio Carbone,Francesca Nemore / Language(s): English Issue: 36/2018

Not long ago, the authors of this paper came across a box containing a portion of the archive of Vincenzo Federici. This discovery gave rise to a research project that involved the location, analysis, and archival arrangement of the remaining part of the archive, and the study of sources found in other archives to reconstruct the many aspects of the activity of a multifaceted academic character. The Federici Papers are also interesting because on one hand they provide a unique vision of his connection with both prominent local figures and simple folk who could help the researcher in his quest. On the other hand, they offer a very interesting representation of a large part of the Italian central and southern regions, from the years before the Second World War to the later processes of rural migration and urban concreting in the sixties. What is really interesting is the opportunity to look, through Federici, at the cultural life of rural areas in the center and south of Italy before and after the Second World War.

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JAKUB RÁKOSNÍK, MATĚJ SPURNÝ, JIŘÍ ŠTAIF – Milníky moderních českých dějin. Krize konsenzu a legitimity v letech 1848–1989

Author(s): Pavel Kladiwa / Language(s): Czech Issue: 01/2020

Review of: JAKUB RÁKOSNÍK, MATĚJ SPURNÝ, JIŘÍ ŠTAIF – Milníky moderních českých dějin. Krize konsenzu a legitimity v letech 1848–1989, Praha 2018, Argo, 396 s., ISBN 978-80-257-2518-4.

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EVA HAHNOVÁ – Češi o Češích. Dnešní spory o dějiny

Author(s): Veronika Středová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 01/2020

Review of: EVA HAHNOVÁ – Češi o Češích. Dnešní spory o dějiny, Praha 2018, Academia, 268 s., ISBN 978-80-200-2839-6.

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Propaganda Component of the Process of Sovietization and Forms of its Implementation in the Western Regions of Ukraine in 1944 – 1950.

Author(s): Galyna Starodubets,Serhii Sokoliuk / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

The article deals with the peculiarities of the process of Sovietization of the western regions of Ukraine during the period of late Stalinism. Given the totalitarian nature of the Stalinist regime, it is emphasized that the informational space was one of the most important spheres of life, control over which by the ruling Communist Party was complete and inseparable. The scientific novelty is that the author defines the organization and holding of meetings of various categories of the population as one of the active forms of Stalin’s propaganda. They were an instrument of forcing the local population to trust the Soviet government, to legitimize it. It is noted that such events systematically repeated, gradually became part of Soviet everyday life. The task of Stalin’s propaganda was to construct a new type of man – „homo Sovieticus“, for whom communist ideology is not just a set of slogans, but an inner conviction.

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U źródeł afery TUN. Generał Stanisław Tatar, rozpad Komitetu Trzech i przekazanie komunistycznemu wywiadowi wojskowemu funduszu „Drawa” 1947–1949

Author(s): Daniel Koreś / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2021

The article is a synthesis of the activities of the members of the self-proclaimed Committee of Three (Brig. Gen. Stanisław Tatar and his associates – Col. Stanisław Nowicki and Lt. Col. Marian Utnik) from 1947–1949 – until their arrest by the communist security service in November 1949. Based on archival sources, it presents not only the moral decay of three high-ranking and positioned officers of the Polish Army and the Polish Armed Forces, but also a much more painful study of their agent activities and mutual deliberation inspired by the II Department of the General Staff of the Polish People’s Army.

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Oddział Henryka Kwaśniewskiego „Luxa” z II Inspektoratu Zamojskiego AK i jego ostatnia walka

Author(s): Bartłomiej P. Szyprowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2021

This article investigates the creation and operational activity of the platoon detachment commanded by Henryk „Lux” Kwaśniewski from the 2nd Zamość Inspectorate of the Home Army, until it was eliminated on December 15, 1951 ina firefight in the Alojzów district. The author presents documents and reports related to the Internal Security Corps raid, which led to the liquidation of the group,and attempts to explain the inaccuracies that appear in the preserved documents.Furthermore, the documented description of the fight and how Henryk „Lux”Kwaśniewski and Wacław „Mściwy” Kwaśniewski died, the details of which differfrom those supplied by the actual participants, is also subjected to scrutiny.

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Adolf Eichmann – vykonavatel rozkazů?

