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Zbrodnia pomorska 1939 jako początek ludobójstwa w czasie II wojny światowej

Author(s): Tomasz Ceran / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2020

Niemcy od momentu wkroczenia do Polski we wrześniu 1939 roku dokonywali masowych mordów na polskiej ludności cywilnej w całym kraju, lecz ich skala w poszczególnych regionach okupowanej Polski była różna. Do największych zbrodni doszło na terenie przedwojennego województwa pomorskiego, gdzie zamordowano ok. 30 tys. osób. W żadnym innym regionie zaanektowanej Polski terror niemiecki nie był aż tak wielki. Zbrodni dokonywano przede wszystkim na polskiej inteligencji, ale także na rolnikach i robotnikach. W tych samych dołach śmierci pogrzebano tysiąc rozstrzelanych pacjentów szpitali psychiatrycznych i setki pomorskich Żydów. Szczególną rolę w tej zbrodni, obok jednostek Einsatzgruppen, odgrywali członkowie mniejszości niemieckiej – aktywiści Selbstschutzu Westpreussen. Byli oni szczególnie podatni na ideologię nazistowską ze względu na intensywność propagandy dotyczącej tzw. korytarza pomorskiego i bydgoskiej „krwawej niedzieli”. Zaplanowaną akcję eksterminacyjną, która w rozumieniu Rafała Lemkina była pierwszym w czasie wojny ludobójstwem fizycznym, przedstawiano jako akt samoobrony i zemstę za śmierć volksdeutschów. W celu podkreślenia znaczenia wydarzeń na Pomorzu Gdańskim w 1939 roku jako początku niemieckiej ludobójczej polityki okupacyjnej utworzono nowe pojęcie historyczne – „zbrodnia pomorska 1939”.

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Treści kulturowe w dawnych polskich podręcznikach do nauki języka angielskiego (1788–1950)

Author(s): Irmina Kotlarska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

The article describes the glottodidactic aspects of the relationship between language and culture in English textbooks published in Poland from the end of the 18th century to the middle of the 20th century and supplements knowledge about the local history of teaching English as a foreign language. The specific aim of the article is to illustrate changes in the way cultural issues are presented in English language teaching depending on the historical period. To achieve this objective, a qualitative analysis of the cultural content present in historical English textbooks was conducted. Its results were contrasted with three models of cultural education: national, intercultural and transcultural. The content analysis took into account textbooks passages referring to high and low culture in direct (texts and illustrations) and indirect ways (e.g. in grammar exercises). The analyses showed that the way cultural content is presented is derived from the teaching method used in the textbook, the needs of the learners, the institutional-ideological entanglements of language education and the changing state of theoretical knowledge on the role of culture in the glottodidactic process. The article demonstrates that the ability to shape knowledge about other nations, their cultures and representatives in the glottodidactic process was already being conducted in the past.

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Изселването на етнически немци от Източна Европа в СССР в края на Втората световна война. Между историческата наука и политическата употреба на миналото

Author(s): Lyubomira Valcheva-Nundloll / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2023

The Soviet military presence in Bulgaria after 9 September 1944 and the establishment of the new government are the subject of contradictory historical interpretations. The anti-German measures introduced at the end of World War II including the internment of citizens of Germany and its satellites, and the labor mobilization of ethnic Germans in the USSR represent a fragment of the Bulgarian past that was only brought to the public attention after the fall of socialism. While the political use of this past has led to the indirect inclusion of the anti-German measures in the list of crimes of communism condemned by Europe, scholarly analysis reveals a complex process transcending the context of the local political regime. The study of this little-known fragment of Bulgarian history brings forth the question of the distinction between the principle of nationality and that of citizenship in a Balkan country confronted with the Soviet suspicion of the German population in securing territorial control. The growing importance of national memory for the emerging European (historical) consciousness provokes reflection on the role of a historian in defining this ambiguous past influencing the present. The European construction of supranational historical memory presupposes the supranationalization of related national historiographies. The article places the history of the German population in Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War and the political use of this past in an expanded context, drawing on primary Bulgarian and Soviet sources, on historical scholarly works, and on research studying the construction of historical memory.

