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Stanisław Cat-Mackiewicz was among the best known Polish political journalists. A conservative, monarchist and supporter of Józef Piłsudski, in the interwar period he took sides with a small group of advocates of cooperation with Germany against the Soviet Union. During the Second World War he fiercely criticized the government of Władysław Sikorski and Stanisław Mikołajczyk, especially their policy towards the USSR, accusing them of gullibility and underestimation of the Soviet threat, though he also initially deluded himself that an unyielding policy on the issue of Poland’s eastern border could be successful. Over time the tone of his journalism became explicitly pessimistic. Mackiewicz posed as a realist, but he was largely guided by emotions, particularly by attachment to his homeland, areas which the USSR demanded from Poland.
More...analiza preseljevanj Slovencev na ozemlje držav nekdanje Jugoslavije in njegove posledice
The following contribution analyses the history of emigration from the Slovenian ethnic space to the countries of the former Yugoslavia and its contemporary consequences. The main thesis builds on the understanding that the Slovenian emigrant community in the “Yugoslav state” was largely neglected from the viewpoint of operative politics as well as from the scientific study perspective. The analysis is divided into four historical periods, which differed significantly as far as the migration dynamics is concerned: the first migration stage (1850–1914), dominated by economic reasons; the second migration stage (1919–1941), when the political and cultural reasons also became important; the third migration stage (1945–1991), when the main reasons for migration were economic and ideological; and, finally, the article is concluded with the analysis of policy towards the Slovenian immigrants to the Yugoslav territory in the time of the independent Slovenia, together with all of its advantages and shortcomings.
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In 1949 Polish and Czechoslovak lawyers prepared a draft of joint family law for both states. It was prepared for political reasons, to implement communist law in two “people’s democracy” countries. It was based on Soviet law. The Czechoslovak part was quicker in passing the new law. The final debate took place in National Assembly on December 7th, 1949. Only three persons took part in it. It had completely ideological character. Especially the Minister of Justice had very communist speech. He criticized strongly “capitalist” family law and attacked the Catholic Church, because Czechoslovak bishops were protesting against civil marriages. In fact the draft on family law was used by the communist authorities to create anti-church atmosphere. The bill was passed without votes against. Similar debate took place in Polish Sejm in 1950, although it had a little bit less ideological character.
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In my paper I will discuss the career of, a director born in 1942 in Nis in Yugoslavia, whose career, spanning over forty years and Yugoslavia, West Germany and Serbia, excellently illustrates the concepts of independent and transnational cinema and their interface. Žilnik’s career well illustrates the advantages and pitfalls of “independent filmmaking”, especially in the context of Eastern Europe. Hence, in my paper, I will use his case to examine this concept, drawing on Marx and Marxist thought, such as the critique of the “culture industry” by Horkheimer and Adorno and the concept of “critical media” by Christian Fuchs, and the history of Eastern Europe and its cinema, with its figure of “artist-dissident” and the specific case of Yugoslavia. My main point is that there is no “independent cinema” in absolute terms; cinema can only be independent from something, hence ‘independent cinema’ means different things in different cultural contexts.