Author(s): Milan Mašát / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2023

The book "Adolf Eichmann – architekt holocaustu: Zločiny, dopadení a proces, který změnil dějiny" [Adolf Eichmann – Architect of the Holocaust: Crimes, Capture and the Trial that Changed History] by the acclaimed non-fiction author Roman Cílek is intended for a wider audience with an interest in twentieth-century history, but this, the reviewer argues, does not diminish its scholarly integrity. Although it is not based on original research of previously unstudied archival sources, the reviewer believes that Cílek’s book deserves attention for its engaging presentation, the appropriate and impressive use of various types of documents and its clear, but not declarative, ethical message. By depicting the career of Adolf Eichmann (1906–1962), Cílek zooms in on the genesis and implementation of the Nazi idea of exterminating the entire Jewish people. Central to the book are the chapters devoted to Eichmann’s trial in Jerusalem in 1961, in which the author critically examines the failure of Czechoslovak diplomacy to provide the prosecution with evidence of Eichmann’s decisive role in the murder of the children of Lidice.

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Организационни и идеологически документи на българския младежки съюз „Отец Паисий“ от 1942–1943 година

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Организационни и идеологически документи на българския младежки съюз „Отец Паисий“ от 1942–1943 година

Author(s): Nikolay Poppetrov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2023

The article examines the activity of the Bulgarian Youth Union “Father Paisiy” (BMSOP), its goals and ideology, as well as its role and place in the political life of Bulgaria in the 1940s, based on documents of the union from the period 1942–1943 – a relatively calm and successful period of development of BMSOP. The selected sources reveal the attitude of the organization to the personality and work of Tsar Boris III and to the Jewish question (and disavowal of Metropolitan Stefan of Sofia). They contain rich information about the BMSOP’s idea of organizing and conducting national propaganda, as well as about the organization’s actions in infiltrating the existing organizational structures in the country, its work in schools.

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Принос към историята на модерните стопански институции и счетоводството в България.

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Принос към историята на модерните стопански институции и счетоводството в България.

Author(s): Pencho D. Penchev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2023

Book Review

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THE GREEK CIVIL WAR AS COVERED BY THE COMINFORM JOURNAL “FOR A LASTING PEACE, FOR A PEOPLE’S DEMOCRACY!”

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THE GREEK CIVIL WAR AS COVERED BY THE COMINFORM JOURNAL “FOR A LASTING PEACE, FOR A PEOPLE’S DEMOCRACY!”

Author(s): Bisser Petrov / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

This study reveals a poorly studied angle to the Greek Civil War (1946 – 1949). It is about its representation on the pages of the printed organ of the Communist Information Bureau “For a Lasting Peace, for a People’s Democracy!”. In addition to a purely factual examination of the published material on the ongoing civil conflict, the study also addresses issues of a more general nature, such as that of the ambiguous attitude of the Kremlin, in particular Stalin, towards the course of armed struggle taken by the Greek communists. The aims with which the print edition of the newly born international communist organisation was charged are also examined in detail. This broad contextualization, together with the explanations and commentaries provided, gives the narration a greater scope and contributes to a fuller understanding of the turbulent events and processes concomitanting the Greek Civil War.

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NJË VËSHTRIM KRAHASUES MBI TIPOLOGJINË GJUHËSORE TË DOKUMENTIT ZYRTAR NË SHQIPËRI NË DY PERIUDHA HISTORIKE (1945-1990 vs 1990 dhe në vazhdim)

Author(s): Anyla Saraçi,Fjoralba Vukatana / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 1-2/2022

Archives is the main place where the written historic sources are stored. The Archives in Albania dates back for 70 years. After the World War Second the need for setting up and the function of the state structures brought the need for collecting and storing the documents of different periods of time, but at the same time preparing new documents just like political, juridical and economic ones. Writing official documents following a certain structure it is not only about the form but for different periods of time those reflect specific contents, which are materialized through a certain form. The archive service has a certain way of dealing with documents and a professional behavior towards the documents, not depending who created these documents, the influence had the politics into them, its connection the politic has on them and suffer the consequence on them. Knowing the way these documents have been through since its creation and the consolidation in different periods of history, has been an obligation that made all the institutes who had funds of documents to become unified. The kinds of documents we are dealing with include 2 different historic periods characterized by different social-economic and political systems. As result, the typology of the documents is different, their structure is represented some differences but above all differs the content. The material included is diversified, because it answers various themes of the past time of the information stored in the Archives of Albania. From a comparing point of view of linguistic and structural form of these official documents of these periods, we can understand how a certain state organism operate, how it is communicated through different state institutions and what is the value of each official document testimony of different historical periods.

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Płk. Józef Beck (1894-1944); Marek Kornat, Dariusz Wołos: Józef Beck.