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MATERIAL AND MORAL VALUES IN EXILE LATVIAN DISPLACEMENT NARRATIVES

Author(s): Maija Krūmiņa / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

The article explores the memories of exile Latvians by analysing the role of material values in the process of their displacement from Latvia in 1944/1945, as well as the manifestations of moral values revealed in the narratives of the actions, choices and decisions of refugees. The study is based on life story interviews gathered in the National Oral History Archive which convey the displacement experience in an intense way by vividly depicting the psychological and emotional circumstances and also the material issues that people faced in the particular historical situation. The sources confirmed that refugees tried to think practically and take only the most necessary things with them, but quite often it turned out that they were not prepared for how far and long their refugee journey would turn out to be. Moreover, it turned out that memories of material items taken along by the refugees were often directly related to the symbolic value that these objects acquired over time. The sources also identified common values relevant to the refugees (nature and life, solidarity, justice, responsibility, goodness, and freedom) which were revealed both in the way how exile Latvians reflected on their own and other people’s actions and in the episodes chosen to be included in their life story.

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Obóz przy ul. Przemysłowej w Łodzi i powojenne rozliczenia z jego historią

Author(s): Tomasz Toborek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2022

Polen-Jugendverwahrlager der Sicherheitspolizei in Litzmannstadt commonly referred to as the camp on Przemysłowa Street in Łódź, in operation between December 1942 and 19 January 1945 was a very special place. This is because it was the only place where exclusively children were held under conditions comparable to concentration camps. The article takes a closer look at the reality that minor prisoners had to face and the history of this cruel place. The most important theme, however, is the post-war reckoning with the history of the camp, mainly in the form of trials of child abusers. We also learn how the history of the camp was manipulated in the post-war era to achieve the desired propaganda effect and how its history and victims were being exploited. The author is highly critical of the content of the only monograph on the camp by Józef Witkowski and describes in detail the notorious court case of Eugenia Pol from 1970–1976. She was then sentenced to 25 years in prison. To this day, it is difficult to determine whether the camp supervisor was in fact a ruthless torturer or a victim of a judicial crime. Without settling the issue definitively, the author presents how the unreliable conduct of Eugenia Pol’s trial today hinders the search for the truth and is a pretext for further misrepresentations and manipulations.

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Surrealism, Socialist Realism, Dialogue?

Author(s): Michał Kozłowski / Language(s): English Issue: 11/2022

The text offers a critical and comprehensive review of Dorota Jarecka’s book Surrealizm, realizm, marksizm. Sztuka i lewica komunistyczna w Polsce w latach 1944–1948 [Surrealism, Realism, Marxism: Art and the Communist Left in Poland between 1944 and 1948]. The reviewer appreciates the main methodological premise of the book, namely that the tensions and conflicts generated within the triangle “avant-garde – realism – emancipatory role of art” cannot be reduced to a binary opposition between totalitarian ideology and the legitimate art world. In fact, it reflects the contradictory dynamics of politically engaged art in general and the context of post-war Poland in particular. Despite the book’s formidable factual support, the result of extensive and comprehensive query, the reviewer still regrets that the author remains primarily an art historian rather than social historian of art. This note of regret however does not diminish this noble contribution to understanding the logics of Polish visual arts in the aftermath of World War II. This area is much less known generally than the literature of this very period.

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Научное сообщество раннесоветской эпохи в контексте социальной истории отечественной науки

Author(s): Elena Fedorovna Sinelnikova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 41/2022

The article analyzes the study of Moscow historian E.A.Dolgova, dedicated to the structural transformations of the Russian scientific community in the 1920s–1930s. Working in the problematic field of the social history of science, the author managed to consider and analyze a significant complex of sources. There are interesting materials extracted from a number of federal and regional archives. The results of E.A.Dolgov’s research work is reflected in the monograph “The Birth of Soviet Science: Scientists in the 1920s–1930s”, published in 2020. Analyzing the scientific community in the focus of socio-economic policy of the 1920s–1930s, the author provides valuable data on the size of the academic ration, the distribution of scientists by category, the number of scientists-members of the party and candidates of the CPSU(b) in Moscow, Petrograd-Leningrad and the provinces. It was concluded that the scientific community in the period under study functioned as a hierarchical one. Among the factors determining the status position of a scientist in this hierarchy, the leading ones were non-partisanship/partisanship and social origin. In the study, the special attention paid to the analysis of scientist and scholars’ public role. The demand for a positive representation of Soviet science, including in the international arena, found expression in the expansion of forms of popularization of its results, the rise of science fiction literature and the emergence of popular science cinema. In general, E.A.Dolgova’s monograph is major fundamental research, and, no doubt, will take its rightful place in modern Russian history of science historiography.