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Making affect the living conditions of as ordinary underground, and higher commanders. That problem was not left in to find a place in secret places dig it, find the pick, but deliver and maintain these products. The need for regulated products generally instructive guidance (quantity, composition, etc.). Although all the procurement took into account the real possibilities of the region.For full proharchuvannya developed specific recommendations on the necessary components of food, their calorie content, and the needs and options for the replacement of individual components (with the same calorie content). It should be noted that the management suited to differentiated food nutrition standards depending on the tasks (wintering in kryyivtsi stay in roads, etc.). A clear indication in the distribution of food stocks are also associated with their small reserves, and therefore need a longer use.Of course we have to mention that diet and to some extent dependent on the locations of rebel department or location of the hiding places (built in the farms kept local residents have allowed varied diet). COOKING UPA engaged individuals who have the appropriate skills and in secret places during the winter it could carry out a woman (if any) inhabitants refuge, alternately or together with a clear division of responsibilities.Figuring features material living conditions, moral and psychological circumstances of the Carpathians under-ground environment enables study descriptions of memories and diaries. That is often the nationalists had to starve days and weeks. Another drawback was the lack of domestic opportunities to kindle a fire in the open, because it could see the enemy. It was felt particularly sharply in early spring, when insurgents hiding places and left feeling cold.It should be noted that life in kryyivtsi had strict regulations: Time for morning hygiene, snidanok, classes (history of Ukraine, ideological propaganda classes, items of general cycle general education), if the radio listening to just the latest news. Given 2-3 hours for private lessons (reading books, personal interests, etc.). Cooking and cleaning all rebels involved, an exception could be the conductor. If kryyivtsi was a woman, then set Screen covers. Violation of vstanovlenoho regulations were imposed: an extraordinary status, study some works. Among the entertainment used the game with chess, checkers, in some cases – playing musical instruments. Certain difficulties and opportunities related to daily observe personal hygiene. Of course in the summer the situation was favorable – used for this purpose reservoirs that were nearby, had complicated the fall, winter and spring. At this time, these needs could make in homes of local people. In establishing relationships, life in a closed and confined space women had difficult with male staff.Nationalists, making a daily struggle, despite the constant voltage did not forget about training, self-education, leisure, celebrations and more. In difficult conditions of daily struggle played an important moment of celebration moral-psychological, educational value. In the underground, along with propaganda, military activities and everyday work, do not forget about the celebration of various holidays. With materials stored hear about the celebrations that took place in the underground. In particular, we highlight the religious and nationalist public holidays. Celebrating each holiday care-fully prepared, develop manuals and guidelines. It was during the celebration of religious holidays and underground rebels had the opportunity to taste festive food. However, a complete meal (for all ritual canons) could have been in the cantonment nationalists in villages among family, friends and sympathizers.Thus, despite the difficulties of everyday life, the events of war and post-war confrontation has put forward to the historic arena strong, sacrificial personalities that in war people were not lost moral and Christian values. Setting the usual everyday improvements in the underground depended on a number of circumstances. Even in the actual conditions of war nationalists denied by a short holiday and festive moments. With the aim of significant events underground photographed.
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Tema ovog rada je Islamska vjerska zajednica u Pljevljima između dva svjetska rata. Da bi što potpunije objasili ovu temu moraćemo prvo pojasniti opšte ustrojstvo IVZ u Kraljevini za period od 1918-1941. godine. Ovaj rad je koncipiran tako da se u njemu pojasne one stvari koje je IVZ samostalno uređivala a to su: vjerska pitanja, šerijatsko sudstvo, vakufskomearifske poslove, kao i vjersko-prosvjetna pitanja. IVZ posmatraćemo kroz prizmu odluka i uredbi koje je vlast na nju primjenjivala u periodu od 1918-1930. godine, kao i kroz ustave IVZ iz 1930. i 1936. godine. Svako pitanje koje objasnimo uopšteno pojasnićemo i na konkretnom primjeru, tj. u Pljevljima.
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The article is devoted to the basic processes of formation of an outstanding museum institution in Ukraine in 1940-1960's – National Historical and Ethnographic Reserve "Pereyaslav". A number of archive documents, records of the repository collection of NHER "Pereyaslav" were used that allowed to clarify some aspects of the history of the museum institution formation in Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyi.The aim of the given research is the integrated coverage of the history of formation of Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky Historical Museum on grounds of the analysis of unintroduced, little known and published sources. During the research, systematic and diachronic analyzes as well as the retrospective method, and general scientific methods (analysis and synthesis) were used.The museology is quite a potent cultural layer due to which visitors get an idea of various aspects of human existence, and museum institutions themselves play an important role in the preservation and investigation of cultural heritage of any country. The establishment of museology in Pereyaslav area was preceded by a period of accumulation and collecting. In 1917 the first regional historical museum in Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyi was situated in the building of Pereyaslav collegium of the 18th century. This museum sustained considerable damages during the Russian-German War in 1943, and funds were destroyed.The next museum exhibition was created in 1946 in the fitted premises – the building of the local doctor A.Y.Kozachkovskyi, who was a friend of the famous Ukrainian poet Taras Shevchenko. The new museum was located in three rooms and its newly raised funds amounted to about 700 museum pieces, the pre-war funds were not preserved. The Council of Ministers of USSR planned to close the regional historical museums both in the town of Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyi and in the city of Bila Tserkva to establish on their basis Bila Tserkva District Museum of Local Lore.On the basis of archival sources of the State Archive of Kiev region and the Central State Archive of Supreme Bodies of Authorities and Management in Ukraine the article makes a hypothesis that it was the state level celebration of the 300th anniversary of Pereyaslav Council and the appointment of Mikhailo Ivanovych Sikorskyi that have become the main catalysts for the creation of the Reserve in the town of Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky. Currently it plays an important role in maintaining and investigation of the cultural heritage of Ukrainian people. In view of the laid down statements in the article, it was concluded that in 1950’s the historic museum of Pereyaslav area promoted achievements of socialist construction and the Soviet regime.The article indicates some aspects of the opening of the first museum expositions in Pereyaslav area (the Archaeological Museum, the Memorial Museum of architect V.H. Zabolotnyi) that form a part of the museum complex structure. The prerequisites and the beginning of creation of the first Ukrainian open-air museum – the Museum of Folk Architecture and Life of the Middle Naddnipryanshchyna have been predetermined. Particularly, the first ethnographic exposition was placed in the fitted premises in Mykhailivskyi Monastery, which is why it could not depict the life of the Ukrainians in the 19th century to the full extent.Therefore, beginning from the 1960’s an ethnographic exhibition was created on the new site that eventually covered an area of over 24 hectares. The above-mentioned open-air museum was founded mainly on the basis of immovable historic-cultural monuments of the Middle Dnieper villages that were flooded during the creation of the Kaniv reservoir. The main structural unit of the open-air museum is a manor house. Along with the manor houses there were windmills, sacral and public buildings of the 19th century.In a period of sixty years, Mykhailo Sikorskyi has made a significant contribution to the study of the history and culture of Ukraine, in particular, of Pereyaslav area, turning the town into a prominent center of culture and spirituality, the treasury of monuments of our country, and has created a unique museum complex – Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyi State Historic and Cultural Reserve, which in 1999 was granted the status of National Reserve.The employees of Pereyaslav museums, headed by M.I. Sikorskyi, in a period of almost half-century could create an important culturological resource that we have to use skillfully today in order to critically redefine the past of Ukrainian people.
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The present study focuses on Michael Blakemore’s turn-of-the-millennium revival for Broadway and the London stage of the 1948 musical comedy Kiss Me, Kate by Cole Porter (music and lyrics) and Bella and Samuel Spewack (book). The metatheatrical structure of Blakemore’s revival of this famous adaptation of Shakespeare’s Taming of the Shrew impresses, among other things, by the multiplication of intertextual links as it projects Porter and the Spewacks’ as well as Shakespeare’s ‘battles of the sexes’ against the realistically ‘painted’ background of a world populated by actors, gangsters and, as an element of novelty, politically-involved US army representatives. Thus, Blakemore’s directorial perspective on the text(s) in performance turns out to be thought-provoking, drawing the present-day audience’s attention to a wider range of gender, culture and power-related forms of conflict, and making excellent use of subversive humour, the mechanisms of which this study will explore, to subtly comment on history-shaping political ‘games’.
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In this article the issue of housing crisis in Bulgaria in the aftermath of the two World Wars is addressed comparatively. The author looks at the state’s activities in the field of housing and people’s responses to their failure to provide enough dwellings. The idea about the presence of more similarities than differences between the developments during both periods is launched and discussed, by emphasising the role of the interplay between tradition and modernization.
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Development of the Croatian legal system based on the Austrian General Civil Code (GCC) in the period 1853–1946 made the GCC a watershed of legal tradition. Founded on liberal principles, and the principle of individuality, it had a significant impact on the society at the time of its introduction – it had brought the feudal social and legal system to an end, and facilitated the emergence of a modern civil society. However, the process of transformation was marked by numerous problems for which the reasons were found in the GCC, particularly in its provisions on intestate succession. Introduction of the principle of equality of male and female descendants in the matters pertaining to inheritance was considered particularly controversial, especially concerning its application in the matters of land inheritance. Difficulties in the application of the principle of equality of inheritance were justified by the legal consciousness in some parts of Croatian society, which were opposed to the idea of gender equality in succession. Also, a belief prevailed that (further) partition of predominantly small lots of land into even smaller parts, following the disposal of the estate between male and female descendants, would lead to difficult economic circumstances and poverty.
