Järjekordne samm Jannseni rehabiliteerimisel
Review of: Rein Veidemann. Lunastatud. Romaan eestlaste Ristija Johannesest ning teest tema äratundmiseni. Tallinn: EKSA, 2020. 188 lk.
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Review of: Rein Veidemann. Lunastatud. Romaan eestlaste Ristija Johannesest ning teest tema äratundmiseni. Tallinn: EKSA, 2020. 188 lk.
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Review of: Jaan Tõnissoni kirjad Oskar Kallasele 1891–1936. Tartu: Ilmamaa, 2018. 407 lk.
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Organized, intensive and extensive modernization of Romania started after 1859 and soared after 1878. The new states in the east and south-east of Europe had to decide which model to follow in terms of geopolotics, economics, culture, military organization etc. In the following, we will detail these perspectives in an attempt to outline these models. Regardless of stage, moment, pressure, or models, Romania grew constantly. Romanian society took shape gradually, combining influences from both France and Germany. The increments of this growth vary from one stage to another both qualitatively and quantitatively. The result was a Western model of development peppered with features of European periphery and Orientalism. It is our belief that the modernization of Romania represents a significant reality as this country’s society undoubtedly grew in every aspect. The level of modernization must be carefully assessed in its context (internal and external) for each domain separately.
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The pursuit of criminals in Transylvania had been an important activity in the effort to maintaining public order and peace at the level of local communities. If during the autonomous principality (XVI-XVII centuries) the search for criminals, thieves, rapists, arsonists, vagabonds, and other categories of criminals was organized at the level of local administrations, starting with the XVIII century, with the integration of Transylvania into the Austrian Empire we are witnessing a repositioning of the authorities against criminals and a resizing of the fight against crime. Criminal proceedings are now being created and implemented to prosecute known and unknown suspects on the basis of operative data and, as aspects of absolute novelty, on the basis of the description of reports and clothing by victims or witnesses, true elements of archaic or proto-criminal forensics. It went, practically, from the local, sporadic pursuit, to the general one, organized at the level of the Grand Principality, thanks to the pursuit orders, elements of modernity that definitely increased the efficiency of the judicial structures. A series of documents, mostly unpublished, discovered in the archives, allow us, based on exploring the case studies, to decipher the mechanisms of search, prosecution, detention, trial, and conviction of criminals. The present study presents some examples of this kind: criminals fleeing the scene, escaping from detention centers, fleeing from the administration's escort, robbed merchants and goods stolen by robbers. All this proves that, from a legal point of view, the Transylvanian society of the XVIII-XIX centuries was in a state of continuous dynamic, change and modernization.
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In this article, we have proposed to bring a surplus of information regarding the first Romanian-Belgian trade exchanges, starting from the research of historians. At the same time, the present text provides much more information about the activities of the first Belgian diplomats L. Bisschop and J. Poumay at the mouths of the Danube ports, Galati and Brăila. We mention that the two Belgian consuls were active in rather difficult times, as Moldova and Wallachia were still under Ottoman sovereignty, which did not offer full freedom to Romanian-Belgian exchanges. A lot of attention is given to the banker Poumay due to his activity in the Romanian Principality for about twenty years, developing the economic exchanges between the two countries by bringing in new commercial companies, introducing new transport lines, changing and modernizing commercial treaties, etc. All these events took place simultaneously with the modernization of the Romanian Principalities, the Belgian diplomat also being a witness to Romanian history. We will note in the following pages the fact that despite the incidents that took place after 1869, Poumay remained loyal to the Romanian-Belgian trade until his death, occupying a privileged place in the history of Romanians and beyond.
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Review of: Vahidin Preljević, Nakon imperije, KDBH ˝Preporod˝, Zagreb, 2018.
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The present study attempts to shed light on the history of the “Dormition of the Mother of God” wooden church ensemble of Hilișeu-Crișan, Botoșani County, and its founding family, the Curt family. Following the emergency rescue in 2021, coordinated by the ACTUM Association through the Ambulance for Monuments project, several findings, such as the inscriptions on the precinct wall statues and a few gaps that had formerly served as insertion holes for metallic attributes for the post-baroque Apostles statues ensemble, contribute to its identity as a solely orthodox cult church despite the legend of it being half catholic, but still consistently being tributary to Ukrainian and Polish influences in both sculpture and wooden architecture.
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The article aims at the restitution of a book fund which, in the first half of the 19th century, was in the use of the Franciscan Monastery from Baia de Criș (Hunedoara County). The reconstitution of the library is based on an inventory list drafted on the occasion of the Canonical Visitation from 1830, in which 22 titles in 55 volumes are recorded.The library was scattered during the Revolution of 1848–1849, when the monastery burned down together with its archive and library. Therefore, the only certain document which preserves the image of the library of this abbey is the book inventory drafted in 1830.Although most of the books have not been identified in other collections, there is evidence that some of the volumes are kept even today in the library of the Franciscan Monastery in Deva. I have reached this conclusion following the research of the notes preserved on the books of the Franciscans in Deva.Based on the analysis of the titles of the books from Baia de Criș recorded in the inventory list of 1830, we observed that the universe of the books which were available for reading to the Franciscan monks from Baia de Criș comprised, for the most part, sermon volumes, canonical right books, monastic life regulations for the Franciscans, meditation and spiritual exercises books, as well as some geography, history and grammar copies. Religious books were mainly in German. Out of the total of 55 volumes, 30 of them were German sermon books, plus a Bible and a grammar in the same language. Polemical and moral theology books, as well as spiritual Christian books, were read in Latin, just like history books, Franciscan regulations and ecclesiastic legislation.