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Еврейский вопрос в польско-советских отношениях в первой половине 20-х годов ХХ века (по материалам полпредства СССР в Варшаве)

Author(s): S. A. Sklyarov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 42/2023

A high level of anti-semitism in the newly revived Polish state had to be taken into account by the Soviet diplomacy in the first half of the 1920s. The disclosed documents from the correspondence between the Plenipotentiary representative of the USSR in Warsaw with the central office of the People’s Commissariat of Foreign Affairs introduced into the scholarship for the first time testify to the existence of a Jewish problem in Polish-Soviet relations. Moscow had to keep track of the number of Jews in the diplomatic mission in Warsaw as well as to consider the request of Polish officials, including the Polish leader Jozef Pilsudski, about the desirability of appointing a person of Russian origin the head of the mission in Warsaw given the level of anti-semitism in the Polish society. The deputies of the Polish Sejm at a meeting of the Foreign Affairs Committee attributed the shortcomings in the Polish-Soviet negotiations to the Jewish nationality of the representative of the USSR. Another problem in Polish-Soviet relations in 1923 was represented by the destiny of Jews who escaped through Poland from Soviet Russia and Soviet Ukraine to the United States. After the introduction of immigration quotas in the USA in 1921 about 6 to 8 thousand Jews were not able to receive entry visas in the United States in 1923. The Polish government required their urgent deportation. Other countries did not want to see them on their territory either. The Jewish organization “Joint” was forced to ask Moscow to approve of their repatriation to the USSR on condition it took charge of covering all expenses. After some hesitation, the USSR agreed with such repatriation. However, it was not organized in a civilized way. The Polish authorities simply ordered to drive Jews to the borders with the USSR. It meant the spontaneous transfer across the border which caused a new scandal in the already strained Polish-Soviet relations.

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Смеховые практики в годы Великой Отечественной войны в газете «Магнитогорский рабочий

Author(s): N. V. Chernova,N. N. Makarova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 42/2023

The history of humor is not new to the Russian historiography. At the same time, over the last decade, the research into laughter has been in demand and relevant, especially within the study of the history of emotions. The author suggests a specific example of the study of laughter in the local context. The article examines laughter during the period of the Great Patriotic War based on the newspaper “Magnitogorskii rabochii” in two ways. The first layer is made up of “guest” humorous sketches presented by the works of “TASS Windows” and front-line newspapers. The second — feuilletons, cartoons, humoresques posted on the pages of the city newspaper. Their authors were local journalists and artists. Local authors are understood as those who resided in the city during the Great Patriotic War. The former basically broadcast images of front-line life, explained military events, consoled people demonstrating shortcomings of the enemy and the dignity of the Soviet army. The latter, during the most difficult moments on the fronts, shifted the attention of residents to pressing urban problems, largely typical of Magnitogorsk: officials, roads, baths, etc. The article pays special attention to the influence of front-line events on laughter practices, forms of humor, themes and functions performed by it. The latter underwent significant changes during the war years. If at the beginning of the war, laughter performed an explanatory and anesthetic function helping the townspeople to cope with the difficult time of incomprehension of the events, of mobilization, of the first losses, etc., then in 1942 the substitution function became key: front-line humor was replaced by local humor. The end of the war required humor to make an effort to revive positive moods in the city, to ensure a gradual return to a peaceful existence.