Author(s): Bernard Wiaderny / Language(s): German Issue: 3/2023

Reviews of: Płk. Józef Beck (1894–1944). Żołnierz, dyplomata, polityk [Oberst Józef Beck (1894– 1944). Soldat, Diplomat, Politiker.] Hrsg. von Sławomir M. Nowinowski. (Biblioteka Oddziału Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej w Łodzi, Bd. 41.) Instytut Pamięci Narodowej. Łódź - Warszawa 2017. 472 S. ISBN 978-83-63695-20-0. (PLN 40,-.) Marek Kornat, Dariusz Wołos: Józef Beck. Biografia [Józef Beck. Biografie.] Wydawnictwo Literackie. Kraków 2020. 1148 S., Ill. ISBN 978-83-08-06961-5. (PLN 119,90.)

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RAZVOJ MEKTEPSKE POUKE U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI DO DRUGOG SVJETSKOG RATA

Author(s): Elvir Duranović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 93/2023

The author here presents a study of the development of the maktab class since its establishment during the Ottoman rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina until the end of the Second World War. During the Ottoman period, the local maktab class education was no different from the maktab education anywhere else in the empire. Its primary goal was to teach children reading the Qur’an and basic religious studies. The first real reform of maktab education took place by the end of the 19th century with the foundation of maktabi-ibādiyyah – reformed maktab, first in main cities and later in most places in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The author here presents the documents on the bases of which the first maktabi- ibādiyyah were established and then he analyses all the reforms of the Teaching Plan and Program therein until these institutions were closed down in 1931. He particularly focuses here on the First Islamic educational survey which initiated the reform of the maktab class in elementary sibjan maktab and in reformed maktabi- ibadiyyah. These were the two types of maktab classes that existed until 1931 when a unitary Teaching Plan and program for maktab classes was adopted for all the maktabs in Bosnia and Herzegovina. This Teaching Plan and Program, with minor amendments, remained effective until the end of the Second World War.

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„Na posterunku bojowym”. Wojska radzieckie w radzieckiej strefie okupacyjnej Niemiec/ Niemieckiej Republice Demokratycznej 1945–1954. Wybrane aspekty

Author(s): Grzegorz Hryciuk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2020

The Group of Soviet Occupation Forces in Germany was formed in June 1945. It consisted mainly of the troops of the 1st Belarusian Front with marshal Georgy Zhukov as the first commander-in-chief of the Group. The main task of these troops was to supervise the process of demilitarization and democratization of the Soviet occupation zone in Germany. Occasionally, the Group also secured the process of dismantling a large part of the German industrial infrastructure. The cost of living of the Soviet troops was a major burden on the budget of this zone, which was transformed into the German Democratic Republic in 1949. The significant demobilization of the Red Army (the Soviet Army since 1946) also affected the units stationed in eastern Germany. Their numbers fell in 1947, but some of them were not disbanded or withdrawn to the USSR; they remained as so-called cadre units, with limited numbers, fully armed and equipped. It was their development in 1949 and 1950, in the face of the tightening international situation, that allowed to significantly increase the numbers of the Group’s troops, estimated in the mid-1950s at around 500 000. The Group consisted of the best equipped and trained units of the Soviet Army. These troops guaranteed the stability of local communist regimes (e.g. during the suppression of the East German uprising of 1953), as well as a potential instrument of aggression or defense in the event of war in Europe. In 1954, the Soviet Armed Forces stopped functioning as occupying forces in the GDR. Since then, they were only an element of the system of the mutual balance of forces between blocks competing in Europe. This was also the beginning of doctrinal changes in the Soviet Army. It had to adapt not only to the changed international situation, but above all to the completely different conditions of war on the atomic battlefield.

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Željko Karaula, Dubravko Habek, Prim. dr. Josip Jagodić (1897.-1973.) Pravednik među narodima

Author(s): Ivica Vučak / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 7/2022

Review of: Željko Karaula, Dubravko Habek, Prim. dr. Josip Jagodić (1897.-1973.) Pravednik među narodima, Družba „Braća Hrvatskog Zmaja” - Opća bolnica „Dr. Anđelko Višić”, Bjelovar, 2023.

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Željko Karaula, Dubravko Habek, Prim. dr. Josip Jagodić (1897.-1973.). Pravednik među narodima

Author(s): Vjenceslav Herout / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 7/2022

Review of: Željko Karaula, Dubravko Habek, Prim. dr. Josip Jagodić (1897.-1973.). Pravednik među narodima, Družba „Braća Hrvatskog Zmaja” - Opća bolnica „Dr. Anđelko Višić” Bjelovar, Bjelovar, 2023.

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Displaced Persons jako samostatné badatelské téma?