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Formerly a cloister of the bishopric of Roman, Lapoș was founded on the yeomen’s estate from Dărmănești, in the Bacău county, by the monk Ioil. A cloister by the same name also existed in the neighbouring Wallachia, in the bishopric of Buzău. Its foundation date is placed in between 1734-1736, when the founder, along with his disciples, built a wooden church dedicated to the Holy Trinity. The cloister’s endowment was gradual, over time, and was especially due to the endeavours of its first two abbots and to the support given by the bishop of Roman, Ioanichie. The latter placed the cloister under the guardianship of the bishopric and was directly involved in the donation of several estates from the villages of Dărmănești, Vermești and Stănești. Most likely, the same bishop interceded on the cloister’s behalf for the charter privileges given by the ruling lords of Moldavia, Matei Ghica and his brother, Scarlat. Throughout the first decades of the 19th century, the cloister prospered and a stone church was built around 1815 due the hieromonk Mihail Erschi’ efforts. Nonetheless, the cloister’s overall status continued to be that of a rather impoverished monastic community. Due to the unsuitable building ground, a shady place with spongy soil, the church started to crumble in a few decades. The dissolution of the cloister occurred in the larger context of the mid-19th century secularization. By that point, the church was damaged, partly burned, its endowment had been lost and its monks scattered. There is an initiative today to revive the former cloister, whose liturgical objects are preserved in a few parish churches from the Trotuș valley.
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MOSTAR NA PRAGU VELIKOG VIJEKA Plan Mostara izdavačke kuće Pacher & Kisić, reprint izdanje, Muzej Hercegovine, Mostar 2022.godine
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Review of: Mujo Koštić, Leksikon učitelja i učiteljica osnovnih škola u Sarajevu od 1878. do 1918. Godine; Sarajevo: Nacionalna i univerzitetska biblioteka Bosne i Hercegovine, 2020. / Mujo Koštić, Lexicon of Elementary School Teachers in Sarajevo from 1878 to 1918, Sarajevo: National and University Library of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2020.
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This article is written on the basis of a reverse analysis of the Austro-Hungarian land survey for the cadastral community of Rujani in Livanjsko polje from 1883. The size of cultivable land in the hands of individual owners and tenants is determined on the basis of cadastral maps and parcel registers. According to the analysis of the location of parcels that compose such owners (aga’s) shares and (serf) possessions cohesive ownership-possession complexes are derived. Such ownership-possession complexes are compared with the hypothesis that the village of Gornji Rujani has preserved the land division from the early Ottoman and pre-Ottoman, even early medieval, period. Such land divisions, of the Gewannflur (i. e. Common field) and Langstreifenflur type that is determined in Gornji Rujani, are met in the areas in Europe influenced by Carolingian and post-Carolingian colonization. It is concluded that such type of land division is based on social-economic development of early medieval Croatia when villages comprised of calibrated villain or serf crofts (ždrijeb in Croatian) emerge after the collapse of the manorial system. They are mostly well known from the sources from the area of Zadar and Šibenik (ždrijeb sized 30 and 32 gonjajs of Zadar i.e. Croatian or Slavic gonjaj) and the results of the metrological analysis of the land division of Gornji Rujani point to the possibility that the rules of land division from that areas were widespread on the area possibly matching the spatial coverage of the early medieval Croatia engulfed by Carolingian expansion.
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Review of: Isusova mala sestra ANNIE, Charles de Foucauld – Stopama Isusa iz Nazareta. Zagreb: KS, 2022., 140 str.
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Review of: Edin Mutapčić, Rusmir Djedović, Kemal Nurkić, Grad Srebrenik do sredine XIX. stoljeća, JU Zavod za zaštitu i korištenje kulturnohistorijskog i prirodnog naslijeđa Tuzlanskog kantona, Tuzla, 2019.
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The growing capitalist movement in Transylvania was a definite marker of modernization, and it sparked numerous economic initiatives at both provincial and local level, some of them ethnically defined. On this background, the decades before the First World War bear witness to the development of a Romanian banking system all around Transylvania. ‘Unirea’ financial institute in Vad, Făgăraș county, is just one of the many small, ‘village’, banks that gained support and popularity at the end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th. The aim of this article is to shed light upon the development and inner workings of this institutions, with special focus on its personnel and officials.