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Bulgarian Immigration to Canada, Late Nineteenth – Mid-twentieth Centuries

Author(s): Penka Peykovska / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2023

The article aims at studying the first generations of the Bulgarian immigrants to Canada through the methods of historical demography. The ethno-demographic phenomena and processes that took place among them are characterized by quantitative analysis mainly of Canadian and partly of Bulgarian official statistical sources (population censuses and current demographic statistics), considering the volume, dynamics and ethnic composition of immigration flow, its structure by gender and age, marital and literacy status. An attempt has been made to clarify the relationship between immigration with a starting point Bulgaria and the one coming from among the Bulgarians abroad (who originated mainly from Macedonia), to identify those who contributed more to the replenishment of the Bulgarian diaspora in Canada and to shed light on the ethnic composition of these immigration flows. The level of integration processes is presented by studying the role of citizenship, intermarriage and spoken language, using indicators such as relative shares of Bulgarian immigrants that got naturalized, were Canadian-born, adopted the official languages of the country as well as kept speaking their mother tongue and declared belonging to Bulgarian ethnicity/origin, lived in ethnically mixed marriages.

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The Macedonian Question through the Eyes of Foreign Researchers

Author(s): Slavi Slavov / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2023

Review of “Foreign Honorary Members of the Macedonian Scientific Institute (1923– 1947)”

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Zbornik o Ljubomiru Marakoviću. Zbornik radova sa znanstvenoga skupa, Zagreb-Topusko, 25-26. travnja 2019.

Author(s): Andrea Sapunar Knežević / Language(s): English Issue: 64/2021

Review of: Zbornik o Ljubomiru Marakoviću. Zbornik radova sa znanstvenoga skupa, Zagreb-Topusko, 25-26. travnja 2019. Glavni urednik Tihomil Maštrović. Fakultet hrvatskih studija Sveučilišta u Zagrebu et al., Zagreb 2020, 609 pp.

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GÜRCİSTAN SİNEMASINDA SOVYET VE SOVYET SONRASI DÖNEMDE KADININ TEMSİLİ

Author(s): Buket-Akdemir Dilek / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 17/2023

In the study examining the representation of women in the context of feminist ideology; In order to understand the conceptual framework and the ideological and sociological structure of the period, first of all, Georgian history is explained and then information on Georgian cinema is given. In order to make the study understandable, Georgian films from the Soviet Union period and the Post-Soviet period were chosen as samples.The films selected and included in the sample were examined within the framework of feminist theory, adhering to the descriptive analysis method, and ideological analysis in terms of social dynamics was also included in the films discussed from time to time. In the analyzed works, descriptive analysis was used to reveal how women are represented within the framework of feminist theory. In the five Georgian films included in the sample, the representation of female characters on the screen was examined with the descriptive analysis method within the framework of feminist theory. By ex amining the patriarchal view in the films that were shot in two different periods historically, the representation of women in the patriarchal Georgian society was tried to be determined by film analysis. It has been determined that the representation of women in Georgian cinema has undergone changes in parallel with political and social events.

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Judith S. Kestenberg i ucieczka w (nie)pamięć o Zagładzie

Author(s): Klara Naszkowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 18/2022

This article reconstructs the biography and the complex, intercultural, and international identity of Judith S. Kestenberg (1910–1999) – a Polish Jew born in an Orthodox family in Galicia, Austria-Hungary; a medical student in Vienna; an emigrant to the United States; a pioneer of psychoanalysis and therapeutic work with Holocaust survivors, dealing with the trauma of a daughter of Holocaust victims; and, last but not least, a mother and wife. The text presents the complex circumstances of Kestenberg’s departure from Austria in mid-1937 and her metaphorical escapes from the unbearable reality of the war and the Holocaust, as well as her complicated, ambiguous, and evolving attitude toward the losses and traumas suffered as a result of the war, the Holocaust, and the emigration, as well as toward Jewish and Polish identity. The article presents Kerstenberg’s personal attitude toward the Shoah which resulted from her losing her parents and her obsessive dedication to therapeutic work with the Holocaust survivors. During the first post-war decades in the milieus of Jewish survivors, immigrants, and even mental health professionals (including psychoanalysts) dominant was the conviction that it was better to forget the war, trauma, and loss. In 1968 Kestenberg began to create a new field of knowledge dedicated to survivors who had experienced wartime persecutions at a very young age. She believed that the only way to deal with the difficult past events was to talk about them, acknowledge them, and preserve them in the individual and collective memory. The author reconstructed the history of Kestenberg’s family history and her biography on the basis of archival sources. Official historical sources usually ignore the voices and experiences of minorities, including women, Jews, immigrants, and non-citizens. This is why this article utilizes personal history materials such as memoirs, letters, published and unpublished interviews, and oral history (speeches, and the conversations I have had) as well as Kestenberg’s texts about her research on survivors.