Author(s): Jana Kasíková / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2023

Displaced Persons as a result of the Second World War have been the subject of long-term research, which has gradually developed into a stand-alone discipline. The author reflects on its development, current trends and future prospects. Using the examples of several thematic conferences abroad and the panel discussion at the Congress of Czech Historians in Ústí nad Labem in September 2022, she illustrates the specific areas of interest, the proclaimed challenges of the field, and possible interconnections with other topics. She finds the publishing and popularization activities of scholars studying the issue of displaced persons to be abundant while the occasional claims that Displaced Persons represent a new and still understudied topic sound somewhat contradictory today. According to the author, the main limitation to studying Displaced Persons as a stand-alone topic is that, in pursuit of a deeper understanding of the concept, Displaced Persons are often artificially sought where the category no longer fits and where an interdisciplinary or polythematic approach is preferable.

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Hluboký vhled do smutného konce úspěšného muže

Author(s): Jana Wohlmuth Markupová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2023

In her book "Soukromá válka Huga Vavrečky: Mikrohistorie z rozhraní soudobých dějin (1945–1952)" [Hugo Vavrečka’s Private War: A Microhistory from the Edge of Contemporary History, 1945–1952)], the historian Jana Wohlmuth Markupová presents the fate of journalist, economist, manager, diplomat and for a short time also politician Hugo Vavrečka (1880–1952). The first Czechoslovak ambassador to Hungary and then to Austria, in the interwar period Vavrečka was also commercial director of the Baťa Works and, in autumn 1938, at a critical time for Czechoslovakia, a government minister. He was also the grandfather of the playwright and president Václav Havel (1936–2011). According to the reviewer, Wohlmuth Markupová’s book occupies a unique place among Czech biographical publications in that it contains a thorough reflection on the genre of historical biography and examines the relationship between the biography of a particular person and the microhistorical approach to the problem of contemporary history. It is this methodological emphasis which makes it extremely inspiring and valuable. The author focuses on the last eight post-war years of Hugo Vavrečka’s life, when from a former member of the social elite he became an outsider, and attempts to capture his psychological traits and life strategies. The result is a deep, nuanced and gloomy insight into the confrontation of an exceptional personality (but by that time also an old and sick man) with the pressure of changing social conditions, especially the communist regime after 1948.

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Příběh posledního lidického faráře

Author(s): Marek Šmíd / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2023

In his biography "Nejvyšší oběť: Poslední lidický farář Josef Štemberka (1869–1942)" [The Ultimate Sacrifice: The Last Parish Priest of Lidice, Josef Štemberka (1869–1942)], the church historian František Kolouch tells the life story of a Roman Catholic priest who was executed by the German occupiers on 10 June 1942, along with other male inhabitants of the destroyed Central Bohemian village of Lidice. The biography of the extraordinary personality of Josef Štemberka, who had served as a parish priest in the village since 1909, is intertwined with the political, economic and social history of the village of Lidice, the local region and the entire country from the last years of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy through the whole period of interwar Czechoslovakia, until to the fourth year of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. The author stays mainly at the level of regional history. The reviewer points out that Kolouch has managed to collect an impressive amount of mostly unpublished sources, which enabled him to reconstruct Štemberka’s fate from his youth to its tragic climax in a detailed and engaging way, while at the same time, correcting many traditional clichés. The reviewer’s objections are directed at the absence of a broader context of Church and religious history, the narrow range of the literature used, and the nonnegligible number of factual and interpretive errors.

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Milan Hauner – jedinečný historik mezinárodních vztahů

Author(s): Vít Smetana / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2023

The obituary commemorates the distinguished Czech historian of international relations Milan Hauner. He was born on 4 March 1940 in Gota, Thuringia, into a Czech-German family, but grew up in Prague. His grandfather and uncle, resistance fighters in the Second World War, fell victim to the Nazis, generating Hauner’s professional interest. He studied history at the Faculty of Arts at Charles University. After the Soviet invasion in 1968, however, he decided to emigrate. He was awarded a scholarship at St. John’s College in the University of Cambridge where he also earned his doctorate in international relations in 1972. In the following decades he worked at a number of academic institutions in the United Kingdom, the United States and Germany. His home institution was the University of Wisconsin-Madison, and, since the 1990s he also lectured at and published with Czech institutions. He died on 26 September 2022 in Madison. His work focused on a variety of understudied topics in twentieth-century international relations and on great power strategies at crucial moments in world history. Perhaps his most famous monograph deals with the role of Indian nationalism in the politics of the Axis countries during the Second World War. He also extensively published on the Soviet war in Afghanistan. Another of Hauner’s lifelong themes was the Czechoslovak President Edvard Beneš (1884–1948), whose three-volume memoirs of the Munich agreement and the Second World War he prepared for publication in a critical edition. Taking a personal tone, the author of the obituary summarizes Hauner’s career and professional contribution, highlights his major works, discurses his long-term collaboration with this journal, and recalls the mutual friendship and inspiration that Milan Hauner meant to him.

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