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The question of the ideological features of the reformism that inspired the substance of the Organic Regulations has not received adequate attention in the historical research. The Organic Laws, which were made under Russian patronage, were a work of synthesis involving both the native boyars of the Romanian Principalities and Russian officials. The ideological profile of local elite reformism is well known in Romanian historiography, but less research has been done on the ideological features of Russian reformism. The main currents of political thought in the Russian Empire, including in the area of diplomatic elites, had a heterogeneous and unstructured character, explicable not only by the ambiguities of Russian political culture (autocracy versus "constitutionalism"), but also by the presence of factional tendencies, according to the criteria of political choice, influence and interests. Nevertheless, the reforms carried out in Finland and Poland, together with those introduced in Novarussia and Basarabia, have been highly coherent and show serious affinities with the Polizeistaat model, of Central European extraction. In addition to a rather clear conception of the nature and role of the reforms, with the aim of conferring a more centralized organization to the state institutions, the reorganization of the state structures through the application of the Organic Regulations was also possible due to the political and administrative skills of Pavel Kiselev, patient, but determined, moderate but with a well developed plan, intelligent and clever, managing to overcome the resistance of the nobility, which was seriously affected by the new institutions, practices and procedures.
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This work is based on the analysis of the register of baptisms and weddings of the Desne parish in the Neretva Valley. Godparents’ and wedding witnesses’ relationships were analysed, godparents’ for 1870 and 1871, and wedding witnesses’ for the period from 1870 to 1875. By analysing the data, it was tried to be determined whether those relationships were used as social network links or as a means of better positioning within the community. The study is based on the analysis of the number of godparents and their sex structure, on the interval between the birth of the children and their baptism, on the correspondence of the children’s and godparents’ names and surnames, on the number of multiplied godparents, on the comparison between the godparents’ and children’s parents’ jobs as well as on the places where children and godparents lived. In the case of weddings, the number and sex of wedding witnesses, correspondence of the children’s and wedding witnesses’ names and surnames, multiplied wedding witnesses’ and the places where spouses and wedding witnesses lived were analysed.
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Mijat Stojanović was one of the most prominent teachers and educators in 19th century Croatia and a prolific author. He wrote many popular books on different topics for the general public, several textbooks and a very large number of newspaper articles. He was one of the initiators of professional organisations of Croatian teachers and one of the founding fathers of the first Croatian education society. The first part of the paper outlines the development of the press in mid19th century Croatia and describes the role of newspapers as a public medium and their impact on public opinion. This is followed by a summary view of Mijat Stojanović’s very interesting professional career. The third part analyses Stojanović’s numerous articles published in Croatian political newspapers in the mid-19th century. During the 1840s when Croatian newspapers were completely politically colourless due to censorship, Stojanović was the first author to write about the school system in the newspapers, first and foremost the primary school system. In his articles, he criticised the deplorable state of Croatian schools that was characterised by: a lack of appropriate school buildings, textbooks and teaching material, poorly educated and paid teachers, irregular school attendance of children, etc. To improve the condition of Croatian schools, he proposed quality education and continuous professional development of teachers, improvement of teachers’ social and material status, good cooperation between teachers and parents, better quality textbooks, greater engagement of the state and local communities in meeting the material needs of schools, curriculum expansion, etc. He wrote about the important role of primary schools in the upbringing of children. He was aware that newspapers were the most important medium for shaping Croatia’s public opinion in the 19th century and used them as a tool to raise awareness of the political public and the ruling elite about the social role of schools and their issues.
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Milan Sunko (Zidani Most, 5 December 1860 – Zagreb, 9 March 1891) was a heraldic artist, numismatist, and collector, who studied and started his carrer in Vienna working with the most renowned heraldists of the “classical” Austrian heraldic period. He moved to Zagreb where he made number of well received paintings and graphics and was supported by the intelectual elite of the fastly developing city. His brief spectacular carrier was abruptly ended by laryngeal tuberculosis, and he died in his 31st year. His works are preserved in several museums and galleries in Zagreb, and his heraldic lithographs and ex libris bookplates are remembered in specialized bibliography. However, the Croatian heraldic historiography has forgotten all about him and this paper attempts to remedy this. After the establishment of the Brotherhood of Croatian Dragon Society – one of its founders being Emilij Laszowski, notable Croatian heraldist; it took upon a project to preserve Sunko’s grave, exhuming his remains and providing a modest but dignified grave for him at the Zagreb cemetary in 1910. To achieve that, the Draconian Society raised funds in an international action, activating his foreign friends and fans, documenting the project in respectable heraldic periodicals.
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The present study aims to present and analyze the normative acts that led to the reorganization and modernization of the local administration in the period between the reign of Alexandru Ioan Cuza and the outbreak of the First World War. The Law for Urban and Rural Communes and the Law on the Establishment of County Councils were the normative acts that regulated the proper functioning of the administration in the territory for almost half a century. The changes they were brought were not substantial and did not affect their essence, thus their spirit remained in force until the interwar period, specifically until the adoption of the 1925 Law for Administrative Unification.
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