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„Litwinów zlikwidować, Łotyszów wypuścić”. Wileńszczyzna 1944

Author(s): Tomasz Balbus / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

The study shows the executions of prisoners of war carried out by the Polish Home Army (AK) brigade of Lieutenant Gracjan Frog, alias “Szczerbiec” near Vilnius, in 1944. The motives, cases, and course of these dramatic events are presented. They took place during the occupation of Poland by the German army. The text was based on the accounts and memories of Polish veterans as well as reports from the Lithuanian and German police.

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The Power to Express Who You Can Become. Sabine Hake in Conversation with Magda Szcześniak

Author(s): Magda Szcześniak,Sabine Hake / Language(s): English Issue: 31/2021

A conversation about Sabine Hake's interdisciplinary three-volume study on the proletarian imaginary in German culture from the 1860s to the 1960.

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CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING THE APPLICATION OF THE AGRARIAN REFORM FROM 1945 IN FORMER IALOMITA COUNTY

Author(s): Paul Maximilian Anghel / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 26/2021

The agrarian reform of 1945, one of the first redistributive measures adopted by the new government led by Petru Groza, was a major political instrument to undermine the agrarian elites and expand the support base of the communists among the rural population. It was therefore a "revolutionary" reform, with a populist and even ethno-nationalist character, aimed at social rather than economic ends. This reform would prove illusory and ephemeral for the poor peasantry, being succeeded within a few years by the socialization policy of agriculture. Thus, from a political and programmatic point of view, the reform achieved its goal, leading to the abolition of large and medium-sized rural properties. This paper includes a case study on the implementation the agrarian reform of 1945 in the former Ialomița County, from the perspective of the administrative factors involved in the process. The analysis addresses the normative, institutional and administrative framework, as well as at the particularities in the process of applying the reform in the former Ialomița County, as revealed by the archive sources.

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Tabuji padajo - učimo se dialoga : LTI - Lingua Tertii Imperii in LIT - Lingua Imperii Titi

Author(s): Jože Dežman / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1-2/2017

LIT—Lingua Imperii Titi is the deformed language of Titoism. With it, the communist minority tried to control the majority. In this article, it is emphasized on the examples of mass killing sites and graves that the Titoist elite is trying to conceal the crimes of Titoism, which is why most casualties of the Second World War and the revolution became taboo. LIT has falsely presented communists to be national heroes as the only heroes from the Partisan movement. LIT claims and emphasizes that a majority of the population followed Titoism. However, more than half of the casualties of the Second World War and the revolution became taboo, and Titoism repressed more than half of the population. Those who contributed to the fall of Titoism with non-violent resistance remained forgotten. The resistance of the threatened farmers in the village of Srednja vas in Bohinj is described as an example of the resistance of farmers.

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JAROSLAVA HOFFMANNOVÁ – Jaroslav Werstadt (1888–1970). O minulosti pro přítomnost

Author(s): Tomáš Pánek / Language(s): Czech Issue: 01/2021

Review of: JAROSLAVA HOFFMANNOVÁ – Jaroslav Werstadt (1888–1970). O minulosti pro přítomnost Praha 2020, Vyšehrad, 356 s., ISBN 978-80-7601-363-6

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ZBYNĚK ZEMAN, RAINER KARLSCH, Na uranu záleží. Středoevropský uran v mezinárodní politice 1900–1960

Author(s): Matěj Bílý / Language(s): Czech Issue: 02/2021

Review of: ZBYNĚK ZEMAN, RAINER KARLSCH, Na uranu záleží. Středoevropský uran v mezinárodní politice 1900–1960, Praha 2020, Academia, 426 s., ISBN 978-80-200-3072-6.

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