"Bermanov dosje", moje pripombe

Author(s): Janko Pleterski / Language(s): Slovenian / Issue: 1/2001

Če vzamemo v roke spomine akademika profesorja dr. Aleksandra Bajta, vidimo, da opisujejo, vsaj v delu, kjer zadevajo njegovo bivanje v Italiji od jeseni 1943 in v prvih mesecih 1944, pričakovano neobičajne doživljaje. Nakazal jih je namreč že v svoji biografiji univerzitetnega učitelja, objavljeni v letu 1957.2 V primerjavi s tistim, kar je o svojem pohajanju po italijanskih gričih napisal takrat, je veličanje sicer nekoliko skromnejše, toda opisi so vzlic temu zanimivi in lepo berljivi. Ni šlo za neuspešne diverzantske podvige v ta namen posebej zbrane skupine, ampak za veliko manjše ambicije, četudi ne za manj tvegane in manj mučne doživljaje. Mladi Aleksander Bajt takrat iz Ljubljane ni "emigriral" pred Nemci, pač pa zato, ker se je bal, da bi ga v domačih hribih partizani kar umorili, čeprav je bil le manj pomemben član Narodne legije. [...]

"Bleiburg" and the British Treatment of Croatian Collaborators 1945-48

Author(s): Bernd Robionek / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

This article highlights ways in which British military and political personnel acted towards Croatian refugees fleeing the Communist takeover in the final stages of World War II and thereafter. Although events relating to the surrender o f various pro-German and anti-Communist forces at Bleiburg, a town in south Austria near the border with Yugoslavia, and the following quarrel over "war criminals" from Yugoslavia is a complex affair, this contribution examines sources shedding light on British perspectives on the Croatian part, notwithstanding that the developments and problems treated here also affected Serbian, Slovenian and (ethnic) German nationals. As a result of this study, the changes in the intentions of the decision makers in London as well as the principal-agent problem become transparent.

"Demokratizačná akcia"

Študentské čistky na slovenských vysokých školách na prelome rokov 1948 a 1949

Author(s): Marta Glossová / Language(s): Slovak / Issue: 2-3/2019

In her study, the authoress examines one of the ways the newly established Communist regime in Czechoslovakia was using since February 1948 in an attempt to build new loyal elites and to prevent the formation of non-conformist ones. The topic is the screening of study results and political reliability of Slovak university students, which took place at the turn of 1948 and 1949 under the euphemistic name “democratization campaign” or simply “democratization”. The authoress sets the campaign into a broader political framework and into the context of the ideological discourse of those days. In doing so, she compares it to a parallel, so-called “study screening” in the Czech Lands, and also sets it in the context of multiple waves of the “purging” of Slovak universities between 1948 and 1960, showing its connection with a subsequent purge launched in 1950 as part of a campaign against the so-called Slovak bourgeois nationalism. Using results of her research in Slovak archives, she describes and summarizes the organization, course, and outcome of the “democratization campaign”. The screening used both criteria related to study results (employed primarily to justify the screening) and political criteria (reflecting the true objective of the screening process); a combination of these two groups of criteria ultimately produced several categories of students. Every student was either cleared and allowed to study on, or expelled – either temporarily, for two to three semesters during which he or she was expected to work in production, or permanently. It should be noted that there existed substantial differences in numbers of expelled students among various universities and faculties, and the authoress is trying to find an explanation. Compared to the outcome of the “study screening” in the Czech Lands, that of the “democratization campaign” in Slovakia was generally more lenient, often falling short of radical expectations of its organizers. The authoress claims that Slovakia’s outcome reflects three factors: lack of and need for skilled experts in various fields compared to the Czech Lands, the weak position of the Communist Party among students and teachers at some Slovak universities, and the existence of an Appeal Commission at the Slovak Ministry of Education, Sciences and Arts which reversed or changed many expulsion rulings. The Appeal Commission’s chairman Ernest Otto and the Commissioner of Education, Communist writer Ladislav Novomeský (1904–1976), thus found themselves in a conflict with leaders of the University Committee of the Communist Party of Slovakia, their more liberal approach to the “democratization campaign” contributing to their political and criminal persecution in the 1950s.