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The study pre-sented to the reader’s attention suggests an analysis of the foundation and development of the Chernivtsi Medical Institute in the period of 1944-1954. The work is based on archival and museum materials from the funds of the State Archives of the Chernivtsi Region (SACR), the Scientific Archives of the Bukovinian State Medical University, the History and Medical Museum of the Uni- versity, a number of works on the history of Bukovina (including the History of Medicine) and local studies of Ukrainian, Austrian, Romanian researchers of the second half of the 19th and 20th centuries, publications in the local press about the state of medicine and the achievement of the CDMI. Most of these materials are published for the first time. The process of establishment of the institution, complex economic, social, cultural, sanitary-hygienic, epidemiological postwar conditions of the period of the 1940s was subjected to thorough analysis. The main premises of the Institute, representing historical and architectural value, are described. The activity of workers of the CDMI during the investigation of the causes and elimination of the consequences of the foci of goiter endemy, skin and venereal diseases, the fight against tuberculosis, infectious diseases (epidemic and recurrent typhus, typhoid, paratyphoid), malaria, dysentery, diphtheria, scarlet fever, meningitis, measles, influenza. The technique of expedition works is clarified, scientific work is described for revealing the causes of diseases and their effective treatment, the most important publications of scientific research results. Among the inherent diseases of this territory, Bukovina hemorrhagic fever was found, methods of its treatment were developed. There presented an interesting analysis of new tools and methods of treatment of patients proposed by the Institute's staff. Among them, the method of research with radioisotopes (Labeled Atoms) at the Department of Biochemistry, therapeutic physical culture in the clinics of the CDMI, novocain blockade in the clinic of ear, nose, throat, tissue therapy in the obstetric- gynecological clinic. The researchers paid attention to the consultations and surgery made in the districts of the region and medical help given to the population of neighboring regions, the process of improving the skills of medical workers of the whole region. Quite interesting is the description of research by Professor BP. Aleksandrovsky in the history of medicine. The work is equipped with tables containing statistic data in various spheres of the institution activity, photographs that are first published in scientific work, objective biographical information about individual scientists. In the conclusions the authors insist that the evidence based on the presented research entitles to assert that the staff of the Chernivtsi State Medical Institute in the period 1944-1954 managed to turn the institution into a leading medical-medical and scientific center of medicine in the Chernivtsi region.
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The paper tells the story of a monument erected during the communist period in the city of Shkodër. It is the monument of the “Five Heroes of Vig”, of five boys who were killed in the battle of Vig during World War II. Further readings explain the reason for it being placed in the very centre of the city, what were its symbolic meanings and propagandistic functions, and how it came to shape the symbolic geography of the city. The paper also focusses on what it meant to the families of the heroes who fought in this conflict for the monument to be placed in another area in the year 2009, which fuelled a harsh public reaction. The aim of this paper is to shed light and attempt to understand how political memory and commemoration strategies work; and how difficult it is to consider the opinion of the agency of local communities and the family members of the fallen.
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The author attempts to present the functioning of the criminal and investigation prison at Kłodzko from the moment it was overtaken by the Polish administration until the end of the Stalinist period in Poland. The focus is, among other things, on determining the exact date of the prison’s reopening after the war and its main fields of activity in 1945–1956. The text highlights issues related to the invigilation of the prison by the Freedom and Independence Movement (WiN), the role of agents and denunciations in prison life, the changes in everyday life and living conditions of its inmates. Thus, the article includes statistics on the prison’s population and its changing density. Important findings have been made concerning death and burial. The author presents diverse hypotheses on the place of burial of deceased inmates as well as the process of informing their families. The appendix includes a list of names of all the inmates who died in the prison or were shot in the years 1945–1956.