"Depoi špijuna i terorista". Saveznički logori za "raseljene osobe" u Italiji, Austriji i Njemačkoj

Author(s): Marica Karakas Obradov / Language(s): Croatian / Publication Year: 0

Immediately after the end of World War II, Western Allies organized refugee camps in their occupation zones in Austria, Italy and Germany which existed until early 1950s. Foreign citizens, such as forced laborers and prisoners of concentration camps, who had been found mostly in Germany and Austria after the collapse of the German Reich, were placed in those camps, as well as military and civilian post-hostilities refugees fleeing from the Red Army and partisan-communist forces from Eastern, Central and Southeastern Europe. A great number of persons were extradited to their countries of origin on charges of war crimes. Among them were many Croats, primarily members of the Croatian armed forces and the Ustasha movement. The remaining refugees are displaced around the world especially in countries of South and North America and in Australia.

"Kronika naše Kalvarije pod Italijo". Gradivo Komisije za ugotavljanje zločinov okupatorjev in njihovih pomagačev o obdobju 1918-1941

Author(s): Damijan Guštin / Language(s): Slovenian / Issue: 1/2000

The Committee Investigating The Crimes Committed By Occupiers And Their Accomplices was set up by the Slovenian National Liberation Movement in 1944 and continued working as a government body after the Second World War. Its task was not only to investigate the war crimes committed in Primorska, the Slovenian ethnic territory annexed to the Italian monarchy in 1918, but also to gather information on the specific, institutionalized violence exercised by the Italian state (through denationalization) and, in particular, the fascist forces between 1918 and 1941. In the paper, the author presents the scheme for ascertaining the various forms of pressure to which the population was subjected in the implementation of the denationalization policy, as well as the findings and their quantification.

"La revolution nationale" du maréchal Pétain dans les documents diplomatiques bulgares (le 17 juin 1940 - le 11 novembre 1942)

Author(s): Hristo Milkov / Language(s): French / Issue: 4/1995

"Ma laulan seni kui tuksub elu mu käte all". Trauma poeetika Bernard Kangro luules

Author(s): Maarja Hollo / Language(s): Estonian / Issue: 11/2017

The article discusses six poems from the poetry collection Põlenud puu (Charred tree, 1945) and three cycles from the collection Varjumaa (Shadowland, 1966), both published in exile by Estonian author Bernard Kangro (1910–1994). Those autobiographical poems and cycles are interpreted as a testimony, testifying not only to the author’s personal experiences of the World War II, but also in the name of the other Estonian refugees and in the name of those who suffered and perished in their home country. The article analyses Kangro’s themes, motifs and figures of speech associated with traumatic experience and remembering, as well as the witness position of the lyrical I. The themes of Kangro’s testimony poems include the great escape from Estonia in 1944, loss of homeland, its violent occupation, and also remembering, commemoration, witnessing, testification and the sinking of the traumatic events into oblivion, which all brings sadness, anxiety and melancholy to his lyrical I. Melancholy is associated with motifs of death referring either to the death wish of the lyrical I or to the painful events caused to the homeland by war and occupation. The gist of Kangro’s testimonial poetry consists of traumatic memories and emotions of recalling them, mainly expressed by means of personification, symbols and depersonification, as well as allegory.

"Malenkij robot" a plány o československom národnom štáte

Author(s): Attila Simon / Language(s): Slovak / Publication Year: 0

This study details how forced labour of Hungarians in the Soviet Union - also referred to as "málenkij robot" meaning "little work" in Russian - affected Hungarians in Slovakia. The author provides a short introduction to the historiography of the subject and outlines the history of abductions, but the study's core rests with the examination of what was the attitude of the Czechoslovak government toward the repatriation of Hungarians abducted from the territory of the then northern Hungary, currently southern Slovakia. The author observes that the Prague government pursued a selective repatriation policy and it made every effort to prelude their return to their homeland. That means the abducted Hungarian population of southern Slovakia became victim of the autocratic Soviet power and, at the same time, of the ambitions to build a Czechoslovak nation state.

"Převoz mrtvých do protektorátu nepřichází v úvahu "

Author(s): Birgit Sack / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 01/2018

Ještě dnes se na památník Münchner Platz v Drážďanech obracejí lidé, kteří pátrají po tělesných ostatcích svých příbuzných popravených v tomto městě během druhé světové války. Návštěva hrobu bývá pro rodinné příslušníky nejdůležitějším okamžikem jejich cesty do Drážďan. Konečně chtějí truchlit na místě, kde jsou pochováni jejich blízcí. Ne vždy je však možné jejich přání splnit.

"Rajš' ko Talijana, sem zbrala Slovana"

analiza preseljevanj Slovencev na ozemlje držav nekdanje Jugoslavije in njegove posledice

Author(s): Marina Lukšič Hacin,Boštjan Udovič / Language(s): Slovenian / Issue: 2/2014

The following contribution analyses the history of emigration from the Slovenian ethnic space to the countries of the former Yugoslavia and its contemporary consequences. The main thesis builds on the understanding that the Slovenian emigrant community in the “Yugoslav state” was largely neglected from the viewpoint of operative politics as well as from the scientific study perspective. The analysis is divided into four historical periods, which differed significantly as far as the migration dynamics is concerned: the first migration stage (1850–1914), dominated by economic reasons; the second migration stage (1919–1941), when the political and cultural reasons also became important; the third migration stage (1945–1991), when the main reasons for migration were economic and ideological; and, finally, the article is concluded with the analysis of policy towards the Slovenian immigrants to the Yugoslav territory in the time of the independent Slovenia, together with all of its advantages and shortcomings.

"Spokojni ludzie" z Hołdunowa

Author(s): Ryszard Kaczmarek / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 3/2017

The gloomy events ended with burning down of some buildings, and since then, Hołdunów has been shown as the evidence of the insugrents’ lawlessness for decades to come.

"UNRRA NË SHQIPËR1,1944-1947"

Author(s): Lefter Nasi / Language(s): French / Issue: 01/2000

The recently published book "UNRRA në Shqipëri, 1944-1947" is the result of persistent work of several years. It marks the first effort of Albanian historiography to present, at the level of a monograph, the programs and activities of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration, applied just after the end of the Second World War.

"Vergangenheitsbewältigung" po česku

Holokaust v českém samizdatu

Author(s): Peter Hallama / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 3/2016

This is a Czech translation of ‘“Vergangenheitsbewältigung” auf Tschechisch: Der Holocaust im tschechischen Samizdat’, which is published in Peter Hallama and Stephan Stach (eds), Gegengeschichte: Zweiter Weltkrieg und Holocaust im ostmitteleuropäischen Dissens (Leipzig: Leipziger Universitätsverlag 2015, pp. 237–60). The author analyses representations of the Holocaust in Czech dissident literature published as samizdat in the 1970s and 1980s. He concentrates on historical writings, but also considers journalistic contributions, memoirs, and works of belles-lettres, as well as translations of publications. In particular, the article considers two aspects that highlight the difficulties one faced and continues to face when trying to fully integrate the Holocaust into Czech national history. First, the Holocaust was often understood by the dissidents as evidence of the inhuman nature of totalitarian regimes. This interpretation, however, led to placing the persecution of the Jews by the Nazi regime on the same level as the persecution of the Czechs by the Nazi and Communist regimes. Second, if there was a reassessment or questioning of the Czech national master narrative, then topics such as home-grown antisemitism or the Holocaust were not addressed. The dissidents admitted that Czechoslovakia also had its question of guilt, but they related it to the expulsion of the German minority after the Second World War. The Holocaust, by contrast, did not generate any similar debate among the dissidents. The behaviour of Czechs during the Second World War, the attitude towards Jews, and domestic antisemitism were thus not questioned at all. The Holocaust has, according to the author, therefore tended to be overlooked or, at best, mentioned only incidentally in writing about twentieth-century Czech history – whether the authors published their texts in state-owned publishing houses or in samizdat.

(red.) Sławomir Łukasiewicz: Polska emigracja polityczna 1939–1990. Stan badań

Author(s): Mirosław Boruta / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2018

Review of: Mirosław Boruta - Polska emigracja polityczna 1939–1990. Stan badań, (red.) Sławomir Łukasiewicz, Instytut Pamięci Narodowej. Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu, Warszawa 2016, ss. 600

9 sau 10 mai? Sărbătorirea independenței de stat a României în tranziția de la democrație la democrația populară

Author(s): Virgiliu Ţârău / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 7/2005