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In the introductory text, literary work of the writers from Bjelovar and its surroundings, called Bjelovar’s Literary circle, is being observed in the totality of the cultural efforts during the first half of the 20th century. Many works scattered through press or, in the best case, bound in stiff covers, with unequal values, are being divided and critically valued with direct access in the creation of every author. For easy reference the literary life is shown in two parts: Faded Glory of the old Empire (1900 – 1918) and Betrayed Expectations in the New State Formation (1919 – 1945). Lujo Varga Bjelovarac and Fran Pilek, two native poets and narrators of the patriotic, war and social topics, are two dominant literary personalities of the first period which mostly coincides with the Croatian Modern era. At the same time we have many other writers: The last supporter of the Illyrian Movement Ivan Trnski, a folk writer and educator of common people, doctor, translator from Bulgarian and Russian Fran Gundrum Orlovčanin, multi task minister Ivan Nepomuk Jemeršić, theologian and folk writer Rudolf Vimer etc. The atmosphere of the pre-war Bjelovar Kruno Kolarević Sanjin depicted in its causeries while Dragutin Klobučar and Ivan Bošnjak are the authors of sketches from the country life. The second period, better known as the literature between two wars, the time of the let down promises, bitter illusions, and sobering up, was marked with polemic tones, essays of the pedagogue Vlado Petz, essays-fantastic stories of Slavko Rozgaj, physicist and astronomer, blooming of children’s literature (Josip Cvrtila, Mato Lovrak, Zlata Perlić, Eduard and Branko Špoljar), social theme domination and prosaic sorts (Vladimir Jurčić, Ivan Dončević, Rikard Simeon, Slavko Kolar, Mihovil Pavlek Miškina, Mara Matočec), appearance of women authors (Zdenka Jušić-Seunik, Zlata Perlić) with exceptional poetic realizations and deviations from common classifications (Đuro Sudeta). In the end there is a list of the literature used in the final forming of synthesis, of the overview, as a starting point for further readings and researches in the end of which Bjelovar’s Homeland Reader is going to be formed.
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The article presents the biography of Wacław Komarnicki, MP of the Second Polish Republic, one of the most outstanding Polish lawyers. The article discusses his youth, the period of scientific and didactic work in Vilnius and Warsaw and his political engagement before the outbreak of World War II. Particular emphasis is put on the period of captivity in the Soviet POW camps from September 1939 to August 1941; this period is characterised and enriched by Wacław Komarnicki’s report of the time he spent in POW camps at Kozelsk and Gryazovets. His public activity in Great Britain is presented as Minister of Justice in two Polish governments-in-exile in 1942–1944.
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Despite the rich literature, scientific studies and source publications, the Katyn Massacre is still an issue that hides many aspects not taken up by researchers. One of them is the fate of juvenile prisoners of three NKVD special camps: at Starobilsk, Kozelsk and Ostashkov. The article tries to answer to the basic questions in this matter: who were the boys staying in these camps, why were they in, how large was the group, and what happened to them?
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The article continues the series of publications on problems and measures for reforming the monetary circulation of the Russian Empire. The article highlights the preconditions, mechanisms of realization, advantages, disadvantages and consequences of the monetary reform of 1839–1943, analyzed in the scientific works of Petr Migulin, the professor of Financial law of the Kharkiv and St. Petersburg universities. Interest to this subject is due to the need to work out the scientific heritage of Professor Migulin, whose long «oblivion» was associated with his migration after the events of 1917. A significant number of scientific papers of P. Migulin can serve as a source of research on the economic history of the imperial period, from the history of financial and economic science and education, as they contain unique statistical material on monetary issues. To achieve this particular goal, special methods are used for the study of socio-economic history: narrative, comparative-historical, historicalbiographical, statistical, as well as the methods common to historical and economic studies – organizational approach and process analysis.
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The article describes a largely unknown Swedish effort to intervene in deportations of Jews in Slovakia between 1942 and 1944. Swedish officials and religious leaders used their diplomatic correspondence with the Slovak government to extract some Jewish individuals and later on the whole Jewish community of Slovakia from deportations by their government and eventually by German officials. Despite the efforts of Swedish Royal Consulate in Bratislava, the Swedish Archbishop Erling Eidem, and the Slovak Consul Bohumil Pissko in Stockholm, and despite the acts taken by some Slovak ministries, the Slovak officials including the President of Slovak republic Jozef Tiso revoked further negotiations in autumn 1944. However, the negotiations between Slovakia and Sweden created a scope of actions to protect some Jewish individuals which were doomed to failure due to the political situation. Nevertheless, this plan and the previous diplomatic interventions are significant to describe the almost unknown Swedish and Slovak efforts to save the Jews of Slovakia. Repeated Swedish offers to take in Jewish individuals and later the whole community would have likely prepared the way for larger rescues. These never occurred due to the Slovak interest in deporting its own Jewish citizens and later due to the German occupation of Slovakia.
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