Instaurarea regimului comunist în România a consacrat nu doar schimbări de natură politică, economică sau socială, ci și o rescriere - specifică ideologiei totalitare - a istoriei și tradițiilor românești. Episodul de istorie contemporană aflat în atenția noastră este legat de un moment aparent de nediscutat în istoriografia românească, acela al declarării și proclamării oficiale a „Zilei Independenței” statului român. Am încercat să explicăm contextul în care consacrata dată a celebrării independenței de stat, 10 mai, simbolic legată de instituția monarhiei, a fost schimbată cu o zi mai devreme, în 9 mai, pentru a repoziționa simbolistica zilei naționale, implicit pentru a modifica elementele structurale ale istoriei naționale în sensul de a o metamorfoza în conformitate cu exigențele ideologiei comuniste. Nu doar distrugerea vestigiilor trecutului se afla în atenția noilor autorități, ci și construcția unei noi culturi politice, socialiste, în care instituțiile și valorile istorice, consacrate, trebuiau reconfigurate și prezentate de așa natură încât să susțină nevoile noului regim politic. Un atare proces s-a și petrecut în primele zile ale lunii mai a anului 1948, atunci când în urma unei ample campanii de presă, a unor manifestări publice organizate ceremonial de către Partidul Muncitoresc Român, dar și prin intermediul unui decret al Consiliului de Miniștri, adoptat la 8 mai 1948, ziua celebrării independenței de stat a devenit cea de 9 mai.

A Dangerous Nexus? History, Ideology and the Structure of the Contemporary Chetnik Movement

Author(s): Nejra Veljan,Maida Ćehajić / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2020

During the Yugoslav era (1945–1992), the Serb ethno-nationalist Chetnik movement and its motivating ideology were unambiguously condemned in public discourse. This followed the defeat of foreign occupiers, including Italian fascists and German Nazis, who had been aided by collaborationists within Ustasha (Croat ethno-nationalist and fascist) and Chetnik ranks. Thus, in the period after World War Two, public accusations of Chetnik membership were levelled pejoratively in Yugoslavia, and it was clear: to be a Chetnik was to be a traitor. Many former members of Chetnik detachments tried to conceal or minimize their participation in the movement, but some continued fostering Chetnik ideals in the privacy of their homes, even as a shared Partisan/Yugoslav identity was publicly nourished.

A demokrácia utolsó fóruma

Author(s): Eszter Lengyel / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 3/2019

Palasik Mária: Parlamentarizmustól a diktatúráig (1944−1949). Országház Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 2017. 464 oldal

A Ganz és az Egyesült Izzó a nemzetközi porondon 1867–1949

Author(s): Péter Macher / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 1/2019

Mária Hidvégi: Anschluss an den Weltmarkt. Ungarns elektrotechnische Leitunternehmen 1867–1949. (Transnationale Geschichte Band 10.) Vadenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen, 2016. 414 oldal

A Katholikus Világ (1923−1946) folyóirat és a ferences népmissziókra vonatkozó bejegyzései

Author(s): Xénia Jonica / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 2/2019

Katholikus Világ (Catholic World), a Christian educational monthly periodical was published in Cluj-Napoca (Kolozsvár) between 1923-1946. It was printed by the St. Bonaventure Press, belonging to the Franciscan Province of Transylvania named after St. Stephen. During it’s 8 years (July1923-July 1931), the magazine gave account of the order members’ missions.

A TALE OF TWO TRAGEDIES. A HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE NAKBA AND THE PARTITION

Author(s): Salman SIDDIQI / Language(s): English / Issue: -/2019

The first half of the 20th century was one of the most turbulent periods in human history. Particularly with two of its major migrations: the population exchanges caused by the partition of India in 1947 and the exodus of Palestinians in 1948 after the formation of Israel (also referred to as the Nakba). Both of these events would go on to significantly shift the course of history in the 20th century. The Partition of India led to the creation of the Hindu-majority Republic of India and the Muslim-majority Republic of Pakistan, while the Nakba set the stage for the Palestinian-Israeli conflict which continues to this day. This paper seeks to introduce and analyze the massive exodus of refugees generated from both of these events. There is also an analysis and comparison of how the two cases dealt with their migrations and ethnic cleansing. This paper also seeks to introduce and analyze the issue of absentee property between the two cases. The primary time period that is being analyzed is between 1947-1951 though some of the material may extend a little further for greater context.